2 .\" Copyright (c) 2000 Robert N. M. Watson
3 .\" All rights reserved.
5 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
6 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
8 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
9 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
10 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
11 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
12 .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
14 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
15 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
16 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
17 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
18 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
19 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
20 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
21 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
22 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
23 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
27 .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
28 .\" "THE BEER-WARE LICENSE" (Revision 42):
29 .\" <phk@FreeBSD.ORG> wrote this file. As long as you retain this notice you
30 .\" can do whatever you want with this stuff. If we meet some day, and you think
31 .\" this stuff is worth it, you can buy me a beer in return. Poul-Henning Kamp
32 .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
34 .\" $FreeBSD: src/usr.sbin/jail/jail.8,v 1.13.2.15 2003/05/08 13:04:24 maxim Exp $
35 .\" $DragonFly: src/usr.sbin/jail/jail.8,v 1.3 2004/03/11 12:28:59 hmp Exp $
42 .Nd "imprison process and its descendants"
46 .Ar path hostname ip-number command ...
50 command imprisons a process and all future descendants.
52 The options are as follows:
53 .Bl -tag -width ".Fl u Ar username"
55 The user name as whom the
59 Directory which is to be the root of the prison.
61 Hostname of the prison.
63 IP number assigned to the prison.
65 Pathname of the program which is to be executed.
70 man page for further details.
72 .Ss "Setting up a Jail Directory Tree"
73 This example shows how to setup a jail directory tree
83 make distribution DESTDIR=$D -DNO_MAKEDEV_RUN
87 ln -sf dev/null kernel
90 In many cases this example would put far more stuff in the jail than is needed.
91 In the other extreme case a jail might contain only one single file:
92 the executable to be run in the jail.
94 We recommend experimentation and caution that it is a lot easier to
97 jail and remove things until it stops working,
98 than it is to start with a
100 jail and add things until it works.
101 .Ss "Setting Up a Jail"
102 Do what was described in
103 .Sx "Setting Up a Jail Directory Tree"
104 to build the jail directory tree.
105 For the sake of this example, we will
106 assume you built it in
107 .Pa /data/jail/192.168.11.100 ,
108 named for the jailed IP address.
109 Substitute below as needed with your
110 own directory, IP address, and hostname.
112 First, you will want to set up your real system's environment to be
114 For consistency, we will refer to the parent box as the
115 .Dq "host environment" ,
116 and to the jailed virtual machine as the
117 .Dq "jail environment" .
118 Because jail is implemented using IP aliases, one of the first things to do
119 is to disable IP services on the host system that listen on all local
120 IP addresses for a service.
123 to only listen on the
124 appropriate IP address, and so forth.
127 in the host environment:
128 .Bd -literal -offset indent
130 inetd_flags="-wW -a 192.168.11.23"
135 is the native IP address for the host system, in this example.
136 Daemons that run out of
138 can be easily set to use only the specified host IP address.
140 will need to be manually configured\(emfor some this is possible through
143 flags entries, for others it is not possible without munging
144 the per-application configuration files, or even recompiling.
146 applications that cannot specify the IP they run on, it is better to disable
149 A number of daemons ship with the base system that may have problems when
150 run from outside of a jail in a jail-centric environment.
160 can be configured to listen only on a specific
161 IP using their configuration files, in most cases it is easier to simply
162 run the daemons in jails only, and not in the host environment.
164 NFS from the host environment may also cause confusion, and cannot be
165 easily reconfigured to use only specific IPs, as some NFS services are
166 hosted directly from the kernel.
167 Any third party network software running
168 in the host environment should also be checked and configured so that it
169 does not bind all IP addresses, which would result in those services also
170 appearing to be offered by the jail environments.
173 these daemons have been disabled or fixed in the host environment, it is
174 best to reboot so that all daemons are in a known state, to reduce the
175 potential for confusion later (such as finding that when you send mail
176 to a jail, and its sendmail is down, the mail is delivered to the host,
179 Start any jails for the first time without configuring the network
180 interface so that you can clean it up a little and set up accounts.
182 with any machine (virtual or not) you will need to set a root password, time
184 Before beginning, you may want to copy
186 into the tree so that you can use it to set things up easily.
188 .Bd -literal -offset indent
189 mkdir /data/jail/192.168.11.100/stand
190 cp /stand/sysinstall /data/jail/192.168.11.100/stand
195 .Dl "jail /data/jail/192.168.11.100 testhostname 192.168.11.100 /bin/sh"
197 You will end up with a shell prompt, assuming no errors, within the jail.
199 .Pa /stand/sysinstall
200 and do the post-install configuration to set various configuration options,
201 or perform these actions manually by editing
205 .Bl -bullet -offset indent -compact
209 to quell startup warnings about missing fstab
211 Disable the port mapper
213 .Li portmap_enable="NO" )
221 Disable interface configuration to quell startup warnings about
223 .Pq Li network_interfaces=""
227 so that name resolution within the jail will work correctly
229 Set a root password, probably different from the real host system
233 Add accounts for users in the jail environment
235 Install any packages that you think the environment requires
238 You may also want to perform any package-specific configuration (web servers,
239 SSH servers, etc), patch up
241 so it logs as you would like, etc.
243 Exit from the shell, and the jail will be shut down.
244 .Ss "Starting the Jail"
245 You are now ready to restart the jail and bring up the environment with
246 all of its daemons and other programs.
247 To do this, first bring up the
248 virtual host interface, and then start the jail's
250 script from within the jail.
252 NOTE: If you plan to allow untrusted users to have root access inside the
253 jail, you may wish to consider setting the
254 .Va jail.set_hostname_allowed
256 Please see the management reasons why this is a good idea.
257 If you do decide to set this variable,
258 it must be set before starting any jails, and once each boot.
259 .Bd -literal -offset indent
260 ifconfig ed0 inet alias 192.168.11.100/32
261 mount -t procfs proc /data/jail/192.168.11.100/proc
262 jail /data/jail/192.168.11.100 testhostname 192.168.11.100 \\
266 A few warnings will be produced, because most
268 configuration variables cannot be set from within the jail, as they are
269 global across all jails and the host environment.
270 However, it should all
272 You should be able to see
275 and other processes running within the jail using
279 flag appearing beside jailed processes.
280 You should also be able to
282 to the hostname or IP address of the jailed environment, and log
283 in using the accounts you created previously.
284 .Ss "Managing the Jail"
285 Normal machine shutdown commands, such as
290 cannot be used successfully within the jail.
291 To kill all processes in a
292 jail, you may log into the jail and, as root, use one of the following
293 commands, depending on what you want to accomplish:
295 .Bd -literal -offset indent
304 signals to all processes in the jail from within the jail.
306 the intended use of the jail, you may also want to run
308 from within the jail.
309 Currently there is no way to insert new processes
310 into a jail, so you must first log into the jail before performing these
313 To kill processes from outside the jail, you must individually identify the
314 PID of each process to be killed.
316 .Pa /proc/ Ns Ar pid Ns Pa /status
317 file contains, as its last field, the hostname of the jail in which the
320 to indicate that the process is not running within a jail.
325 flag for processes in a jail.
326 However, the hostname for a jail may be, by
327 default, modified from within the jail, so the
329 status entry is unreliable by default.
330 To disable the setting of the hostname
331 from within a jail, set the
332 .Va jail.set_hostname_allowed
333 sysctl variable in the host environment to 0, which will affect all jails.
334 You can have this sysctl set on each boot using
336 Just add the following line to
337 .Pa /etc/sysctl.conf :
339 .Dl jail.set_hostname_allowed=0
341 In a future version of
343 the mechanisms for managing jails may be
345 .Ss "Sysctl MIB Entries"
346 Certain aspects of the jail containments environment may be modified from
347 the host environment using
350 Currently, these variables affect all jails on the system, although in
351 the future this functionality may be finer grained.
353 .It Va jail.set_hostname_allowed
354 This MIB entry determines whether or not processes within a jail are
355 allowed to change their hostname via
359 In the current jail implementation, the ability to set the hostname from
360 within the jail can impact management tools relying on the accuracy of jail
363 As such, this should be disabled in environments where privileged access to
364 jails is given out to untrusted parties.
365 .It Va jail.socket_unixiproute_only
366 The jail functionality binds an IPv4 address to each jail, and limits
367 access to other network addresses in the IPv4 space that may be available
368 in the host environment.
369 However, jail is not currently able to limit access to other network
370 protocol stacks that have not had jail functionality added to them.
371 As such, by default, processes within jails may only access protocols
372 in the following domains:
373 .Dv PF_LOCAL , PF_INET ,
376 permitting them access to
379 IPv4 addresses, and routing sockets.
380 To enable access to other domains, this MIB variable may be set to
382 .It Va jail.sysvipc_allowed
383 This MIB entry determines whether or not processes within a jail have access
384 to System V IPC primitives.
385 In the current jail implementation, System V primitives share a single
386 namespace across the host and jail environments, meaning that processes
387 within a jail would be able to communicate with (and potentially interfere
388 with) processes outside of the jail, and in other jails.
389 As such, this functionality is disabled by default, but can be enabled
390 by setting this MIB entry to 1.
416 The jail feature was written by
417 .An Poul-Henning Kamp
419 .Pa http://www.rndassociates.com/
420 who contributed it to
424 wrote the extended documentation, found a few bugs, added
425 a few new features, and cleaned up the userland jail environment.
427 Jail currently lacks strong management functionality, such as the ability
428 to deliver signals to all processes in a jail, and to allow access to
429 specific jail information via
433 Similarly, it might be a good idea to add an
434 address alias flag such that daemons listening on all IPs
436 will not bind on that address, which would facilitate building a safe
437 host environment such that host daemons do not impose on services offered
439 Currently, the simplist answer is to minimize services
440 offered on the host, possibly limiting it to services offered from
442 which is easily configurable.