4 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
6 # Notes are at the end of this file
8 ###############################################################################
12 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
14 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
15 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 -
16 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 -
17 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 -
18 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 -
19 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 -
20 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
21 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 -
22 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
23 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
24 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
26 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
28 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
33 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
34 Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
35 Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
36 Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
37 Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
38 Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 -
39 Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
40 Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 -
41 Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
42 Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
43 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
46 Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec
47 8:45 Aus CWST 1943 Jul
52 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
53 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
54 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
55 # Queensland ceased to.
57 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
58 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
59 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
60 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
63 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
64 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
65 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
66 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
67 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
68 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
69 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
70 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
73 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
79 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
80 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
81 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
82 Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
83 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
84 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
85 Rule AS 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
86 Rule AS 1990 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
87 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
88 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
89 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
90 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
91 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
92 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
93 Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
94 Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
95 Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
96 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
97 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
104 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
105 # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml>
106 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
108 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
109 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
110 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
111 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
112 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 -
113 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
114 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
115 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
116 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
117 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
118 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
119 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 -
120 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
121 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
122 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
123 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
124 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
125 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
126 Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
127 Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
128 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
129 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
130 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
131 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
134 Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep
135 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
136 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
137 10:00 Aus EST 1971 Jul
141 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
142 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
143 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
144 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
145 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
146 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
147 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
148 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
149 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
150 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
151 Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
152 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
153 Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
154 Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
155 Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
156 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
157 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
162 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
163 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
164 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
165 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
166 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
167 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
168 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
169 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
170 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
171 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
172 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
173 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
174 Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
175 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
176 Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
177 Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
178 Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
179 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
180 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
183 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
184 10:00 - EST 1896 Aug 23
191 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
192 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
193 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
194 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
195 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
196 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
197 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
198 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
199 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
200 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
201 Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
202 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
203 Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
204 Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
205 Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 -
206 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
210 # Australian miscellany
212 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
213 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
217 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
221 # permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
222 # sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
223 # like Australia/Hobart
226 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
227 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
228 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
231 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
232 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
233 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
234 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
235 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
236 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
237 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
238 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
242 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
243 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
244 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
245 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
246 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
249 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
250 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
251 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
252 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
253 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
254 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
257 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
258 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
259 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time
260 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
261 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time
262 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
263 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time
264 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
268 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
269 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
270 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
271 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
272 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
275 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
276 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
277 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time
278 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
279 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
282 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
283 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time
288 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
289 Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
291 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
292 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23
293 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
296 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
297 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
298 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
300 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
302 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
306 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
307 Zone Pacific/Truk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
308 10:00 - TRUT # Truk Time
309 Zone Pacific/Ponape 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
310 11:00 - PONT # Ponape Time
311 Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
312 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
317 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
318 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
319 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
320 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15
325 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
326 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
327 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
328 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
329 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
330 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
331 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
332 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13
336 ###############################################################################
340 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
341 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
342 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
343 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
344 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
345 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
346 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
347 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
348 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
349 # convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
350 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
351 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
352 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
353 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S
354 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
355 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
356 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
357 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
358 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
359 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D
360 Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
361 Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
362 Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
363 Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
364 Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
365 Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
366 Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
367 Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
368 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
369 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
370 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
372 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1957 Jan 1
377 # uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
378 # and scientific personnel have wintered
381 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
382 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
383 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
384 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
386 ###############################################################################
390 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
391 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
392 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time
393 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1
397 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
398 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
399 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
400 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time
403 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
404 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
405 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
408 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
409 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
410 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
411 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
414 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
415 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
416 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00
417 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
420 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
422 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
423 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
424 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
425 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
428 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
430 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
431 -11:00 - WST # Samoa Time
434 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
435 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
436 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
437 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time
440 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
441 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
442 -10:00 - TKT # Tokelau Time
445 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
446 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
447 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
448 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
449 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
450 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
451 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
452 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
457 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
458 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
459 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
462 # US minor outlying islands
465 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
466 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
467 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
468 # uninhabited thereafter.
469 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UTC-10:30) in 1937;
470 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
471 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
472 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
473 # until they were abandoned after the war.
476 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
477 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
478 # uninhabited thereafter.
479 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
482 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
483 Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST
490 # From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
491 # [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
492 # published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
493 # reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly
494 # "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
495 # flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone
496 # designations that I've never seen before:....
497 # Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
498 # " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A "
500 Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
501 -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3
502 -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2
503 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
504 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
505 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
508 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
511 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
512 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
513 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
517 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
518 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
519 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
520 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
521 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
522 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
523 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
524 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
525 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
526 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
529 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
530 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
531 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
533 ###############################################################################
537 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
538 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
539 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
541 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
542 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
543 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
544 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
546 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
547 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
548 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
549 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
550 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
552 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
553 # entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
555 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
556 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
557 # I found in the UCLA library.
559 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
560 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
562 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
563 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
564 # Corrections are welcome!
566 # LMT Local Mean Time
567 # 8:00 WST WST Western Australia
568 # 8:45 CWST CWST Central Western Australia*
570 # 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
571 # 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
572 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
573 # 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
574 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
575 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
576 # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
579 # - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
581 # See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
582 # See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
584 ###############################################################################
588 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
589 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml">
590 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
591 # </a> summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
593 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
594 # <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving">
595 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
596 # </a> covers New South Wales in particular.
598 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
599 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
600 # It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
601 # and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
602 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
603 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
604 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
605 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
606 # the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
608 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
609 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
610 # or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
611 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
612 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
613 # prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
614 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
616 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
617 # Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
618 # CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
619 # WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
620 # EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
622 # From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01):
623 # I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones:
624 # <http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia-13time>
625 # And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations:
626 # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml>
628 # From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
629 # versus "AEST" etc.:
631 # I see the following points of dispute:
633 # * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
635 # Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
636 # Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
637 # operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
638 # (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
639 # Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
640 # In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
641 # abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
642 # think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
644 # On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
645 # abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
646 # particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
647 # time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
649 # * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
651 # Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
652 # many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
653 # which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
656 # Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
657 # refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
660 # * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
661 # Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
662 # the word "Australian"?
664 # My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
665 # common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
666 # popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
667 # often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
668 # following count of page hits:
670 # 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
671 # 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
672 # 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
673 # 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
675 # Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
676 # particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
677 # say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
678 # Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
680 # For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
681 # ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
682 # many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
683 # are the hit counts anyway:
685 # 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
686 # 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
687 # 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
688 # 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
690 # 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
691 # 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
692 # 176 "ACST" and domain:au
693 # 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
695 # 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
696 # 68 "AWST" and domain:au
698 # This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
699 # practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
700 # the ambiguities involved.
702 # * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
704 # If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
705 # against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
706 # saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
707 # understood in Australia.
709 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
710 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
711 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
712 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
713 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
714 # and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
715 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
717 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
719 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
720 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
721 # relevant entries in this database.
723 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
724 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
725 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
728 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
729 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
732 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">
733 # Standard Time Act, 1898
736 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
737 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
738 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
739 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
740 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
742 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
743 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
744 # to extend DST together in 2006.
745 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
746 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
747 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
748 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
749 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
752 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html.
756 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
757 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
759 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
761 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
763 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
764 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
765 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
769 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
770 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
772 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
773 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
774 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
775 # # before reaching parliament.
777 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
779 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
780 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
781 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
782 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
784 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
785 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
786 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
788 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
789 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
790 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
792 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
795 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
796 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
797 # it matches what was used in the past.
799 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
800 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
801 # </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
802 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
805 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
806 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
809 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
811 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
812 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
813 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
814 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
816 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
817 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
820 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
821 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
822 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
823 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
825 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
826 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
827 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
830 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
831 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
832 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
834 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
835 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
838 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
839 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
841 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
842 # from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
843 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
844 # <http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf>
846 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
847 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
848 # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
849 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
850 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
851 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
852 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
853 # Australia and Western Australia....
855 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
856 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
857 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
858 # <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>.
860 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
861 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
862 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
863 # coast of the continent.
865 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
866 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
867 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
868 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
869 # the largest population centre in this zone....
871 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
872 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
873 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
874 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
877 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
878 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
879 # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
880 # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
882 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
883 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
884 # introduction of standard time in 1895.
887 # southeast Australia
889 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
890 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
891 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
892 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
897 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
898 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
899 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
900 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
902 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
903 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
906 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
908 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
909 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
910 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
911 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
913 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
914 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
915 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
916 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
918 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
919 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
920 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
921 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
924 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
925 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
926 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
927 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
929 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
930 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
931 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
932 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
934 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
935 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
936 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
937 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
939 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
940 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
944 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
945 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
946 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
949 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
950 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
951 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
952 # (but nothing new about that).
954 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
955 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
956 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
957 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
958 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
959 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
961 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
962 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
964 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
965 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
969 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
970 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
971 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
974 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
975 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
976 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
977 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
978 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
979 # in Melbourne, Australia.
981 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
982 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
983 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
984 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
985 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
988 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
989 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
990 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
991 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
993 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
994 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
996 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
997 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1001 # From Arthur David Olson:
1002 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1003 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1005 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1006 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
1007 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1008 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1009 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
1010 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
1012 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1013 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1014 # October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
1015 # <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
1016 # Two months more daylight saving
1018 # Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
1020 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1021 # See the following official NSW source:
1022 # <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
1023 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1026 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1027 # daylight saving next year. See:
1028 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
1029 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1030 # </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1032 # Victoria will following NSW. See:
1033 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
1034 # Vic to extend daylight saving
1035 # </a> (1999-07-28).
1037 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1038 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
1039 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
1040 # </a> (1999-07-19).
1042 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1043 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
1044 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1045 # </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1046 # ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1047 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1048 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1049 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1050 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
1052 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1053 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
1054 # Broken Hill to be behind the times
1055 # </a> (1999-07-21).
1057 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1058 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1059 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1061 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1062 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1063 # towns to use Queensland time.
1065 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1066 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1070 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1071 # `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1073 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1074 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1077 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1078 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1079 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1080 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1081 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1082 # # presently available.
1083 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1085 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1086 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1087 # [followed by other Rules]
1091 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1092 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1094 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1095 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1097 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1098 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1099 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1100 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1101 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1102 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1103 # instead of only 30 minutes. Dependant on the wishes of residents
1104 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1105 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1106 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1108 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1109 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1110 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1111 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1112 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1113 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1115 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1116 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1117 # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1119 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1120 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1122 ###############################################################################
1126 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1127 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1128 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1129 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1130 # source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1132 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1133 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1134 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1135 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1138 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1139 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1140 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1141 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1143 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1144 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1146 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1147 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1148 # rather than the October 1 value.
1150 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1151 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1152 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1153 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1154 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1155 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1157 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1158 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1159 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1160 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1162 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1163 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1164 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1166 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1167 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1168 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1169 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1170 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1172 ###############################################################################
1177 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1178 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1179 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1181 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1182 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1183 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1184 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1186 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1187 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1189 # From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
1190 # The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1191 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it
1192 # also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
1193 # islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
1196 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1197 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1201 # Johnston data is from usno1995.
1206 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1207 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1208 # ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
1209 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1214 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1215 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1216 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1217 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1218 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1221 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1223 # Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1224 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
1225 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1226 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1229 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1230 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1231 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1232 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1237 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1238 # ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
1239 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
1241 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
1242 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1244 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1245 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1246 # <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
1247 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
1249 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1250 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1255 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1256 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1257 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1258 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1259 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1260 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1261 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1262 # air at 6am your time.
1264 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1265 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1266 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1267 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1272 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1273 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1274 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1276 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1277 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1278 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1280 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1281 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1282 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1284 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1285 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1288 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1289 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1290 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1291 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1296 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1297 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1298 # ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1299 # ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
1300 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
1305 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1306 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
1307 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
1308 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1310 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1311 # <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">
1312 # How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
1315 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1316 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1317 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1318 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1319 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1320 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1322 # Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1323 # Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1324 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1326 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1327 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1328 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1329 # minutes we have lost?"
1331 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1332 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1333 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1335 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1336 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1338 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1339 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
1340 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1341 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1342 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1345 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1346 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1348 # I was given this link by John Letts:
1349 # <a hef="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
1350 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1353 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1354 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1355 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1356 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1358 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1359 # According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>
1360 # http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
1362 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1363 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1364 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1365 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1366 # set back an hour on the closing date."
1367 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1369 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1370 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1371 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1373 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1374 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1375 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1376 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1377 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1378 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1379 # (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
1381 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1382 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1384 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1385 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1386 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1387 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1390 # From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1391 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1396 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1397 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1399 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the
1400 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1401 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1402 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1403 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1406 # http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
1408 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1409 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1411 ###############################################################################
1413 # The International Date Line
1415 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1417 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1418 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1419 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1420 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1422 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1423 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1424 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1425 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1426 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1427 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1428 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1429 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1430 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1431 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1432 # correct date is ambiguous.
1434 # From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1435 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1436 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1437 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1438 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1439 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1440 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1441 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1442 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1443 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1444 # entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were
1445 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1446 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
1448 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1451 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1452 # <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187>
1453 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1454 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
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