1 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
4 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
6 # Notes are at the end of this file
8 ###############################################################################
12 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
14 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
15 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 D
16 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 S
17 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 D
18 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 S
19 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 D
20 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
21 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 D
22 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
23 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
24 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
26 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
28 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
33 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
34 Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
35 Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
36 Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
37 Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
38 Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 D
39 Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
40 Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 D
41 Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
42 Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
43 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
44 8:00 Aus AW%sT 1943 Jul
46 Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec
47 8:45 Aus +0845/+0945 1943 Jul
52 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
53 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
54 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
55 # Queensland ceased to.
57 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
58 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
59 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
60 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
63 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
64 # There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday
65 # islands is a colloquial term used globally. Hayman and Lindeman are at the
66 # north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and
67 # Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone
68 # applies to all of the Whitsundays.
69 # http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands
71 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
72 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
73 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
74 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
75 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
76 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
77 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
78 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
81 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
83 10:00 AQ AE%sT 1992 Jul
87 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
88 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
89 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
90 Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
91 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
92 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
93 Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
94 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 S
95 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 S
96 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 S
97 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 S
98 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
99 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 S
100 Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
101 Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
102 Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
103 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
104 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
111 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
112 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
113 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
115 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
116 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
117 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
118 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
119 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 S
120 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
121 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
122 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
123 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
124 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
125 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
126 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D
127 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
128 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
129 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
130 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
131 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
132 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
133 Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
134 Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
135 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
136 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
137 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
138 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
141 Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep
142 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
143 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
144 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 Jul
148 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
149 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
150 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
151 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
152 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
153 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
154 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
155 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
156 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
157 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
158 Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
159 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
160 Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
161 Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
162 Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
163 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
164 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
169 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
170 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
171 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
172 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
173 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
174 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
175 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
176 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
177 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
178 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
179 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
180 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
181 Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
182 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
183 Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
184 Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
185 Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
186 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
187 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
190 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
191 10:00 - AEST 1896 Aug 23
198 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
199 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
200 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
201 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
202 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
203 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
204 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
205 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
206 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
207 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
208 Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
209 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
210 Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
211 Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
212 Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 -
213 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
214 10:00 - AEST 1981 Mar
215 10:30 LH +1030/+1130 1985 Jul
218 # Australian miscellany
220 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
221 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
225 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
229 # Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
230 # sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the
231 # Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
232 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
233 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
234 # Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
236 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
237 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
238 # - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
239 # switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
242 # From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
243 # The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
244 # will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
245 # this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
246 # pre-2013 versions of localtime.
247 Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - -00 1899 Nov
248 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
249 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
250 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1919 Apr 1 0:00s
253 10:00 AT AE%sT 2010 Apr 4 3:00
257 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
258 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
262 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
263 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
264 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
265 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
271 # Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
273 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
274 # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
275 # from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010.
277 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
278 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
279 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
281 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
282 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
284 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
286 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
287 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
288 # 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
289 # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
290 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
293 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
295 # A bit more background info here:
296 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
298 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
299 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
300 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
301 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
302 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
303 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
304 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
306 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
307 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
308 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
310 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
312 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
313 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
314 # 2am on February 26 next year.
316 # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
317 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
318 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
320 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
323 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
324 # has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
325 # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
326 # on the 23rd of October, 2011.
328 # From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
329 # The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
330 # today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
331 # October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
332 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
334 # From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
335 # Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
336 # move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
337 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
339 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
340 # Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
341 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
343 # From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
344 # DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
345 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
347 # From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
348 # in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
349 # via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
350 # the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
351 # commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
352 # 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
354 # From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04):
355 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx
356 # "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when
357 # clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am.... Daylight Saving will
358 # end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."
360 # From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21):
361 # Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing
362 # Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27),
363 # [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate.
364 # For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to 03:00
365 # the first Sunday on or after January 14. Although ad hoc, it matches
366 # transitions since late 2014 and seems more likely to match future
367 # practice than guessing no DST.
369 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
370 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
371 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
372 Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 -
373 Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 -
374 Rule Fiji 2010 2013 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 -
375 Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
376 Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 -
377 Rule Fiji 2014 only - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 -
378 Rule Fiji 2014 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
379 Rule Fiji 2015 max - Jan Sun>=14 3:00 0 -
380 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
381 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
385 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
386 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
388 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
390 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
392 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
396 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
397 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
398 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
399 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
400 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
401 Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is
404 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
405 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
407 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
408 -12:00 - -12 1979 Oct
409 -11:00 - -11 1994 Dec 31
411 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
412 -10:40 - -1040 1979 Oct
413 -10:00 - -10 1994 Dec 31
420 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
421 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
424 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
426 -12:00 - -12 1993 Aug 20
430 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
431 Zone Pacific/Chuuk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
433 Zone Pacific/Pohnpei 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
435 Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
441 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
442 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
443 11:30 - +1130 1942 Mar 15
444 9:00 - +09 1944 Aug 15
445 11:30 - +1130 1979 May
449 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
450 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 -
451 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
452 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 -
453 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
454 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
455 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
456 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
460 ###############################################################################
464 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
465 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
466 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
467 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
468 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
469 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
470 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
471 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
472 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but until 2018a
473 # there was no documented single notation for the date and time of this
474 # transition. Duplicate the Rule lines for now, to give the 2018a change
475 # time to percolate out.
476 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
477 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 -
478 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
479 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 -
480 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
481 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 -
482 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
483 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 -
484 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
485 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 -
486 Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
487 Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 -
488 Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
489 Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 -
490 Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
491 Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 -
492 Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
493 Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 -
494 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
495 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
496 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
498 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
499 12:15 - +1215 1946 Jan 1
500 12:45 Chatham +1245/+1345
502 Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
505 # uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
506 # and scientific personnel have wintered
509 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
510 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
511 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
512 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
515 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
516 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
517 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 -
518 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
519 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 -
520 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
521 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
522 -10:30 - -1030 1978 Nov 12
523 -10:00 Cook -10/-0930
525 ###############################################################################
529 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
530 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
532 -11:30 - -1130 1978 Oct 1
536 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
537 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
539 11:30 - +1130 1974 Oct 27 02:00
540 11:30 1:00 +1230 1975 Mar 2 02:00
541 11:30 - +1130 2015 Oct 4 02:00
545 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
546 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
550 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
551 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
552 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
555 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
556 # Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
557 # the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
559 # Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates
560 # are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
561 # The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
562 # The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
563 # according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
564 # https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
565 # and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
567 # The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
568 # on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time".
570 # http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
572 Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 - LMT 1880
575 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 21
576 10:00 - +10 2014 Dec 28 2:00
580 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
581 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
582 -8:30 - -0830 1998 Apr 27 0:00
586 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1892 Jul 5
588 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
589 Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
591 # Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
593 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
594 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
595 # the following info:
597 # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
598 # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
599 # Sunday of April 2011."
602 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
604 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
606 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
608 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
610 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
611 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
612 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
613 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
614 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
616 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
617 # [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
619 # ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
620 # or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
621 # measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
622 # (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
624 # From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
625 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
627 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
629 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
630 # The International Date Line Act 2011
631 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
632 # changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
633 # Thursday 29th December 2011". The International Date Line was adjusted
636 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
637 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
639 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
642 # Year End Time Start Time
643 # 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
644 # 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - -
646 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
647 # Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours
648 # Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours
650 # From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
651 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
652 # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
653 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
655 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
656 # That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
657 # Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
659 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
660 Rule WS 2010 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 1 -
661 Rule WS 2011 only - Apr Sat>=1 4:00 0 -
662 Rule WS 2011 only - Sep lastSat 3:00 1 -
663 Rule WS 2012 max - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 -
664 Rule WS 2012 max - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 -
665 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
666 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1892 Jul 5
669 -11:00 WS -11/-10 2011 Dec 29 24:00
673 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
674 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
675 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
680 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
681 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
682 # December 31 this year ...
684 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
685 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
686 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
687 # Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
688 # actually was to UT-11 back then.
690 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
691 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
692 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
693 # <https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
694 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
695 # are off by an hour starting in 1901.
697 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
698 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
699 -11:00 - -11 2011 Dec 30
703 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
704 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 -
705 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
706 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
707 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
708 Rule Tonga 2016 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
709 Rule Tonga 2017 only - Jan Sun>=15 3:00 0 -
710 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
711 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
717 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
718 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
722 # US minor outlying islands
725 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
726 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
727 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
728 # uninhabited thereafter.
729 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;
730 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
731 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
732 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
733 # until they were abandoned after the war.
736 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
737 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
738 # uninhabited thereafter.
739 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
743 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
744 # Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
745 # Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
746 # treat it like Hawaii for now. Since Johnston is now uninhabited,
747 # its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file.
749 # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
750 # <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
751 # "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
752 # Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and
753 # confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
755 # From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
756 # [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
757 # was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
758 # which had a GMT offset of -11 hours. This apparently applied to at least the
759 # time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
760 # Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
761 # "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
762 # Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
763 # https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
764 # See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
765 # footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
772 # See Pacific/Pago_Pago.
775 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
778 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
779 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
784 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
785 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 -
786 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
787 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 -
788 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 -
789 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
790 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 -
791 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
792 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
793 11:00 Vanuatu +11/+12
796 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
797 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
800 ###############################################################################
804 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
805 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
806 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
807 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
809 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
811 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
812 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
813 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
814 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
816 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
817 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
818 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
819 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
820 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
821 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
823 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
824 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
825 # I found in the UCLA library.
827 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
828 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
829 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
831 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
832 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
834 # The following abbreviations are from other sources.
835 # Corrections are welcome!
837 # LMT Local Mean Time
838 # 8:00 AWST AWDT Western Australia
839 # 9:30 ACST ACDT Central Australia
840 # 10:00 AEST AEDT Eastern Australia
841 # 10:00 GST Guam through 2000
842 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
843 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
844 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
848 # See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
849 # See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
851 ###############################################################################
855 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
856 # Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
857 # region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
858 # For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
859 # Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
860 # Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
861 # very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
862 # Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
863 # Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
864 # about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
865 # Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
866 # http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
868 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
869 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
870 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
871 # summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
873 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
874 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
875 # http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
876 # covers New South Wales in particular.
878 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
879 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
880 # It is called 'summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
881 # and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
882 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
883 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
884 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
885 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
886 # the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
888 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
889 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
890 # or 'Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
891 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
892 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
893 # prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
894 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
896 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
898 # Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
899 # file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
900 # Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
901 # However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
902 # practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
903 # about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
904 # For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
905 # what matters is the abbreviation. It's difficult to survey the web
906 # directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
907 # strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
908 # abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
909 # following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
911 # 10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
912 # 10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
913 # 10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
914 # 13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
915 # 18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
916 # 28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
917 # 39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
918 # 53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
919 # 54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
920 # 182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
922 # 17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
923 # 46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
925 # I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
926 # they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits. I also looked for pages
927 # mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
928 # there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
930 # 156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
931 # 226 "western standard time" WST site:au
933 # I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
934 # listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
935 # and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
936 # All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT". The papers
937 # surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
938 # The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
939 # The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
941 # I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
942 # like "AEDT" are new. A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/>
943 # found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
944 # dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
945 # fully indexed. The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
946 # like "AEDT". The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
947 # column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
948 # (1993-01-24, p 16). The style was the typical usage but was not
949 # strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
950 # (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
951 # WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
952 # about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
953 # territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
954 # party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
956 # I also surveyed federal government sources. They did not agree:
958 # The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
959 # http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
960 # (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
961 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
963 # Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
964 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
965 # EST CST WST EDT CDT
967 # Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
968 # http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
969 # EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
971 # Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
972 # http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
973 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
975 # Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
976 # https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
977 # EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
979 # The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
980 # and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
981 # Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
982 # 311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
983 # "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
984 # appear in reports of events with international implications.
986 # From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
987 # Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
988 # some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
989 # the minority. The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
990 # seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
991 # the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
992 # it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A". The current
993 # version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
994 # "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
996 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
997 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
998 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
999 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
1000 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
1001 # and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
1002 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
1004 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
1006 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
1007 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
1008 # relevant entries in this database.
1010 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
1011 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
1012 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
1014 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
1015 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
1017 # Standard Time Act, 1898
1018 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
1020 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
1021 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
1022 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
1023 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
1024 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
1026 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
1027 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
1028 # to extend DST together in 2006.
1029 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
1030 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
1031 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
1032 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
1033 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
1035 # But not Queensland
1036 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
1038 # Northern Territory
1040 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1041 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
1043 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
1045 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
1047 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1048 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1049 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
1053 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1054 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
1056 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
1057 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
1058 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
1059 # # before reaching parliament.
1061 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
1063 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1064 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1065 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1066 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1068 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1069 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1070 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
1072 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
1073 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
1074 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
1076 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
1079 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1080 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
1081 # it matches what was used in the past.
1083 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
1084 # http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
1085 # (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
1086 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
1090 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26):
1091 # I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST:
1092 # Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland.
1093 # Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403
1094 # https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS
1096 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1097 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
1100 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
1102 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1103 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
1104 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1105 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
1107 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
1108 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
1111 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1112 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1113 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1114 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1116 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1117 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
1118 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
1121 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
1122 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
1123 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
1125 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1126 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1129 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1130 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
1132 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
1133 # from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
1134 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
1135 # http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf
1137 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
1138 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
1139 # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
1140 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
1141 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
1142 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
1143 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
1144 # Australia and Western Australia....
1146 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
1147 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
1148 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
1149 # http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
1151 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
1152 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
1153 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
1154 # coast of the continent.
1156 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
1157 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
1158 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
1159 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
1160 # the largest population centre in this zone....
1162 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
1163 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
1164 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
1165 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
1168 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
1169 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
1170 # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
1171 # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
1173 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
1174 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
1175 # introduction of standard time in 1895.
1178 # southeast Australia
1180 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1181 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
1182 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
1183 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
1188 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1189 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1190 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1191 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1193 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1194 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
1197 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
1199 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1200 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1201 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
1202 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1204 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
1205 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
1206 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
1207 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
1209 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
1210 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
1211 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
1212 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
1215 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
1216 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
1217 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
1218 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
1220 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
1221 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
1222 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
1223 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
1225 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
1226 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
1227 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
1228 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
1230 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1231 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1235 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1236 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1237 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1240 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
1241 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
1242 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
1243 # (but nothing new about that).
1245 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
1246 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
1247 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
1248 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
1249 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
1250 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
1252 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
1253 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
1255 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1256 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1260 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1261 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1262 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1265 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1266 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1267 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
1268 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1269 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1270 # in Melbourne, Australia.
1272 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1273 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1274 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1275 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1276 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1279 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1280 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1281 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
1282 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1284 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1285 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1287 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1288 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1292 # From Arthur David Olson:
1293 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1294 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1296 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1297 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
1298 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1299 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1300 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
1301 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
1303 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1304 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1305 # October in 2000. See: Matthew Moore,
1306 # Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
1307 # http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
1309 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1310 # See the following official NSW source:
1311 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1312 # http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
1314 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1315 # daylight saving next year. See:
1316 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1317 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
1318 # (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1320 # Victoria will follow NSW. See:
1321 # Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
1322 # http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
1324 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1325 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
1326 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
1328 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1329 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1330 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
1331 # (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1332 # "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1333 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1334 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1335 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1336 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
1338 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1339 # Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
1340 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
1342 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1343 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1344 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1346 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1347 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1348 # towns to use Queensland time.
1350 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1351 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1355 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1356 # 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1358 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1359 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1362 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1363 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1364 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1365 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1366 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1367 # # presently available.
1368 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1370 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1371 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1372 # [followed by other Rules]
1376 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1377 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1379 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1380 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1382 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1383 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1384 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1385 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1386 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1387 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1388 # instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
1389 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1390 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1391 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1393 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1394 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1395 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1396 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1397 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1398 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1400 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1401 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1402 # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1404 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1405 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1407 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1408 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1409 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1410 # summer (southern hemisphere).
1413 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1414 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1415 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1416 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1417 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1418 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1419 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1420 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1422 # We have a wrap-up here:
1423 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1424 ###############################################################################
1428 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1429 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1430 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1431 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1432 # source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1434 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1435 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1436 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1437 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1440 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1441 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1442 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1443 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1445 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1446 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1448 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1449 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1450 # rather than the October 1 value.
1452 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1453 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1454 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1455 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1456 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1457 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1459 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1460 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1461 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references.
1462 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1464 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1465 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1466 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1468 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1469 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1470 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1471 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1472 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1474 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
1475 # Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
1476 # New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
1477 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
1478 # According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
1479 # parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
1480 # time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
1481 # Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
1482 # For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
1483 # in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
1484 # LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
1485 # not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
1487 ###############################################################################
1492 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1493 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1494 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1496 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1497 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1498 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1499 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1501 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1502 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1504 # From the BBC World Service in
1505 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
1506 # The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1507 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
1508 # intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
1509 # of the new millennium.
1511 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1512 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1517 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1518 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1519 # "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
1520 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1522 # From Kerry Shetline (2018-02-03):
1523 # December 31 was the day that was skipped, so that the transition
1524 # would be from Friday December 30, 1994 to Sunday January 1, 1995.
1525 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-04):
1526 # One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All:
1527 # The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007).
1531 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1532 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1533 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1534 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1535 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1538 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1540 # Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1541 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
1542 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1543 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1546 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time,
1547 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1548 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1549 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1554 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1555 # "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
1556 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
1558 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11
1559 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1561 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1562 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1563 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
1564 # http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
1565 # that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
1566 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.
1571 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1572 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1573 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1574 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1575 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1576 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1577 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1578 # air at 6am your time.
1580 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1581 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1582 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1583 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1587 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
1588 # Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
1589 # https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
1590 # ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
1591 # http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf
1593 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-23):
1594 # Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
1595 # the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
1596 # Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
1597 # other than in 1974/5. See:
1598 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
1602 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1603 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1604 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1606 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1607 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1608 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1610 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1611 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1612 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1614 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1615 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1618 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1619 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1620 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be ½ hour different from us here in
1621 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1624 # (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
1626 # Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean
1627 # time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change
1628 # "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1629 # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
1630 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
1631 # This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20.
1632 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm
1634 # Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
1635 # in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
1636 # for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
1637 # circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
1638 # Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950,
1639 # and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
1640 # day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
1641 # Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
1646 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1647 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
1648 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
1649 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1651 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1652 # How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
1653 # http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
1655 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1656 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1657 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1658 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1659 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13°
1660 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1662 # Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1663 # Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1664 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1666 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1667 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1668 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1669 # minutes we have lost?"
1671 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1672 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1673 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1675 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1676 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1678 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1679 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
1680 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1681 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1682 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1685 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1686 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1688 # I was given this link by John Letts:
1689 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1691 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1692 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1693 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1694 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1696 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1697 # According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>:
1698 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1699 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1700 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1701 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1702 # set back an hour on the closing date."
1703 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1705 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1706 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1707 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1709 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1710 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1711 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1712 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1713 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1714 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1715 # (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>)
1717 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1718 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1720 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1721 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1722 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1723 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1726 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05):
1727 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1729 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27):
1730 # http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017
1731 # Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen
1732 # the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set.
1734 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26):
1735 # Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00
1736 # through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.
1738 # From David Wade (2017-10-18):
1739 # In August government was disolved by the King. The current prime minister
1740 # continued in office in care taker mode. It is easy to see that few
1741 # decisions will be made until elections 16th November.
1743 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
1744 # For now, guess that DST is discontinued. That's what the IATA is guessing.
1749 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1750 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1752 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ... The time was all the
1753 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1754 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1755 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1756 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1759 # https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrsonv.htm
1761 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1762 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1764 ###############################################################################
1766 # The International Date Line
1768 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1770 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1771 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1772 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1773 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1775 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1776 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1777 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1778 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1779 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1780 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1781 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1782 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1783 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1784 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1785 # correct date is ambiguous.
1787 # From Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1788 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1789 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1790 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1791 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1792 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1793 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1794 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1795 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1796 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1797 # entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight. These zones were
1798 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1799 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
1801 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1804 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1805 # http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
1806 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1807 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
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