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132 .\" ========================================================================
135 .TH VERIFY 1 "2009-01-11" "0.9.8j" "OpenSSL"
136 .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
137 .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
141 verify \- Utility to verify certificates.
143 .IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
144 \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBverify\fR
145 [\fB\-CApath directory\fR]
146 [\fB\-CAfile file\fR]
147 [\fB\-purpose purpose\fR]
148 [\fB\-untrusted file\fR]
150 [\fB\-issuer_checks\fR]
155 .IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
156 The \fBverify\fR command verifies certificate chains.
157 .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS"
158 .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS"
159 .IP "\fB\-CApath directory\fR" 4
160 .IX Item "-CApath directory"
161 A directory of trusted certificates. The certificates should have names
162 of the form: hash.0 or have symbolic links to them of this
163 form (\*(L"hash\*(R" is the hashed certificate subject name: see the \fB\-hash\fR option
164 of the \fBx509\fR utility). Under Unix the \fBc_rehash\fR script will automatically
165 create symbolic links to a directory of certificates.
166 .IP "\fB\-CAfile file\fR" 4
167 .IX Item "-CAfile file"
168 A file of trusted certificates. The file should contain multiple certificates
169 in \s-1PEM\s0 format concatenated together.
170 .IP "\fB\-untrusted file\fR" 4
171 .IX Item "-untrusted file"
172 A file of untrusted certificates. The file should contain multiple certificates
173 .IP "\fB\-purpose purpose\fR" 4
174 .IX Item "-purpose purpose"
175 the intended use for the certificate. Without this option no chain verification
176 will be done. Currently accepted uses are \fBsslclient\fR, \fBsslserver\fR,
177 \&\fBnssslserver\fR, \fBsmimesign\fR, \fBsmimeencrypt\fR. See the \fB\s-1VERIFY\s0 \s-1OPERATION\s0\fR
178 section for more information.
181 prints out a usage message.
182 .IP "\fB\-verbose\fR" 4
184 print extra information about the operations being performed.
185 .IP "\fB\-issuer_checks\fR" 4
186 .IX Item "-issuer_checks"
187 print out diagnostics relating to searches for the issuer certificate
188 of the current certificate. This shows why each candidate issuer
189 certificate was rejected. However the presence of rejection messages
190 does not itself imply that anything is wrong: during the normal
191 verify process several rejections may take place.
194 marks the last option. All arguments following this are assumed to be
195 certificate files. This is useful if the first certificate filename begins
197 .IP "\fBcertificates\fR" 4
198 .IX Item "certificates"
199 one or more certificates to verify. If no certificate filenames are included
200 then an attempt is made to read a certificate from standard input. They should
201 all be in \s-1PEM\s0 format.
202 .SH "VERIFY OPERATION"
203 .IX Header "VERIFY OPERATION"
204 The \fBverify\fR program uses the same functions as the internal \s-1SSL\s0 and S/MIME
205 verification, therefore this description applies to these verify operations
208 There is one crucial difference between the verify operations performed
209 by the \fBverify\fR program: wherever possible an attempt is made to continue
210 after an error whereas normally the verify operation would halt on the
211 first error. This allows all the problems with a certificate chain to be
214 The verify operation consists of a number of separate steps.
216 Firstly a certificate chain is built up starting from the supplied certificate
217 and ending in the root \s-1CA\s0. It is an error if the whole chain cannot be built
218 up. The chain is built up by looking up the issuers certificate of the current
219 certificate. If a certificate is found which is its own issuer it is assumed
220 to be the root \s-1CA\s0.
222 The process of 'looking up the issuers certificate' itself involves a number
223 of steps. In versions of OpenSSL before 0.9.5a the first certificate whose
224 subject name matched the issuer of the current certificate was assumed to be
225 the issuers certificate. In OpenSSL 0.9.6 and later all certificates
226 whose subject name matches the issuer name of the current certificate are
227 subject to further tests. The relevant authority key identifier components
228 of the current certificate (if present) must match the subject key identifier
229 (if present) and issuer and serial number of the candidate issuer, in addition
230 the keyUsage extension of the candidate issuer (if present) must permit
233 The lookup first looks in the list of untrusted certificates and if no match
234 is found the remaining lookups are from the trusted certificates. The root \s-1CA\s0
235 is always looked up in the trusted certificate list: if the certificate to
236 verify is a root certificate then an exact match must be found in the trusted
239 The second operation is to check every untrusted certificate's extensions for
240 consistency with the supplied purpose. If the \fB\-purpose\fR option is not included
241 then no checks are done. The supplied or \*(L"leaf\*(R" certificate must have extensions
242 compatible with the supplied purpose and all other certificates must also be valid
243 \&\s-1CA\s0 certificates. The precise extensions required are described in more detail in
244 the \fB\s-1CERTIFICATE\s0 \s-1EXTENSIONS\s0\fR section of the \fBx509\fR utility.
246 The third operation is to check the trust settings on the root \s-1CA\s0. The root
247 \&\s-1CA\s0 should be trusted for the supplied purpose. For compatibility with previous
248 versions of SSLeay and OpenSSL a certificate with no trust settings is considered
249 to be valid for all purposes.
251 The final operation is to check the validity of the certificate chain. The validity
252 period is checked against the current system time and the notBefore and notAfter
253 dates in the certificate. The certificate signatures are also checked at this
256 If all operations complete successfully then certificate is considered valid. If
257 any operation fails then the certificate is not valid.
259 .IX Header "DIAGNOSTICS"
260 When a verify operation fails the output messages can be somewhat cryptic. The
261 general form of the error message is:
264 \& server.pem: /C=AU/ST=Queensland/O=CryptSoft Pty Ltd/CN=Test CA (1024 bit)
265 \& error 24 at 1 depth lookup:invalid CA certificate
268 The first line contains the name of the certificate being verified followed by
269 the subject name of the certificate. The second line contains the error number
270 and the depth. The depth is number of the certificate being verified when a
271 problem was detected starting with zero for the certificate being verified itself
272 then 1 for the \s-1CA\s0 that signed the certificate and so on. Finally a text version
273 of the error number is presented.
275 An exhaustive list of the error codes and messages is shown below, this also
276 includes the name of the error code as defined in the header file x509_vfy.h
277 Some of the error codes are defined but never returned: these are described
279 .IP "\fB0 X509_V_OK: ok\fR" 4
280 .IX Item "0 X509_V_OK: ok"
281 the operation was successful.
282 .IP "\fB2 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT: unable to get issuer certificate\fR" 4
283 .IX Item "2 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT: unable to get issuer certificate"
284 the issuer certificate could not be found: this occurs if the issuer certificate
285 of an untrusted certificate cannot be found.
286 .IP "\fB3 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL: unable to get certificate \s-1CRL\s0\fR" 4
287 .IX Item "3 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL: unable to get certificate CRL"
288 the \s-1CRL\s0 of a certificate could not be found. Unused.
289 .IP "\fB4 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CERT_SIGNATURE: unable to decrypt certificate's signature\fR" 4
290 .IX Item "4 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CERT_SIGNATURE: unable to decrypt certificate's signature"
291 the certificate signature could not be decrypted. This means that the actual signature value
292 could not be determined rather than it not matching the expected value, this is only
293 meaningful for \s-1RSA\s0 keys.
294 .IP "\fB5 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CRL_SIGNATURE: unable to decrypt \s-1CRL\s0's signature\fR" 4
295 .IX Item "5 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CRL_SIGNATURE: unable to decrypt CRL's signature"
296 the \s-1CRL\s0 signature could not be decrypted: this means that the actual signature value
297 could not be determined rather than it not matching the expected value. Unused.
298 .IP "\fB6 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECODE_ISSUER_PUBLIC_KEY: unable to decode issuer public key\fR" 4
299 .IX Item "6 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECODE_ISSUER_PUBLIC_KEY: unable to decode issuer public key"
300 the public key in the certificate SubjectPublicKeyInfo could not be read.
301 .IP "\fB7 X509_V_ERR_CERT_SIGNATURE_FAILURE: certificate signature failure\fR" 4
302 .IX Item "7 X509_V_ERR_CERT_SIGNATURE_FAILURE: certificate signature failure"
303 the signature of the certificate is invalid.
304 .IP "\fB8 X509_V_ERR_CRL_SIGNATURE_FAILURE: \s-1CRL\s0 signature failure\fR" 4
305 .IX Item "8 X509_V_ERR_CRL_SIGNATURE_FAILURE: CRL signature failure"
306 the signature of the certificate is invalid. Unused.
307 .IP "\fB9 X509_V_ERR_CERT_NOT_YET_VALID: certificate is not yet valid\fR" 4
308 .IX Item "9 X509_V_ERR_CERT_NOT_YET_VALID: certificate is not yet valid"
309 the certificate is not yet valid: the notBefore date is after the current time.
310 .IP "\fB10 X509_V_ERR_CERT_HAS_EXPIRED: certificate has expired\fR" 4
311 .IX Item "10 X509_V_ERR_CERT_HAS_EXPIRED: certificate has expired"
312 the certificate has expired: that is the notAfter date is before the current time.
313 .IP "\fB11 X509_V_ERR_CRL_NOT_YET_VALID: \s-1CRL\s0 is not yet valid\fR" 4
314 .IX Item "11 X509_V_ERR_CRL_NOT_YET_VALID: CRL is not yet valid"
315 the \s-1CRL\s0 is not yet valid. Unused.
316 .IP "\fB12 X509_V_ERR_CRL_HAS_EXPIRED: \s-1CRL\s0 has expired\fR" 4
317 .IX Item "12 X509_V_ERR_CRL_HAS_EXPIRED: CRL has expired"
318 the \s-1CRL\s0 has expired. Unused.
319 .IP "\fB13 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_BEFORE_FIELD: format error in certificate's notBefore field\fR" 4
320 .IX Item "13 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_BEFORE_FIELD: format error in certificate's notBefore field"
321 the certificate notBefore field contains an invalid time.
322 .IP "\fB14 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_AFTER_FIELD: format error in certificate's notAfter field\fR" 4
323 .IX Item "14 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_AFTER_FIELD: format error in certificate's notAfter field"
324 the certificate notAfter field contains an invalid time.
325 .IP "\fB15 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_LAST_UPDATE_FIELD: format error in \s-1CRL\s0's lastUpdate field\fR" 4
326 .IX Item "15 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_LAST_UPDATE_FIELD: format error in CRL's lastUpdate field"
327 the \s-1CRL\s0 lastUpdate field contains an invalid time. Unused.
328 .IP "\fB16 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_NEXT_UPDATE_FIELD: format error in \s-1CRL\s0's nextUpdate field\fR" 4
329 .IX Item "16 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_NEXT_UPDATE_FIELD: format error in CRL's nextUpdate field"
330 the \s-1CRL\s0 nextUpdate field contains an invalid time. Unused.
331 .IP "\fB17 X509_V_ERR_OUT_OF_MEM: out of memory\fR" 4
332 .IX Item "17 X509_V_ERR_OUT_OF_MEM: out of memory"
333 an error occurred trying to allocate memory. This should never happen.
334 .IP "\fB18 X509_V_ERR_DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT: self signed certificate\fR" 4
335 .IX Item "18 X509_V_ERR_DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT: self signed certificate"
336 the passed certificate is self signed and the same certificate cannot be found in the list of
337 trusted certificates.
338 .IP "\fB19 X509_V_ERR_SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN: self signed certificate in certificate chain\fR" 4
339 .IX Item "19 X509_V_ERR_SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN: self signed certificate in certificate chain"
340 the certificate chain could be built up using the untrusted certificates but the root could not
342 .IP "\fB20 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY: unable to get local issuer certificate\fR" 4
343 .IX Item "20 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY: unable to get local issuer certificate"
344 the issuer certificate of a locally looked up certificate could not be found. This normally means
345 the list of trusted certificates is not complete.
346 .IP "\fB21 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE: unable to verify the first certificate\fR" 4
347 .IX Item "21 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE: unable to verify the first certificate"
348 no signatures could be verified because the chain contains only one certificate and it is not
350 .IP "\fB22 X509_V_ERR_CERT_CHAIN_TOO_LONG: certificate chain too long\fR" 4
351 .IX Item "22 X509_V_ERR_CERT_CHAIN_TOO_LONG: certificate chain too long"
352 the certificate chain length is greater than the supplied maximum depth. Unused.
353 .IP "\fB23 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REVOKED: certificate revoked\fR" 4
354 .IX Item "23 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REVOKED: certificate revoked"
355 the certificate has been revoked. Unused.
356 .IP "\fB24 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_CA: invalid \s-1CA\s0 certificate\fR" 4
357 .IX Item "24 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_CA: invalid CA certificate"
358 a \s-1CA\s0 certificate is invalid. Either it is not a \s-1CA\s0 or its extensions are not consistent
359 with the supplied purpose.
360 .IP "\fB25 X509_V_ERR_PATH_LENGTH_EXCEEDED: path length constraint exceeded\fR" 4
361 .IX Item "25 X509_V_ERR_PATH_LENGTH_EXCEEDED: path length constraint exceeded"
362 the basicConstraints pathlength parameter has been exceeded.
363 .IP "\fB26 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_PURPOSE: unsupported certificate purpose\fR" 4
364 .IX Item "26 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_PURPOSE: unsupported certificate purpose"
365 the supplied certificate cannot be used for the specified purpose.
366 .IP "\fB27 X509_V_ERR_CERT_UNTRUSTED: certificate not trusted\fR" 4
367 .IX Item "27 X509_V_ERR_CERT_UNTRUSTED: certificate not trusted"
368 the root \s-1CA\s0 is not marked as trusted for the specified purpose.
369 .IP "\fB28 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REJECTED: certificate rejected\fR" 4
370 .IX Item "28 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REJECTED: certificate rejected"
371 the root \s-1CA\s0 is marked to reject the specified purpose.
372 .IP "\fB29 X509_V_ERR_SUBJECT_ISSUER_MISMATCH: subject issuer mismatch\fR" 4
373 .IX Item "29 X509_V_ERR_SUBJECT_ISSUER_MISMATCH: subject issuer mismatch"
374 the current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its subject name
375 did not match the issuer name of the current certificate. Only displayed when
376 the \fB\-issuer_checks\fR option is set.
377 .IP "\fB30 X509_V_ERR_AKID_SKID_MISMATCH: authority and subject key identifier mismatch\fR" 4
378 .IX Item "30 X509_V_ERR_AKID_SKID_MISMATCH: authority and subject key identifier mismatch"
379 the current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its subject key
380 identifier was present and did not match the authority key identifier current
381 certificate. Only displayed when the \fB\-issuer_checks\fR option is set.
382 .IP "\fB31 X509_V_ERR_AKID_ISSUER_SERIAL_MISMATCH: authority and issuer serial number mismatch\fR" 4
383 .IX Item "31 X509_V_ERR_AKID_ISSUER_SERIAL_MISMATCH: authority and issuer serial number mismatch"
384 the current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its issuer name
385 and serial number was present and did not match the authority key identifier
386 of the current certificate. Only displayed when the \fB\-issuer_checks\fR option is set.
387 .IP "\fB32 X509_V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_CERTSIGN:key usage does not include certificate signing\fR" 4
388 .IX Item "32 X509_V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_CERTSIGN:key usage does not include certificate signing"
389 the current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its keyUsage extension
390 does not permit certificate signing.
391 .IP "\fB50 X509_V_ERR_APPLICATION_VERIFICATION: application verification failure\fR" 4
392 .IX Item "50 X509_V_ERR_APPLICATION_VERIFICATION: application verification failure"
393 an application specific error. Unused.
396 Although the issuer checks are a considerably improvement over the old technique they still
397 suffer from limitations in the underlying X509_LOOKUP \s-1API\s0. One consequence of this is that
398 trusted certificates with matching subject name must either appear in a file (as specified by the
399 \&\fB\-CAfile\fR option) or a directory (as specified by \fB\-CApath\fR. If they occur in both then only
400 the certificates in the file will be recognised.
402 Previous versions of OpenSSL assume certificates with matching subject name are identical and
405 .IX Header "SEE ALSO"
projects / dragonfly.git / blob