4 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
8 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
9 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
10 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
11 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
13 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
14 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
15 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
16 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
17 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
19 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
20 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
22 # Other sources occasionally used include:
24 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
25 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
26 # which I found in the UCLA library.
28 # <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
29 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
32 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
33 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
34 # History of Summer Time
35 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
38 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
39 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
40 # Corrections are welcome!
43 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
44 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
45 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
46 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
47 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
48 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
49 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
50 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
51 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
52 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
53 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
56 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
57 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
59 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
60 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
61 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
62 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
63 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
64 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
65 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
66 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
67 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
68 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
69 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
71 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
72 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
74 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
75 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
76 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
77 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
81 ###############################################################################
83 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
85 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
87 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
88 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
89 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
92 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
93 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
94 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
95 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
96 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
97 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
98 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
100 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
101 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
102 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
104 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
106 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
108 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
109 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
110 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
111 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
112 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
113 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
114 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
115 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
116 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
117 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
118 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
119 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
120 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
121 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
122 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
123 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
124 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
125 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
126 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
127 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
129 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
130 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
131 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
133 # From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
134 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
135 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
136 # who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
137 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
138 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
139 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
140 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
141 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
142 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
143 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
144 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
145 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
146 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
147 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
148 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
150 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
151 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
152 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
153 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
154 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
155 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
156 # -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
157 # "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
160 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
161 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
162 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
163 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
164 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
166 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
168 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
169 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
171 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
172 # From: Jonathan Leffler
173 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
174 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
175 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
177 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
178 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
179 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
180 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
181 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
183 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
184 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
185 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
186 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
188 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
189 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
190 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
191 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
192 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
193 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
194 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
195 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
197 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
198 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
199 # which is to be introduced in May....
200 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
201 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
203 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
204 # Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
205 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
208 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
209 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
210 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
211 # and extending this list, which can be found in
212 # <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
213 # History of legal time in Britain
216 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
218 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
219 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
220 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
221 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
224 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
226 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
228 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
230 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
231 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
232 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
233 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
234 # It actually just had one transition.
235 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
236 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
237 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
238 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
239 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
241 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
242 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
243 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
244 # conform with Great Britain.
245 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
247 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
248 # we'll ignore it for now.
249 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
252 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
253 # Shanks & Pottenger.
254 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
255 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
256 # to London. For example:
258 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
259 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
261 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
262 # Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
263 # various relating to legal time, for example:
265 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
267 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
268 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
270 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
271 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
272 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
274 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
275 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
276 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
278 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
279 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
281 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
282 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
283 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
285 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
286 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
287 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
290 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
291 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
292 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
293 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
294 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
295 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
296 # and Frethun run in CT.
297 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
298 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
299 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
300 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
301 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
302 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
304 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
305 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
306 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
307 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
308 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
309 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
310 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
312 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
313 # Summer Time Act, 1916
314 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
315 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
316 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
317 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
318 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
319 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
320 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
321 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
322 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
323 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
324 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
325 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
326 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
327 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
328 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
329 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
330 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
331 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
332 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
333 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
334 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
335 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
336 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
337 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
338 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
339 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
340 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
341 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
342 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
343 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
344 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
345 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
346 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
347 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
348 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
349 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
350 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
351 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
352 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
353 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
354 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
355 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
356 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
357 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
358 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
359 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
360 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
361 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
362 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
363 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
364 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
365 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
366 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
367 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
368 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
369 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
370 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
371 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
372 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
373 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
374 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
375 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
376 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
377 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
378 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
379 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
380 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
381 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
382 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
383 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
384 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
385 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
386 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
387 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
388 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
389 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
390 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
391 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
392 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
393 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
394 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
395 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
396 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
397 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
398 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
399 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
400 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
401 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
402 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
403 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
404 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
406 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
407 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
408 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
409 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
410 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
411 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
412 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
413 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
414 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
415 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
416 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
417 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
418 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
419 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
420 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
422 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
423 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
424 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
425 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
428 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
429 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
430 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
431 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
432 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
433 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
434 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
435 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
436 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
437 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
438 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
439 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
440 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
441 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
442 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
445 ###############################################################################
449 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
450 # Common Market, etc.
452 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
453 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
454 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
455 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
456 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
457 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
458 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
459 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
460 # <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html">
461 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
462 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
465 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
466 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
467 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
468 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
469 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
470 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
471 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
473 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
474 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
475 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
476 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
477 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
478 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
479 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
480 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
481 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
482 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
483 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
484 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
485 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
486 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
488 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
489 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
490 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
491 # tz database itself, as seen below:
493 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
494 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
496 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
497 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
499 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
500 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
502 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
503 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
504 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
506 # The rule line to be changed is:
508 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
510 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
511 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
512 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
513 # affected are apparently these ficticious zones that translates acronyms
516 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
517 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
519 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
521 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
523 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
524 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
525 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
526 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
527 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
528 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
529 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
530 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
532 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
533 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
534 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
535 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
536 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
537 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
538 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
540 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
541 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
542 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
543 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
544 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
545 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
546 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
547 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
548 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
549 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
550 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
551 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
552 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
553 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
554 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
555 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
556 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
557 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
558 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
560 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
561 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
562 Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
563 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
564 Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
566 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
568 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
569 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
570 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
571 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
572 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
574 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
575 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
577 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
578 # The official German names ... are
580 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
581 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
583 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
584 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
585 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
587 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
588 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
590 # D-38023 Braunschweig
591 # phone: +49 531 592-0
593 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
594 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
595 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
597 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
598 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
602 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
603 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
604 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
605 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
606 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
607 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
608 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
609 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
610 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
611 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
612 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
613 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
614 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
615 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
616 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
617 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
618 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
619 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
620 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
621 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
622 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
623 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
624 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
625 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
626 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
627 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
628 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
629 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
630 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
631 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
635 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
636 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
637 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
638 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
643 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
644 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
645 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
646 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
647 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
648 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
650 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
651 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
652 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
653 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
654 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
655 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
656 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
657 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
658 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
659 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
660 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
661 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
662 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
663 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
664 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
666 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
670 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
671 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
672 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
673 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
674 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
675 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
676 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
677 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
678 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
679 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
680 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
685 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
686 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
687 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
688 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
689 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
691 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
692 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
693 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
694 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
695 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
697 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
698 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
699 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
700 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
701 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
702 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
703 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
704 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
705 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
706 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
707 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
708 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
709 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
710 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
711 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
712 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
713 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
714 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
715 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
716 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
717 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
718 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
719 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
720 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
721 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
722 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
723 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
724 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
725 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
726 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
727 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
728 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
729 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
730 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
731 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
732 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
733 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
734 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
735 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
736 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
737 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
738 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
739 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
740 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
741 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
742 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
743 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
744 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
747 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
752 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
753 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
754 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
755 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
757 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
758 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
759 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
760 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
761 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
762 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
763 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
764 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
765 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
766 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
767 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
768 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
769 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
770 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
771 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
772 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
779 # Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
782 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
783 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
784 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
785 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
786 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
787 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
788 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
789 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
790 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
791 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
792 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
793 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
794 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
797 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
799 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
800 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
801 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
802 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
803 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
805 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
806 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
808 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
809 # in subsequenet decrees with the law
810 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
812 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
813 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
814 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
815 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
816 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
817 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
818 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
819 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
820 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
821 # was suspended on that night):
822 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
824 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
825 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
826 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
828 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
829 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
830 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
832 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
833 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
834 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
835 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
836 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
837 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
838 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
839 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
840 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
841 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
842 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
843 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
845 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
846 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
847 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
848 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
849 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
850 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
852 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
856 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
857 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
858 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
859 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
861 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
862 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
863 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
864 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
865 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
866 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
868 # From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
869 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
870 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
872 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
873 # is according to the following time line:
875 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
876 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
880 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
883 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
885 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
886 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
887 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
888 # info from earlier correspondence.]
890 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
891 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
892 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
894 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
895 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
896 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
897 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
898 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
899 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
900 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
902 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
903 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
905 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
906 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
907 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
909 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
910 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
911 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
912 # this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
913 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
915 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
916 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
919 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
920 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
921 # the 1995 map as like Godthab.
922 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
923 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
924 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
925 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
927 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
928 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
929 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
930 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
931 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
932 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
933 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
935 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
936 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
937 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
940 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
941 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
942 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
944 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
945 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
947 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
951 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
952 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
953 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
954 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
956 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
957 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
958 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
959 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
960 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
961 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
962 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
963 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
964 # summer time next spring.''
966 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
967 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
968 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
970 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
971 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
973 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
974 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
975 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
977 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
978 # via Steffen Thorsen:
979 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
980 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
981 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
982 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
983 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
986 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
987 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
988 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
989 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
991 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
992 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
993 # Now we are using again EU rules.
995 # From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
996 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
998 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
999 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1000 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1001 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1002 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1003 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1004 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1005 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1006 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1007 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1008 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1009 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1010 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1015 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1016 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1017 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1019 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1020 # Shanks & Pottenger say Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time
1021 # since 1981. Go with Strang instead.
1023 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1024 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1025 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1026 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1027 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1028 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1029 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1033 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1038 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1040 # Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1041 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1043 # Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1046 # Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1047 # Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1051 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1052 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1053 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1054 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1055 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1056 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1057 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1058 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1059 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1060 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1061 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1062 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1063 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1064 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1065 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1066 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1067 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1068 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1069 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1070 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1071 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1072 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1073 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1074 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1075 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1076 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1077 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1078 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1079 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1080 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1081 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1082 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1083 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1084 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1085 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1086 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1087 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1088 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1089 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1090 # Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
1091 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1092 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1093 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
1094 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1095 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1096 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1097 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1098 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1099 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1100 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1101 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1102 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1103 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1104 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1105 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1106 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1107 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1108 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1109 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1110 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1111 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1112 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1113 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1114 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1115 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1116 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1117 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1118 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1119 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1120 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1121 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1122 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1123 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1124 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1125 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1130 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1131 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1132 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1133 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1135 # From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1136 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1137 # <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1138 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1140 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1141 # <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1142 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1144 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1145 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1146 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1149 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1150 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1151 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1152 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1153 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1154 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1156 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1157 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1158 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1159 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1160 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1162 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1163 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1164 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1166 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1167 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1168 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1169 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1170 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1174 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1175 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1176 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1179 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1180 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1181 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1186 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1187 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1188 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1189 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1190 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1191 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1192 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1193 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1194 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1195 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1196 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1197 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1198 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1199 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1200 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1201 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1202 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1203 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1204 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1205 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1206 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1207 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1208 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1209 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1210 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1211 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1212 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1213 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1214 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1215 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1216 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1217 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1221 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1222 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1223 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1224 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1225 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1226 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1227 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1228 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1229 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1230 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1231 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1232 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1233 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1234 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1235 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1236 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1237 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1238 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1239 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1240 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1241 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1242 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1243 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1244 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1245 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1246 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1247 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1252 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1253 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1256 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1259 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1260 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1261 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1262 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1264 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1265 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1266 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1267 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1270 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1271 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1272 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1273 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1274 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1275 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1276 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1277 # might mean something else (???).
1279 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1280 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1281 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1282 # that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1284 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1285 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1286 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1287 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1288 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1289 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1290 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1291 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1292 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1293 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1294 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1295 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1296 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1297 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1298 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1299 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1300 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1301 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1302 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1303 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1304 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1305 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1306 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1307 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1308 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1313 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1314 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1315 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1316 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1317 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1318 # so record only the time in Rome.
1320 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1321 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1323 # <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1324 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1326 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1327 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1329 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1330 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1331 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1332 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1333 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1334 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1335 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1336 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1337 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1338 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1339 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1340 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1341 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1342 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1343 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1344 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1346 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1347 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1348 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1349 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1350 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1351 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1352 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1353 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1354 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1355 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1356 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1357 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1358 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1359 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1360 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1361 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1362 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1363 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1364 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1365 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1366 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1367 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1368 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1369 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1370 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1371 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1372 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1373 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1374 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1375 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1376 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1377 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1378 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1379 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1380 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1381 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1382 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1383 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1384 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1385 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1386 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1387 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1388 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1391 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1392 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1396 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1398 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1399 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1400 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1401 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1403 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1404 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1405 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1406 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1407 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1409 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1410 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1411 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1412 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1413 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1414 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1416 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1417 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1418 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1419 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1420 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1421 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1422 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1423 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1424 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1425 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1427 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1428 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1429 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1431 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1432 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1433 # <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1434 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1435 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1437 # <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1438 # From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1440 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1441 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1442 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1443 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1444 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1445 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1446 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1447 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1448 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1449 # appears that they will not do so....
1451 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1452 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1453 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1454 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1455 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1456 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1457 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1458 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1459 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1460 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1461 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1463 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1464 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1465 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1466 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1467 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1468 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1472 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1473 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1479 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1480 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1481 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1483 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1484 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1485 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1487 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1488 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1489 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1490 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1491 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1492 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1493 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1494 # already done by Estonia.
1496 # From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1497 # Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1498 # </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1500 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1501 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1502 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1503 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1504 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1505 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1506 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1509 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1510 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1511 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1512 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1513 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1514 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1515 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1516 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1517 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1518 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1519 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1520 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1521 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1522 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1523 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1527 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1528 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1529 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1530 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1531 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1532 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1533 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1534 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1535 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1536 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1537 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1538 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1539 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1540 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1541 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1542 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1543 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1544 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1545 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1546 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1547 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1548 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1549 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1550 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1551 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1552 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1553 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1554 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1555 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1556 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1557 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1558 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1559 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1566 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1567 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1568 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1569 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1570 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1571 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1572 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1573 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1574 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1575 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1576 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1577 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1578 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1579 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1584 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1585 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1586 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1587 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1588 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1589 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1590 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1591 # But [two people] separately reported via
1592 # Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1593 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1595 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1596 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1597 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1598 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1599 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1600 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1601 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1602 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1603 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1605 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1606 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1607 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1611 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1612 # more precise 0:09:21.
1613 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1614 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1615 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1616 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1617 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1625 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1626 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1628 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1629 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1630 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1631 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1632 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1633 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1634 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1635 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1636 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1639 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1640 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1641 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1644 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1645 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1646 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1647 # actually followed.
1649 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1650 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1651 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1652 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1653 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1655 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1656 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1657 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1658 # Amsterdam mean time.
1660 # The data before 1945 are taken from
1661 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1663 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1664 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1665 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1666 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1667 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1668 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1669 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1670 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1671 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1672 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1673 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1674 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1675 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1676 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1677 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1678 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1679 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1680 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1681 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1682 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1683 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1684 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1685 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1687 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1688 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1689 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1690 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1691 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1692 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1693 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1694 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1698 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1700 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1701 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1702 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1703 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1704 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1705 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1706 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1707 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1708 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1709 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1710 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1711 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1712 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1715 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1717 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1718 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1719 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1720 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1721 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1722 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1723 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1724 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1725 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1726 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1727 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1728 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1729 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1730 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1731 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1732 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1733 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1734 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1736 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1738 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1739 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1740 # keeping Berlin time.
1742 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1743 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1744 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1745 # frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1746 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1747 # the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1748 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1750 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1751 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1752 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1753 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1754 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1755 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1756 # <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1757 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1758 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1760 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1761 # come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1762 # war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1763 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1766 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1767 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1768 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1769 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1770 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1771 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1772 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1773 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1774 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1775 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1776 # Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1777 # <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1778 # Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1779 # He also gives these further references:
1780 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1781 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1782 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1783 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1784 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1785 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1786 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1787 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1788 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1789 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1790 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1791 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1792 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1793 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1794 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1795 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1796 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1797 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1798 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1799 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1800 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1801 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1802 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1803 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1804 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1809 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1810 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1811 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1813 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1814 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1815 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1817 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1818 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1819 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1820 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1821 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1822 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1823 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1825 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1826 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1827 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1828 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1829 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1830 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1831 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1832 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1833 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1834 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1835 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1836 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1837 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1838 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1839 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1840 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1841 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1842 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1843 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1844 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1845 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1846 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1847 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1848 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1849 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1850 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1851 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1852 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1853 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1854 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1855 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1856 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1857 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1858 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1859 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1860 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1861 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1862 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1863 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1864 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1865 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1866 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1867 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1868 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1869 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1870 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1871 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1872 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1873 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1874 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1875 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1876 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1877 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1878 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1879 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1880 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1881 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1882 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1883 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1884 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1885 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1886 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1887 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1888 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1889 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
1890 # Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
1891 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1892 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
1893 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1894 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1895 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1896 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1897 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1899 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1900 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1901 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1902 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1903 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1904 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1906 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1907 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1908 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1909 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1914 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1915 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1916 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1917 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1918 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1919 # the same year as Bulgaria.
1921 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1922 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1923 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1924 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1925 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1926 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1927 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1928 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1929 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1930 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1931 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1932 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1933 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1934 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1935 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1936 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1937 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1942 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1943 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1944 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1945 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
1946 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
1947 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1949 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
1950 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1951 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1952 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1953 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1955 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
1956 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1957 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1958 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1959 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1961 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
1962 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1963 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1964 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1966 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1967 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1968 # News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1969 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1970 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1971 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1973 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
1974 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
1975 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
1976 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
1977 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
1978 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
1979 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
1980 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
1982 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1984 # Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
1985 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1986 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1987 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1988 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1991 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1992 # Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
1993 # Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
1994 # Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
1995 # Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
1996 # Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
1997 # Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
1998 # Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
1999 # Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
2000 # Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
2001 # Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
2002 # Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2003 # Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
2004 # Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
2005 # Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
2006 # Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
2007 # Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
2008 # Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
2009 # Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
2010 # Yaroslavskaya oblast'
2011 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
2012 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2013 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2014 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2015 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2016 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2017 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2020 # Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
2021 # Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
2022 # but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
2023 # others? But we have no data.
2024 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2025 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2026 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2027 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2028 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2029 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2030 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2033 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2034 # Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
2035 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2036 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2037 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2038 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2039 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2040 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2041 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2042 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
2044 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2045 # Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2046 # Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2047 # Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2048 # Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2049 # Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2050 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2051 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2052 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2053 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2054 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
2056 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2057 # Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2058 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2059 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2060 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2061 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2064 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2065 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2066 # Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2067 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2068 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2069 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2070 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2071 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2074 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2075 # Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2076 # Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2077 # Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2078 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2079 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2080 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2081 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2084 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2085 # Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2086 # Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2087 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2088 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2089 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2090 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2091 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2094 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2095 # Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2096 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2097 # The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2098 # Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2099 # Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2100 # Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij,
2101 # Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2102 # Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij.
2103 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2104 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2105 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2106 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2109 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2110 # Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2111 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2112 # The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
2114 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2115 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2116 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2117 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2120 # Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2121 # The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2122 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2124 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2125 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2126 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2127 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2130 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2131 # Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2132 # Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2133 # The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij,
2134 # Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij.
2135 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2136 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2137 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2138 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2141 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2142 # Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2144 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2145 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2146 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2147 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2148 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2151 # Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2152 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2153 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2154 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2155 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2156 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2160 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2161 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2162 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2163 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2164 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2165 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2166 # Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2167 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2168 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2169 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2171 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2172 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2173 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2174 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2175 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2178 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2184 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2185 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2186 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2187 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2188 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2189 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2190 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2191 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2192 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2193 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2194 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2195 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2196 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2197 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2198 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2199 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2200 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2201 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2202 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2203 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2204 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2205 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2206 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2207 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2208 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2209 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2210 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2211 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2212 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2213 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2214 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2215 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2216 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2217 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2218 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2219 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2220 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2221 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2222 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2223 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2224 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2225 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2226 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2227 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2228 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2229 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2230 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2231 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2232 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2233 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2234 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2235 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2236 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2237 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2239 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2240 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2241 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2243 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2244 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2247 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2248 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2249 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2250 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2252 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2253 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2257 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2259 # The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2260 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2261 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2262 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2263 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2265 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2266 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2267 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2269 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2270 # forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2271 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2272 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2273 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2274 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2275 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2276 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2278 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2279 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2280 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2281 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2283 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2284 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2285 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2286 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2287 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2292 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2293 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2294 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2295 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2296 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2297 # hour before the event took place.
2299 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2301 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2302 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2303 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2304 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2305 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2311 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2312 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2313 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2314 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2315 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2316 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2317 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2318 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
2319 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2320 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2321 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2322 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2323 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2324 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2329 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2330 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2331 # ... The latest rules are available at -
2332 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2333 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2334 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2335 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
2336 # what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2337 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2338 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2339 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2340 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2341 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2342 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2343 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2344 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2346 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2347 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2348 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2349 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2350 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2351 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2352 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2353 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2354 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2356 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2357 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2358 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2359 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2360 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2361 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2362 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2363 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2364 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2365 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
2366 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2367 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2368 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2369 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2370 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2371 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2372 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2373 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2374 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2375 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
2376 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2377 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2378 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2379 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2380 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2381 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2382 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2383 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2384 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2385 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2386 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2387 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2388 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2389 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2390 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2391 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2392 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2393 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2394 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2395 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2396 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2397 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2398 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2399 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2400 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2401 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2402 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2403 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2404 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2405 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2406 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2407 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2408 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2409 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2410 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2411 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
2412 Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2413 Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2414 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2415 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2416 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2417 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2418 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2419 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2420 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
2422 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2426 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
2427 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2428 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
2429 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2430 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2431 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2432 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2434 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2435 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2436 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2437 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
2438 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2439 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2440 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2441 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2442 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2443 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2444 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2446 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2448 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2449 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2450 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
2451 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2453 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2454 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2455 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2456 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2457 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2458 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2460 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2462 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2463 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2464 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
2465 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
2466 # portable Posix file names.
2467 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2468 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2469 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2470 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2471 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2472 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2473 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2475 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2476 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2477 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2478 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2480 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2481 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2482 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2484 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2485 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2486 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2487 # Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2488 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2489 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2491 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2492 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2493 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2494 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2495 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2496 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2497 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2498 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2501 ###############################################################################
2503 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2504 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2505 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2507 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2508 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2509 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2510 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2511 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2512 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2515 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2519 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2520 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2521 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2522 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2523 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2525 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2526 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2527 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2528 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2530 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2531 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2533 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2534 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2538 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2539 # From: Dik T. Winter
2542 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2543 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2544 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2546 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2547 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2548 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2549 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2550 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2551 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2554 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2555 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2556 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2557 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2558 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2559 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2560 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2561 # in advance of normal time.
2564 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2567 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2569 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2570 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2572 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
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