1 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
4 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
7 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
9 # From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
11 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
12 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
13 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
15 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
16 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
17 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
18 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
19 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
21 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
22 # entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
24 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
25 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
26 # I found in the UCLA library.
28 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
29 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
30 # http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
32 # For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
33 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
34 # (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
36 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
37 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
39 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
40 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
41 # Corrections are welcome!
44 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern European Time
46 # 3:00 AST ADT Arabia*
51 # 7:00 WIB west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
52 # 8:00 WITA central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
54 # 8:00 JWST Western Standard Time (Japan, 1896/1937)*
55 # 9:00 JCST Central Standard Time (Japan, 1896/1937)
56 # 9:00 WIT east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
59 # 9:30 ACST Australian Central Standard Time
61 # See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
64 # Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
65 # additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
66 # Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
67 # Worldwide Edition). The names for time zones are guesses.
69 ###############################################################################
71 # These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
72 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
73 Rule EUAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
74 Rule EUAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
75 Rule EUAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
76 Rule E-EurAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
77 Rule E-EurAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
78 Rule E-EurAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
79 Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
80 Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
81 Rule RussiaAsia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
82 Rule RussiaAsia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
83 Rule RussiaAsia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
84 Rule RussiaAsia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
85 Rule RussiaAsia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
86 Rule RussiaAsia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
87 Rule RussiaAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
90 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
91 Zone Asia/Kabul 4:36:48 - LMT 1890
96 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
97 # Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
98 # in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
99 # readopting Russian DST in 1997. Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
100 # when they disagree with others. Edgar Der-Danieliantz
101 # reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
102 # in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995. IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
103 # Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
104 # but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
106 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
107 # While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
108 # follow Russia's "old" rules.
110 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
111 # According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
112 # http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
114 # The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
115 # Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
116 # Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
119 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
120 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
121 Zone Asia/Yerevan 2:58:00 - LMT 1924 May 2
122 3:00 - YERT 1957 Mar # Yerevan Time
123 4:00 RussiaAsia YER%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
124 3:00 1:00 YERST 1991 Sep 23 # independence
125 3:00 RussiaAsia AM%sT 1995 Sep 24 2:00s
127 4:00 RussiaAsia AM%sT 2012 Mar 25 2:00s
131 # From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
132 # According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
133 # Resolution available at: http://aif.az/docs/daylight_res.pdf
134 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
135 Rule Azer 1997 max - Mar lastSun 4:00 1:00 S
136 Rule Azer 1997 max - Oct lastSun 5:00 0 -
137 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
138 Zone Asia/Baku 3:19:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
139 3:00 - BAKT 1957 Mar # Baku Time
140 4:00 RussiaAsia BAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
141 3:00 1:00 BAKST 1991 Aug 30 # independence
142 3:00 RussiaAsia AZ%sT 1992 Sep lastSat 23:00
143 4:00 - AZT 1996 # Azerbaijan Time
144 4:00 EUAsia AZ%sT 1997
148 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
149 Zone Asia/Bahrain 3:22:20 - LMT 1920 # Manamah
154 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
155 # According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
156 # Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
158 # Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
159 # http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
160 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
162 # "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
164 # 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with
165 # crippling power crisis. "
167 # The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if
168 # implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010
170 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02):
171 # They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between
172 # the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
175 # http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
176 # http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
179 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
181 # From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
182 # Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
183 # time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh
184 # Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).
186 # No DST end date has been announced yet.
188 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):
189 # Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,
190 # instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.
192 # Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
193 # "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
194 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
195 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
197 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
198 # IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
199 # Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make
200 # maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would
201 # "continue for an indefinite period."
203 # One of many places where it is published:
204 # http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
206 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
207 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
208 # Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
210 # Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
211 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
212 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
214 # "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
215 # on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
216 # 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
217 # Minister's Office last night..."
219 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
220 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
221 # Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
222 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
223 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
225 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
226 Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Jun 19 23:00 1:00 S
227 Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Dec 31 24:00 0 -
229 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
230 Zone Asia/Dhaka 6:01:40 - LMT 1890
231 5:53:20 - HMT 1941 Oct # Howrah Mean Time?
232 6:30 - BURT 1942 May 15 # Burma Time
234 6:30 - BURT 1951 Sep 30
235 6:00 - DACT 1971 Mar 26 # Dacca Time
240 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
241 Zone Asia/Thimphu 5:58:36 - LMT 1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
243 6:00 - BTT # Bhutan Time
245 # British Indian Ocean Territory
246 # Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
247 # 1997 and later maps say 6:00. Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
248 # We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
249 # assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
250 # then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
251 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
252 Zone Indian/Chagos 4:49:40 - LMT 1907
253 5:00 - IOT 1996 # BIOT Time
257 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
258 Zone Asia/Brunei 7:39:40 - LMT 1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
264 # Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
266 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
267 Zone Asia/Rangoon 6:24:40 - LMT 1880 # or Yangon
268 6:24:40 - RMT 1920 # Rangoon Mean Time?
269 6:30 - BURT 1942 May # Burma Time
270 9:00 - JST 1945 May 3
271 6:30 - MMT # Myanmar Time
274 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
275 Zone Asia/Phnom_Penh 6:59:40 - LMT 1906 Jun 9
276 7:06:20 - SMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
284 # People's Republic of China. Yes, they really have only one time zone.
286 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
287 # No they don't. See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52. Even though
288 # China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
289 # Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized. Since that date, China
290 # has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of
291 # the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). I don't know about DST for it.
293 # . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
294 # painful to suck in another copy. So, here is what I have for
295 # DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
297 # 1986 May 4 - Sept 14
298 # 1987 mid-April - ??
300 # From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
301 # CHINA 8 H AHEAD OF UTC ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
302 # CHINA 9 H AHEAD OF UTC APR 17 - SEP 10
304 # From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
305 # Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
306 # time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
307 # observing daylight saving time in 1986.
309 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
310 # Shanks & Pottenger have China switching to a single time zone in 1980, but
311 # this doesn't seem to be correct. They also write that China observed summer
312 # DST from 1986 through 1991, which seems to match the above commentary, so
313 # go with them for DST rules as follows:
314 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
315 Rule Shang 1940 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 D
316 Rule Shang 1940 1941 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
317 Rule Shang 1941 only - Mar 16 0:00 1:00 D
318 Rule PRC 1986 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 D
319 Rule PRC 1986 1991 - Sep Sun>=11 0:00 0 S
320 Rule PRC 1987 1991 - Apr Sun>=10 0:00 1:00 D
322 # From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
323 # BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
324 # historic timezones from some Taiwan websites. And yes, there are official
325 # Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
327 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
328 # I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
329 # http://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
330 # boundaries summarized below].... A few other exceptions were two
331 # counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
332 # counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
333 # therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege
334 # county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6
335 # (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
336 # counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
338 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
339 # Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
342 # Guo Qingsheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
343 # Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
344 # China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
345 # (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料), Vol. 24, No. 1 (2003)
346 # It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
347 # officially apparent solar time! However, Guo also says that the
348 # evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
349 # been taken over by the PRC yet. It's plausible that apparent solar
350 # time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
351 # to use UT+8. As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
352 # observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
353 # could well have ignored any such mandate.
356 # Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
357 # A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
358 # [undated and unknown publication location]
359 # It says several things:
360 # * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
361 # * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
362 # the official calendar book of 1914.
363 # * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
364 # French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
365 # Observatory and set to local mean time.
366 # * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
367 # * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
368 # eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
369 # became used by railways as well.
370 # * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
371 # five time zones (see below for details). This caught on
372 # at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
373 # * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7. In practice
374 # this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
375 # Japanese-occupied territory.
376 # * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
377 # * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
378 # place (with some modifications) in March 1948. It's not clear
379 # how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
380 # * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
382 # An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
383 # Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
384 # different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
385 # ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai." Guess that the
386 # Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT+8.
388 # In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
389 # this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
390 # This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
391 # Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
392 # Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
393 # mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
395 # Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT+8.5
396 # Asia/Harbin (currently a link to Asia/Shanghai)
397 # Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
399 # Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT+8
402 # This currently represents most other zones as well,
403 # as apparently these regions have been the same since 1970.
404 # Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.
405 # Guo says Shanghai switched to UT+8 "from the end of the 19th century".
407 # Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area) UT+7
408 # Asia/Chongqing (currently a link to Asia/Shanghai)
409 # Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
410 # most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; west Qinghai; and the Guangdong
411 # counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
412 # Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
414 # Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT+6
416 # This currently represents Kunlun Time as well,
417 # as apparently the two regions have been the same since 1970.
418 # The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
419 # the Guangdong counties Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
420 # Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
421 # east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
422 # east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
423 # Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
424 # Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
425 # Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
428 # Asia/Kashgar (currently a link to Asia/Urumqi)
429 # West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
430 # West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
431 # Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
434 # From Luther Ma (2009-10-17):
435 # Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in
436 # Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time,
437 # but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on
438 # what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese
439 # they implicitly use Beijing time.
441 # On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
442 # population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
443 # hours behind Beijing time, or UTC +0600. The government of the Xinjiang
444 # Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
445 # local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
446 # publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
447 # "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
448 # they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
450 # (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
451 # widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in
452 # Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.)
454 # (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990
455 # or 1991 when summer time was in use. The confusion was severe, with
456 # the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
457 # time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
458 # others moving their clocks ahead.)
460 # From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
461 # With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
462 # English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols):
469 # 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
470 # 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
471 # countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
473 # 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any
474 # start date for Xinjiang time.
476 # Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally
477 # publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur
478 # Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
479 # not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
481 # From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
482 # Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
483 # http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
485 # From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
486 # I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
487 # different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
488 # report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
489 # Cochrane. Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
490 # recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
491 # the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;
492 # and Beijing Time. There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
493 # to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
494 # population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other. The only
495 # problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as
496 # having the same time as Beijing.
498 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
499 # In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT+6) but
500 # this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
501 # Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
502 # 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
503 # As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
505 # Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized. E.g., see
506 # "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
507 # <http://www.sinkiang.gov.cn/service/ourworking/> (2014-04-22).
508 # Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
509 # During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,
510 # the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
511 # Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
512 # China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
513 # quite a trick. Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
514 # XJT at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
515 # which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
516 # guess) as the transition from LMT. Ignore the usage of UT+8 before
517 # 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to UT+8 is unknown and
518 # that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
519 # UT+8 mandate back then.
521 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
522 # Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
523 Zone Asia/Shanghai 8:05:43 - LMT 1901
526 # Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
527 # / Wulumuqi. (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
528 Zone Asia/Urumqi 5:50:20 - LMT 1928
532 # Hong Kong (Xianggang)
534 # Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
536 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
537 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
538 # Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
539 # it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
540 # and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
541 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
542 # think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
544 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
546 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
547 # Here are the dates given at
548 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
551 # 1941 1 Apr to 30 Sep
556 # 1946 20 Apr to 1 Dec
557 # 1947 13 Apr to 30 Dec
558 # 1948 2 May to 31 Oct
559 # 1949 3 Apr to 30 Oct
560 # 1950 2 Apr to 29 Oct
561 # 1951 1 Apr to 28 Oct
562 # 1952 6 Apr to 25 Oct
563 # 1953 5 Apr to 1 Nov
564 # 1954 21 Mar to 31 Oct
565 # 1955 20 Mar to 6 Nov
566 # 1956 18 Mar to 4 Nov
567 # 1957 24 Mar to 3 Nov
568 # 1958 23 Mar to 2 Nov
569 # 1959 22 Mar to 1 Nov
570 # 1960 20 Mar to 6 Nov
571 # 1961 19 Mar to 5 Nov
572 # 1962 18 Mar to 4 Nov
573 # 1963 24 Mar to 3 Nov
574 # 1964 22 Mar to 1 Nov
575 # 1965 18 Apr to 17 Oct
576 # 1966 17 Apr to 16 Oct
577 # 1967 16 Apr to 22 Oct
578 # 1968 21 Apr to 20 Oct
579 # 1969 20 Apr to 19 Oct
580 # 1970 19 Apr to 18 Oct
581 # 1971 18 Apr to 17 Oct
582 # 1972 16 Apr to 22 Oct
583 # 1973 22 Apr to 21 Oct
584 # 1973/74 30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
585 # 1975 20 Apr to 19 Oct
586 # 1976 18 Apr to 17 Oct
589 # 1979 13 May to 21 Oct
591 # The page does not give start or end times of day.
592 # The page does not give a start date for 1942.
593 # The page does not givw an end date for 1945.
594 # The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began on 1941-12-25.
595 # The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-15.
596 # For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the transition times.
598 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
599 Rule HK 1941 only - Apr 1 3:30 1:00 S
600 Rule HK 1941 only - Sep 30 3:30 0 -
601 Rule HK 1946 only - Apr 20 3:30 1:00 S
602 Rule HK 1946 only - Dec 1 3:30 0 -
603 Rule HK 1947 only - Apr 13 3:30 1:00 S
604 Rule HK 1947 only - Dec 30 3:30 0 -
605 Rule HK 1948 only - May 2 3:30 1:00 S
606 Rule HK 1948 1951 - Oct lastSun 3:30 0 -
607 Rule HK 1952 only - Oct 25 3:30 0 -
608 Rule HK 1949 1953 - Apr Sun>=1 3:30 1:00 S
609 Rule HK 1953 only - Nov 1 3:30 0 -
610 Rule HK 1954 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 3:30 1:00 S
611 Rule HK 1954 only - Oct 31 3:30 0 -
612 Rule HK 1955 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 -
613 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
614 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
615 Rule HK 1973 only - Dec 30 3:30 1:00 S
616 Rule HK 1979 only - May Sun>=8 3:30 1:00 S
617 Rule HK 1979 only - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
618 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
619 Zone Asia/Hong_Kong 7:36:42 - LMT 1904 Oct 30
620 8:00 HK HK%sT 1941 Dec 25
621 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 15
624 ###############################################################################
628 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
629 # According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
630 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
631 # Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
633 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
634 # On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
635 # Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
636 # Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
637 # (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
638 # 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
639 # found on Wikisource:
640 # http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
641 # ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
642 # during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
643 # declared officially.
645 # Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
646 # Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
647 # revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
648 # time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
649 # western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
650 # territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
651 # (UTC+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
652 # be found on Wikisource:
653 # http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
655 # That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UTC+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
657 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
658 # I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UTC+9
659 # back to UTC+8 after WW2. I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945. In a document
660 # during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
661 # zone back to Western Standard Time (UTC+8) on Sep 21. And in another
662 # history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
663 # note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time". From these two
664 # materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21. And
665 # today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
666 # from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
669 # 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
670 # the time at 135E (GMT+9)
672 # 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
673 # 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
674 # as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
675 # Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
677 # 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
678 # territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
681 # [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
682 # http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
683 # [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
684 # http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
685 # [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
686 # http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf
688 # Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
689 # I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
690 # Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan. It's Taiwan Governor-General
691 # Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
692 # [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
693 # bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
694 # Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21. I think this bulletin is much more
695 # official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
696 # top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
697 # would be a good one.
698 # [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
699 # http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener
701 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
702 # In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
703 # Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
706 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF
707 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.)
709 # In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
710 # telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
712 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431
714 # Here is a brief translation:
716 # The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
717 # midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
718 # adoption till Oct 31 midnight.
720 # The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
721 # be found from historical government announcement database.
723 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
724 # As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT+9 from 1937-10-01
725 # until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
726 # Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
728 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
729 Rule Taiwan 1946 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 D
730 Rule Taiwan 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
731 Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
732 Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
733 Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
734 Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
735 Rule Taiwan 1952 only - Mar 1 0:00 1:00 D
736 Rule Taiwan 1952 1954 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
737 Rule Taiwan 1953 1959 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
738 Rule Taiwan 1955 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
739 Rule Taiwan 1960 1961 - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
740 Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
741 Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
742 Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 D
743 Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
745 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
746 # Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
747 Zone Asia/Taipei 8:06:00 - LMT 1896 Jan 1
748 8:00 - JWST 1937 Oct 1
749 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 21 1:00
752 # Macau (Macao, Aomen)
753 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
754 Rule Macau 1961 1962 - Mar Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
755 Rule Macau 1961 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 -
756 Rule Macau 1963 only - Mar Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
757 Rule Macau 1964 only - Mar Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
758 Rule Macau 1965 only - Mar Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
759 Rule Macau 1965 only - Oct 31 0:00 0 -
760 Rule Macau 1966 1971 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
761 Rule Macau 1966 1971 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
762 Rule Macau 1972 1974 - Apr Sun>=15 0:00 1:00 S
763 Rule Macau 1972 1973 - Oct Sun>=15 0:00 0 -
764 Rule Macau 1974 1977 - Oct Sun>=15 3:30 0 -
765 Rule Macau 1975 1977 - Apr Sun>=15 3:30 1:00 S
766 Rule Macau 1978 1980 - Apr Sun>=15 0:00 1:00 S
767 Rule Macau 1978 1980 - Oct Sun>=15 0:00 0 -
768 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
769 Zone Asia/Macau 7:34:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
770 8:00 Macau MO%sT 1999 Dec 20 # return to China
774 ###############################################################################
778 # Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00. Stick with LMT.
780 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
781 Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Apr 13 0:00 1:00 S
782 Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Oct 12 0:00 0 -
783 Rule Cyprus 1976 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
784 Rule Cyprus 1976 only - Oct 11 0:00 0 -
785 Rule Cyprus 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
786 Rule Cyprus 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
787 Rule Cyprus 1978 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
788 Rule Cyprus 1979 1997 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
789 Rule Cyprus 1981 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
790 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
791 Zone Asia/Nicosia 2:13:28 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
792 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
794 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
796 # Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
797 # However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
798 Link Asia/Nicosia Europe/Nicosia
801 # From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
802 # Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
803 # an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
804 # an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
805 # We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
807 # From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
808 # Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
809 # will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
810 # President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
812 # From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
814 # Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday... The former Soviet
815 # republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow. As a result it
816 # is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
817 # ahead. The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
818 # Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
819 # of integration into Europe.
821 # From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
822 # Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
823 # [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
824 # Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
825 # +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
826 # about it. As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
827 # because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
828 # I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
829 # DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
831 # Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7.
832 # Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11.
835 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
836 Zone Asia/Tbilisi 2:59:11 - LMT 1880
837 2:59:11 - TBMT 1924 May 2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
838 3:00 - TBIT 1957 Mar # Tbilisi Time
839 4:00 RussiaAsia TBI%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
840 3:00 1:00 TBIST 1991 Apr 9 # independence
841 3:00 RussiaAsia GE%sT 1992 # Georgia Time
842 3:00 E-EurAsia GE%sT 1994 Sep lastSun
843 4:00 E-EurAsia GE%sT 1996 Oct lastSun
844 4:00 1:00 GEST 1997 Mar lastSun
845 4:00 E-EurAsia GE%sT 2004 Jun 27
846 3:00 RussiaAsia GE%sT 2005 Mar lastSun 2:00
851 # See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
853 # From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
854 # East Timor may be late for its millennium
855 # <http://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm> (1999-12-26/31):
856 # Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
857 # rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
858 # Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
859 # conflicts with their way of life.
861 # From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
862 # We don't have any record of the above attempt.
863 # Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
865 # From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
866 # http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
868 # The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
869 # today to advance East Timor's time by one hour. The time change,
870 # which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
871 # midnight on Saturday, September 16.
873 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
874 Zone Asia/Dili 8:22:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
875 8:00 - TLT 1942 Feb 21 23:00 # E Timor Time
876 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 23
877 9:00 - TLT 1976 May 3
878 8:00 - WITA 2000 Sep 17 0:00
882 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
883 Zone Asia/Kolkata 5:53:28 - LMT 1880 # Kolkata
884 5:53:20 - HMT 1941 Oct # Howrah Mean Time?
885 6:30 - BURT 1942 May 15 # Burma Time
887 5:30 1:00 IST 1945 Oct 15
889 # The following are like Asia/Kolkata:
891 # Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
896 # From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
897 # The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
898 # civil time was 7:07:12.5; round to even for Jakarta.
900 # From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
901 # http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
902 # says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01. Looking at some
903 # time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
904 # and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
906 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10):
907 # Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger.
908 # JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in
909 # Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and
910 # other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
911 # September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
912 # These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
913 # Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
914 # Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
915 # from JST to UTC+07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
916 # (Hollandia). For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
917 # switched on 1945-09-23.
919 # From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
920 # Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
921 # Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
922 # when writing in English. For example, see the English-language
923 # summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
924 # Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
925 # Indonesia, <http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/time-eng.php> (2006-09-29).
926 # The abbreviations are:
928 # WIB - UTC+7 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
929 # WITA - UTC+8 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
930 # WIT - UTC+9 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
932 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
934 Zone Asia/Jakarta 7:07:12 - LMT 1867 Aug 10
935 # Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
936 # but this must be a typo.
937 7:07:12 - BMT 1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Batavia
938 7:20 - JAVT 1932 Nov # Java Time
939 7:30 - WIB 1942 Mar 23
940 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 23
945 # west and central Borneo
946 Zone Asia/Pontianak 7:17:20 - LMT 1908 May
947 7:17:20 - PMT 1932 Nov # Pontianak MT
948 7:30 - WIB 1942 Jan 29
949 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 23
953 8:00 - WITA 1988 Jan 1
955 # Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
956 Zone Asia/Makassar 7:57:36 - LMT 1920
957 7:57:36 - MMT 1932 Nov # Macassar MT
958 8:00 - WITA 1942 Feb 9
959 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 23
961 # Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
962 Zone Asia/Jayapura 9:22:48 - LMT 1932 Nov
963 9:00 - WIT 1944 Sep 1
969 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
970 # This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
971 # The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
973 # Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
974 # No. 16760/T233 H 1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
976 # The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
978 # The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
979 # based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
980 # of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
981 # and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
982 # and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
983 # for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
985 # The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
986 # at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
987 # to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
990 # First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
992 # From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
993 # for at least the last 5 years. Before that, for a few years, the
994 # date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
995 # Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
996 # I have also changed the abbreviations to what is considered correct
997 # here in Iran, IRST for regular time and IRDT for daylight saving time.
999 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
1000 # The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
1001 # that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
1002 # leap year calculation involved. There has never been any serious
1003 # plan to change that law....
1005 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1006 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
1007 # I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 21.2 to check Persian dates,
1008 # stopping after 2037 when 32-bit time_t's overflow.
1009 # That cal-persia used Birashk's approximation, which disagrees with the solar
1010 # calendar predictions for the year 2025, so I corrected those dates by hand.
1012 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
1013 # discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
1014 # For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
1015 # the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
1016 # Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
1017 # known exactly, amongst other factors. 2157 is even closer:
1018 # 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT. But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
1019 # no interpretation problem whatsoever. By the way, another instant
1020 # in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
1021 # arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
1022 # vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT. The Java version of
1023 # Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
1024 # 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
1026 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
1027 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
1028 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
1030 # From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
1031 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
1032 # daylight saving time ...
1033 # http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
1035 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
1036 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
1037 # Iran, Volume 63, Number 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
1038 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
1039 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
1040 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
1041 # be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
1042 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
1044 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1045 Rule Iran 1978 1980 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1046 Rule Iran 1978 only - Oct 21 0:00 0 S
1047 Rule Iran 1979 only - Sep 19 0:00 0 S
1048 Rule Iran 1980 only - Sep 23 0:00 0 S
1049 Rule Iran 1991 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 D
1050 Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1051 Rule Iran 1991 1995 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1052 Rule Iran 1996 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1053 Rule Iran 1996 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1054 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1055 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1056 Rule Iran 2000 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1057 Rule Iran 2000 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1058 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1059 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1060 Rule Iran 2004 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1061 Rule Iran 2004 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1062 Rule Iran 2005 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1063 Rule Iran 2005 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1064 Rule Iran 2008 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1065 Rule Iran 2008 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1066 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1067 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1068 Rule Iran 2012 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1069 Rule Iran 2012 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1070 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1071 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1072 Rule Iran 2016 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1073 Rule Iran 2016 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1074 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1075 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1076 Rule Iran 2020 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1077 Rule Iran 2020 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1078 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1079 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1080 Rule Iran 2024 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1081 Rule Iran 2024 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1082 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1083 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1084 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1085 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1086 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1087 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1088 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1089 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1090 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1091 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1092 Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1093 Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1094 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1095 Zone Asia/Tehran 3:25:44 - LMT 1916
1096 3:25:44 - TMT 1946 # Tehran Mean Time
1097 3:30 - IRST 1977 Nov
1098 4:00 Iran IR%sT 1979
1104 # From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
1105 # An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
1106 # the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
1107 # "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
1108 # are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
1110 # But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
1111 # In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
1112 # Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time. They referred
1113 # to daylight saving as Saddam time. But, as of today, the time zone
1114 # in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
1116 # So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
1118 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
1119 # The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
1120 # news sources (in Arabic):
1121 # http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
1122 # http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
1124 # We have published a short article in English about the change:
1125 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
1127 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1128 Rule Iraq 1982 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
1129 Rule Iraq 1982 1984 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
1130 Rule Iraq 1983 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 D
1131 Rule Iraq 1984 1985 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1132 Rule Iraq 1985 1990 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 S
1133 Rule Iraq 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 D
1134 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
1135 # Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
1137 Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Apr 1 3:00s 1:00 D
1138 Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Oct 1 3:00s 0 S
1139 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1140 Zone Asia/Baghdad 2:57:40 - LMT 1890
1141 2:57:36 - BMT 1918 # Baghdad Mean Time?
1146 ###############################################################################
1150 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
1152 # I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988. Until then there were three
1153 # different abbreviations in use:
1155 # JST Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
1156 # IZT Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
1157 # EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
1159 # Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
1160 # I ruled out JST. As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
1161 # EEST was equally unacceptable. Since "zonal" was not compatible with
1162 # any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
1163 # and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
1164 # settings in Israeli computers.
1166 # In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
1167 # high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
1168 # family is from India).
1170 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
1171 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1172 Rule Zion 1940 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
1173 Rule Zion 1942 1944 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
1174 Rule Zion 1943 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
1175 Rule Zion 1944 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1176 Rule Zion 1945 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 D
1177 Rule Zion 1945 only - Nov 1 2:00 0 S
1178 Rule Zion 1946 only - Apr 16 2:00 1:00 D
1179 Rule Zion 1946 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
1180 Rule Zion 1948 only - May 23 0:00 2:00 DD
1181 Rule Zion 1948 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 D
1182 Rule Zion 1948 1949 - Nov 1 2:00 0 S
1183 Rule Zion 1949 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
1184 Rule Zion 1950 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 D
1185 Rule Zion 1950 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 S
1186 Rule Zion 1951 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1187 Rule Zion 1951 only - Nov 11 3:00 0 S
1188 Rule Zion 1952 only - Apr 20 2:00 1:00 D
1189 Rule Zion 1952 only - Oct 19 3:00 0 S
1190 Rule Zion 1953 only - Apr 12 2:00 1:00 D
1191 Rule Zion 1953 only - Sep 13 3:00 0 S
1192 Rule Zion 1954 only - Jun 13 0:00 1:00 D
1193 Rule Zion 1954 only - Sep 12 0:00 0 S
1194 Rule Zion 1955 only - Jun 11 2:00 1:00 D
1195 Rule Zion 1955 only - Sep 11 0:00 0 S
1196 Rule Zion 1956 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 D
1197 Rule Zion 1956 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 S
1198 Rule Zion 1957 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 D
1199 Rule Zion 1957 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1200 Rule Zion 1974 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 D
1201 Rule Zion 1974 only - Oct 13 0:00 0 S
1202 Rule Zion 1975 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 D
1203 Rule Zion 1975 only - Aug 31 0:00 0 S
1204 Rule Zion 1985 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 D
1205 Rule Zion 1985 only - Sep 15 0:00 0 S
1206 Rule Zion 1986 only - May 18 0:00 1:00 D
1207 Rule Zion 1986 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 S
1208 Rule Zion 1987 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
1209 Rule Zion 1987 only - Sep 13 0:00 0 S
1211 # From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
1212 # I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
1213 # [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
1214 # ends and changes to Sunday.
1215 Rule Zion 1988 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 D
1216 Rule Zion 1988 only - Sep 4 0:00 0 S
1218 # From Ephraim Silverberg
1219 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
1222 # According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
1223 # Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
1224 # One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
1225 # days of daylight savings time annually. From 1993-1998, the change to
1226 # daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
1227 # 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
1228 # Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
1229 # time. 1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
1230 # time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
1231 # conflicts with the Jewish New Year. In 1999, the change to
1232 # daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
1233 # 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
1234 # was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
1235 # 1999 only. In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
1236 # similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
1237 # will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST. Starting in 2001, all
1238 # changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
1239 # rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
1240 # (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
1241 # of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
1242 # (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
1243 # (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).
1245 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1246 Rule Zion 1989 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 D
1247 Rule Zion 1989 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S
1248 Rule Zion 1990 only - Mar 25 0:00 1:00 D
1249 Rule Zion 1990 only - Aug 26 0:00 0 S
1250 Rule Zion 1991 only - Mar 24 0:00 1:00 D
1251 Rule Zion 1991 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 S
1252 Rule Zion 1992 only - Mar 29 0:00 1:00 D
1253 Rule Zion 1992 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S
1254 Rule Zion 1993 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 D
1255 Rule Zion 1993 only - Sep 5 0:00 0 S
1257 # The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the
1258 # Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel. The spokeswoman can be reached by
1259 # calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.
1261 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1262 Rule Zion 1994 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1263 Rule Zion 1994 only - Aug 28 0:00 0 S
1264 Rule Zion 1995 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 D
1265 Rule Zion 1995 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S
1267 # The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
1268 # time, Haim Ramon. The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
1269 # (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
1271 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
1273 # The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
1275 # The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
1277 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
1279 # where YYYY is the relevant year.
1281 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1282 Rule Zion 1996 only - Mar 15 0:00 1:00 D
1283 Rule Zion 1996 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 S
1284 Rule Zion 1997 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1285 Rule Zion 1997 only - Sep 14 0:00 0 S
1286 Rule Zion 1998 only - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 D
1287 Rule Zion 1998 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S
1288 Rule Zion 1999 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 D
1289 Rule Zion 1999 only - Sep 3 2:00 0 S
1291 # The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
1292 # the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
1293 # years 2001-2004 as well.
1295 # The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
1297 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
1299 # The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
1300 # for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
1302 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz
1304 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1305 Rule Zion 2000 only - Apr 14 2:00 1:00 D
1306 Rule Zion 2000 only - Oct 6 1:00 0 S
1307 Rule Zion 2001 only - Apr 9 1:00 1:00 D
1308 Rule Zion 2001 only - Sep 24 1:00 0 S
1309 Rule Zion 2002 only - Mar 29 1:00 1:00 D
1310 Rule Zion 2002 only - Oct 7 1:00 0 S
1311 Rule Zion 2003 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 D
1312 Rule Zion 2003 only - Oct 3 1:00 0 S
1313 Rule Zion 2004 only - Apr 7 1:00 1:00 D
1314 Rule Zion 2004 only - Sep 22 1:00 0 S
1316 # The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on
1317 # 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the
1318 # last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April
1319 # 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday
1320 # night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur.
1322 # Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at:
1324 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps
1326 # From Paul Eggert (2012-10-26):
1327 # I used Ephraim Silverberg's dst-israel.el program
1328 # <ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/software/dst-israel.el> (2005-02-20)
1329 # along with Ed Reingold's cal-hebrew in GNU Emacs 21.4,
1330 # to generate the transitions from 2005 through 2012.
1331 # (I replaced "lastFri" with "Fri>=26" by hand.)
1332 # The spring transitions all correspond to the following Rule:
1334 # Rule Zion 2005 2012 - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
1336 # but older zic implementations (e.g., Solaris 8) do not support
1337 # "Fri>=26" to mean April 1 in years like 2005, so for now we list the
1338 # springtime transitions explicitly.
1340 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1341 Rule Zion 2005 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
1342 Rule Zion 2005 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 S
1343 Rule Zion 2006 2010 - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
1344 Rule Zion 2006 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 S
1345 Rule Zion 2007 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 S
1346 Rule Zion 2008 only - Oct 5 2:00 0 S
1347 Rule Zion 2009 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 S
1348 Rule Zion 2010 only - Sep 12 2:00 0 S
1349 Rule Zion 2011 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
1350 Rule Zion 2011 only - Oct 2 2:00 0 S
1351 Rule Zion 2012 only - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
1352 Rule Zion 2012 only - Sep 23 2:00 0 S
1354 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2013-06-27):
1355 # On June 23, 2013, the Israeli government approved changes to the
1356 # Time Decree Law. The next day, the changes passed the First Reading
1357 # in the Knesset. The law is expected to pass the Second and Third
1358 # (final) Readings by the beginning of September 2013.
1360 # As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday
1361 # in March. DST ends at 02:00 on the last Sunday of October.
1363 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1364 Rule Zion 2013 max - Mar Fri>=23 2:00 1:00 D
1365 Rule Zion 2013 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1367 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1368 Zone Asia/Jerusalem 2:20:54 - LMT 1880
1369 2:20:40 - JMT 1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
1374 ###############################################################################
1378 # '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
1380 # From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
1381 # Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
1382 # daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
1383 # because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
1385 # From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
1386 # http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
1387 # Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
1388 # [1948-05-01].... But lack of prior debate and the execution of
1389 # daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
1390 # deep hatred of the concept.... The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
1391 # dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
1392 # Francisco Peace Treaty was signed. (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
1393 # of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
1394 # wanted to keep it.)
1396 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1397 # Shanks & Pottenger write that DST in Japan during those years was as follows:
1398 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1399 Rule Japan 1948 only - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1400 Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 2:00 0 S
1401 Rule Japan 1949 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1402 Rule Japan 1950 1951 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1403 # but the only locations using it (for birth certificates, presumably, since
1404 # their audience is astrologers) were US military bases. For now, assume
1405 # that for most purposes daylight-saving time was observed; otherwise, what
1406 # would have been the point of the 1951 poll?
1408 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
1409 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
1410 # Observatory: 139 degrees 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s),
1411 # 35 degrees 39' 16.0" N.
1412 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
1413 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
1414 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
1415 # The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
1417 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
1418 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
1419 # which stands for the time on 135 degrees E.
1420 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
1421 # standard time". And the same ordinance also established "western standard
1422 # time", which stands for the time on 120 degrees E.... But "western standard
1423 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937). In the ordinance No.
1424 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
1427 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
1428 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
1430 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
1431 # ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
1432 # about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
1433 # http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
1435 # ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
1436 # means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
1437 # Central Time (UTC+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
1438 # http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
1440 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1441 Zone Asia/Tokyo 9:18:59 - LMT 1887 Dec 31 15:00u
1442 9:00 - JST 1896 Jan 1
1443 9:00 - JCST 1937 Oct 1
1445 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo.
1449 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
1450 # Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1451 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
1452 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
1455 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
1456 # Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
1457 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
1458 # by one hour. This is the latest government decision and it's final!
1459 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
1460 # government's departments from six to seven hours.
1462 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
1463 # Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
1465 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
1466 # For Jordan I have received multiple independent user reports every year
1467 # about DST end dates, as the end-rule is different every year.
1469 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-10-01), after a heads-up from Hilal Malawi:
1470 # http://www.petranews.gov.jo/nepras/2006/Sep/05/4000.htm
1471 # "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
1474 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
1475 # This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
1476 # http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
1478 # Google's translation:
1480 # > The Council of Ministers decided in 2002 to adopt the principle of timely
1481 # > submission of the summer at 60 minutes as of midnight on the last Thursday
1482 # > of the month of March of each year.
1484 # So - this means the midnight between Thursday and Friday since 2002.
1486 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06):
1487 # We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001.
1489 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25):
1490 # Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not
1491 # switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
1492 # until about the same time next year (at least).
1493 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
1495 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
1496 # Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
1497 # UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
1498 # http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
1499 # Official, in Arabic:
1500 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
1501 # ... Our background/permalink about it
1502 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
1504 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
1505 # ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
1506 # (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).
1508 # From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
1509 # As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.
1511 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1512 Rule Jordan 1973 only - Jun 6 0:00 1:00 S
1513 Rule Jordan 1973 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1514 Rule Jordan 1974 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1515 Rule Jordan 1976 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1516 Rule Jordan 1977 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1517 Rule Jordan 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
1518 Rule Jordan 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1519 Rule Jordan 1985 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1520 Rule Jordan 1985 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1521 Rule Jordan 1986 1988 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1522 Rule Jordan 1986 1990 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
1523 Rule Jordan 1989 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
1524 Rule Jordan 1990 only - Apr 27 0:00 1:00 S
1525 Rule Jordan 1991 only - Apr 17 0:00 1:00 S
1526 Rule Jordan 1991 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
1527 Rule Jordan 1992 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
1528 Rule Jordan 1992 1993 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
1529 Rule Jordan 1993 1998 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1530 Rule Jordan 1994 only - Sep Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
1531 Rule Jordan 1995 1998 - Sep Fri>=15 0:00s 0 -
1532 Rule Jordan 1999 only - Jul 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1533 Rule Jordan 1999 2002 - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1534 Rule Jordan 2000 2001 - Mar lastThu 0:00s 1:00 S
1535 Rule Jordan 2002 2012 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
1536 Rule Jordan 2003 only - Oct 24 0:00s 0 -
1537 Rule Jordan 2004 only - Oct 15 0:00s 0 -
1538 Rule Jordan 2005 only - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1539 Rule Jordan 2006 2011 - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1540 Rule Jordan 2013 only - Dec 20 0:00 0 -
1541 Rule Jordan 2014 max - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
1542 Rule Jordan 2014 max - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1543 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1544 Zone Asia/Amman 2:23:44 - LMT 1931
1550 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1551 # Andrew Evtichov (1996-04-13) writes that Kazakhstan
1552 # stayed in sync with Moscow after 1990, and that Aqtobe (formerly Aktyubinsk)
1553 # and Aqtau (formerly Shevchenko) are the largest cities in their zones.
1554 # Guess that Aqtau and Aqtobe diverged in 1995, since that's the first time
1555 # IATA SSIM mentions a third time zone in Kazakhstan.
1557 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1558 # German Iofis, ELSI, Almaty (2001-10-09) reports that Kazakhstan uses
1559 # RussiaAsia rules, instead of switching at 00:00 as the IATA has it.
1560 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger, who have them always using RussiaAsia rules.
1561 # Also go with the following claims of Shanks & Pottenger:
1563 # - Kazakhstan did not observe DST in 1991.
1564 # - Qyzylorda switched from +5:00 to +6:00 on 1992-01-19 02:00.
1565 # - Oral switched from +5:00 to +4:00 in spring 1989.
1567 # From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin #11
1568 # <http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm> (2005-03-21):
1569 # The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
1570 # daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
1571 # complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
1573 # From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28):
1574 # ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone
1575 # was "blended" with the Central zone. Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
1576 # two time zones, and difference between them is one hour. The zone
1577 # closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
1578 # same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtobe, Atyrau,
1579 # Mangghystau, and West Kazakhstan. The other zone encompasses
1580 # everything else.... I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
1581 # de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.
1584 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1586 # Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
1587 Zone Asia/Almaty 5:07:48 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Alma-Ata
1588 5:00 - ALMT 1930 Jun 21 # Alma-Ata Time
1589 6:00 RussiaAsia ALM%sT 1991
1591 6:00 RussiaAsia ALM%sT 2005 Mar 15
1593 # Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.)
1594 Zone Asia/Qyzylorda 4:21:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
1595 4:00 - KIZT 1930 Jun 21 # Kizilorda Time
1596 5:00 - KIZT 1981 Apr 1
1597 5:00 1:00 KIZST 1981 Oct 1
1598 6:00 - KIZT 1982 Apr 1
1599 5:00 RussiaAsia KIZ%sT 1991
1600 5:00 - KIZT 1991 Dec 16 # independence
1601 5:00 - QYZT 1992 Jan 19 2:00
1602 6:00 RussiaAsia QYZ%sT 2005 Mar 15
1604 # Aqtobe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk)
1605 Zone Asia/Aqtobe 3:48:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1606 4:00 - AKTT 1930 Jun 21 # Aktyubinsk Time
1607 5:00 - AKTT 1981 Apr 1
1608 5:00 1:00 AKTST 1981 Oct 1
1609 6:00 - AKTT 1982 Apr 1
1610 5:00 RussiaAsia AKT%sT 1991
1611 5:00 - AKTT 1991 Dec 16 # independence
1612 5:00 RussiaAsia AQT%sT 2005 Mar 15 # Aqtobe Time
1615 # Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
1616 # so include time stamps before 1963.
1617 Zone Asia/Aqtau 3:21:04 - LMT 1924 May 2
1618 4:00 - FORT 1930 Jun 21 # Fort Shevchenko T
1620 5:00 - SHET 1981 Oct 1 # Shevchenko Time
1621 6:00 - SHET 1982 Apr 1
1622 5:00 RussiaAsia SHE%sT 1991
1623 5:00 - SHET 1991 Dec 16 # independence
1624 5:00 RussiaAsia AQT%sT 1995 Mar lastSun 2:00 # Aqtau Time
1625 4:00 RussiaAsia AQT%sT 2005 Mar 15
1628 Zone Asia/Oral 3:25:24 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ural'sk
1629 4:00 - URAT 1930 Jun 21 # Ural'sk time
1630 5:00 - URAT 1981 Apr 1
1631 5:00 1:00 URAST 1981 Oct 1
1632 6:00 - URAT 1982 Apr 1
1633 5:00 RussiaAsia URA%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00
1634 4:00 RussiaAsia URA%sT 1991
1635 4:00 - URAT 1991 Dec 16 # independence
1636 4:00 RussiaAsia ORA%sT 2005 Mar 15 # Oral Time
1639 # Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
1640 # Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
1642 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
1643 # According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
1644 # http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
1645 # Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system. I take the article
1646 # to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
1647 # From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
1648 # Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
1649 # From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
1651 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1652 Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Apr Sun>=7 0:00s 1:00 S
1653 Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1654 Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:30 1:00 S
1655 Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2004 - Oct lastSun 2:30 0 -
1656 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1657 Zone Asia/Bishkek 4:58:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
1658 5:00 - FRUT 1930 Jun 21 # Frunze Time
1659 6:00 RussiaAsia FRU%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1660 5:00 1:00 FRUST 1991 Aug 31 2:00 # independence
1661 5:00 Kyrgyz KG%sT 2005 Aug 12 # Kyrgyzstan Time
1664 ###############################################################################
1666 # Korea (North and South)
1668 # From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
1669 # http://www.koreaherald.co.kr/SITE/data/html_dir/2006/07/10/200607100012.asp
1670 # The Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy has already
1671 # commissioned a research project [to reintroduce DST] and has said
1672 # the system may begin as early as 2008.... Korea ran a daylight
1673 # saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it during the 1950-53 Korean War.
1675 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
1676 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1677 Rule ROK 1960 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 D
1678 Rule ROK 1960 only - Sep 13 0:00 0 S
1679 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - May Sun>=8 0:00 1:00 D
1680 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - Oct Sun>=8 0:00 0 S
1682 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-01):
1683 # The following entries are from Shanks & Pottenger, except that I
1684 # guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
1685 # rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
1686 # when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
1688 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1689 Zone Asia/Seoul 8:27:52 - LMT 1890
1693 9:00 - JCST 1937 Oct 1
1694 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 8
1695 9:00 - KST 1954 Mar 21
1696 8:00 ROK K%sT 1961 Aug 10
1699 Zone Asia/Pyongyang 8:23:00 - LMT 1890
1703 9:00 - JCST 1937 Oct 1
1704 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 24
1705 9:00 - KST 1954 Mar 21
1706 8:00 - KST 1961 Aug 10
1709 ###############################################################################
1712 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1713 Zone Asia/Kuwait 3:11:56 - LMT 1950
1717 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1718 Zone Asia/Vientiane 6:50:24 - LMT 1906 Jun 9 # or Viangchan
1719 7:06:20 - SMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
1725 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1726 Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
1727 Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
1728 Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1729 Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1730 Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
1731 Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1732 Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
1733 Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 -
1734 Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1735 Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1736 Rule Lebanon 1972 only - Jun 22 0:00 1:00 S
1737 Rule Lebanon 1972 1977 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1738 Rule Lebanon 1973 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1739 Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
1740 Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1741 Rule Lebanon 1984 1987 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1742 Rule Lebanon 1984 1991 - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
1743 Rule Lebanon 1988 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1744 Rule Lebanon 1989 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
1745 Rule Lebanon 1990 1992 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1746 Rule Lebanon 1992 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1747 Rule Lebanon 1993 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
1748 Rule Lebanon 1993 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1749 Rule Lebanon 1999 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
1750 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1751 Zone Asia/Beirut 2:22:00 - LMT 1880
1755 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1756 Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Sep 14 0:00 0:20 TS # one-Third Summer
1757 Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Dec 14 0:00 0 -
1759 # peninsular Malaysia
1760 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
1761 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
1762 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1763 Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur 6:46:46 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
1764 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
1765 7:00 - MALT 1933 Jan 1 # Malaya Time
1766 7:00 0:20 MALST 1936 Jan 1
1767 7:20 - MALT 1941 Sep 1
1768 7:30 - MALT 1942 Feb 16
1769 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 12
1770 7:30 - MALT 1982 Jan 1
1771 8:00 - MYT # Malaysia Time
1773 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
1774 # The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
1775 # and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
1776 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1777 Zone Asia/Kuching 7:21:20 - LMT 1926 Mar
1778 7:30 - BORT 1933 # Borneo Time
1779 8:00 NBorneo BOR%sT 1942 Feb 16
1780 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 12
1781 8:00 - BORT 1982 Jan 1
1785 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1786 Zone Indian/Maldives 4:54:00 - LMT 1880 # Male
1787 4:54:00 - MMT 1960 # Male Mean Time
1788 5:00 - MVT # Maldives Time
1792 # Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
1793 # The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
1794 # (2005-03) both say that it has just one.
1796 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
1797 # General Information Mongolia
1798 # <http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm> (1999-09)
1799 # "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
1800 # Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
1801 # the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
1804 # From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
1805 # Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
1806 # being the last year it was implemented. The dates of implementation I am
1807 # unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
1808 # of implementation may have been different....
1809 # Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
1810 # zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
1811 # Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii.
1813 # From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
1814 # Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
1815 # We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
1816 # the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
1817 # and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
1818 # is good enough for our purposes.
1820 # From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
1821 # In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
1822 # (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
1823 # there are three time zones.
1825 # Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
1826 # Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv,
1827 # Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi
1828 # Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar
1830 # [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
1832 # From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17):
1833 # Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
1834 # It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
1835 # September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
1837 # From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
1838 # For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
1839 # Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.
1841 # From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
1842 # We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
1843 # Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
1844 # there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
1845 # Windows XP as the source. Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
1846 # travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UTC+7, UTC+8) with no DST.
1847 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
1848 # Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
1850 # http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
1851 # which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
1852 # (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
1853 # The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
1854 # and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
1855 # The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
1856 # parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
1857 # For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
1859 # From Ganbold Ts. (2007-02-26):
1860 # Parliament of Mongolia has just changed the daylight-saving rule in February.
1861 # They decided not to adopt daylight-saving time....
1862 # http://www.mongolnews.mn/index.php?module=unuudur&sec=view&id=15742
1864 # From Deborah Goldsmith (2008-03-30):
1865 # We received a bug report claiming that the tz database UTC offset for
1866 # Asia/Choibalsan (GMT+09:00) is incorrect, and that it should be GMT
1867 # +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
1868 # database on this, e.g.:
1870 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
1871 # http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
1873 # both say GMT+08:00.
1875 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
1876 # eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
1878 # http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
1879 # (click the English flag for English)
1881 # There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
1882 # about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
1883 # direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
1884 # direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
1885 # in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
1886 # Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
1888 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
1889 # Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
1890 # XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition
1891 # was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
1892 # this is almost surely wrong.
1894 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1895 Rule Mongol 1983 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1896 Rule Mongol 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1897 # Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
1898 # but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00. Also, IATA SSIM
1899 # (1996-09) says 1996-10-25. Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
1901 # Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
1902 # in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
1903 # at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
1904 # the country. That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
1905 # correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
1906 # in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
1908 Rule Mongol 1985 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
1909 Rule Mongol 1984 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1910 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
1911 Rule Mongol 2001 only - Apr lastSat 2:00 1:00 S
1912 Rule Mongol 2001 2006 - Sep lastSat 2:00 0 -
1913 Rule Mongol 2002 2006 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 S
1915 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1916 # Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
1917 Zone Asia/Hovd 6:06:36 - LMT 1905 Aug
1918 6:00 - HOVT 1978 # Hovd Time
1920 # Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
1921 Zone Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 - LMT 1905 Aug
1922 7:00 - ULAT 1978 # Ulaanbaatar Time
1924 # Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
1925 # Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
1926 Zone Asia/Choibalsan 7:38:00 - LMT 1905 Aug
1928 8:00 - ULAT 1983 Apr
1929 9:00 Mongol CHO%sT 2008 Mar 31 # Choibalsan Time
1933 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1934 Zone Asia/Kathmandu 5:41:16 - LMT 1920
1936 5:45 - NPT # Nepal Time
1940 # Milne says 3:54:24 was the meridian of the Muscat Tidal Observatory.
1942 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1943 Zone Asia/Muscat 3:54:24 - LMT 1920
1948 # From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
1949 # I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
1950 # TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
1951 # and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002. This is what I was
1952 # told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
1953 # 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
1955 # From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
1956 # Jesper Nørgaard found this URL:
1957 # http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
1958 # (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
1959 # advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
1960 # Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
1961 # 15th October each year". This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
1962 # but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
1963 # it's not on a trial basis. Also, the "between the first Saturday
1964 # and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
1965 # transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.
1967 # From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
1968 # DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
1969 # that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight. Go with McDow for now.
1971 # From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
1972 # According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
1973 # there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
1975 # ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
1976 # Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
1977 # decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
1978 # one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
1980 # The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
1981 # shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.
1983 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-15):
1985 # Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
1986 # on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
1988 # "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to
1989 # help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
1990 # 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
1992 # http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
1993 # http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4
1995 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
1996 # XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
1998 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
1999 # Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
2000 # for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
2001 # instead of August 31.
2003 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
2004 # http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
2006 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
2007 # Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
2008 # advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
2009 # to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
2010 # official working."
2011 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
2013 # recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
2014 # introduce DST from April 15, 2009
2016 # FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
2018 # Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
2019 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
2020 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
2023 # The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
2024 # advance clocks in the country by one hour from April 15 to
2027 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-17):
2028 # "The News International," Pakistan reports that: "The Federal
2029 # Government has decided to restore the previous time by moving the
2030 # clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
2031 # this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
2033 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
2035 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
2036 # According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
2037 # Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from
2040 # "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
2041 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
2042 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
2044 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
2045 # Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
2046 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
2047 # "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
2048 # Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
2051 # And more importantly, it seems that these dates will be kept every year:
2052 # "It has now been decided that clocks will be wound forward by one hour
2053 # on April 15 and reversed by an hour on November 1 every year without
2054 # obtaining prior approval, the officials added."
2056 # We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
2057 # Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
2058 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
2060 # From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
2061 # [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
2062 # will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
2064 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-26):
2065 # Steffen Thorsen wrote:
2066 # > On Thursday (2010-03-25) it was announced that DST would start in
2067 # > Pakistan on 2010-04-01.
2069 # > Then today, the president said that they might have to revert the
2070 # > decision if it is not supported by the parliament. So at the time
2071 # > being, it seems unclear if DST will be actually observed or not - but
2072 # > April 1 could be a more likely date than April 15.
2073 # Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
2075 # "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
2076 # http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
2078 # "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
2079 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
2081 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2082 Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Apr Sun>=2 0:01 1:00 S
2083 Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Oct Sun>=2 0:01 0 -
2084 Rule Pakistan 2008 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2085 Rule Pakistan 2008 2009 - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2086 Rule Pakistan 2009 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
2088 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2089 Zone Asia/Karachi 4:28:12 - LMT 1907
2091 5:30 1:00 IST 1945 Oct 15
2092 5:30 - IST 1951 Sep 30
2093 5:00 - KART 1971 Mar 26 # Karachi Time
2094 5:00 Pakistan PK%sT # Pakistan Time
2098 # From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15):
2100 # From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
2101 # known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
2102 # Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
2104 # The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
2105 # (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
2106 # time zone was affected then). It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
2109 # The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
2110 # annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
2111 # the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
2112 # Trans-Jordan"). So the rules for Jordan for that time apply. Major
2113 # towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
2116 # Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
2117 # for East Jerusalem). They were on Israel time since then; there might
2118 # have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
2119 # of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
2120 # time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
2122 # The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
2123 # towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995. I know that in order to
2124 # demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
2125 # summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
2126 # know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
2129 # To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
2131 # Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
2132 # ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
2133 # Israel | Zion | Zion | Zion | Zion
2134 # West bank | Zion | Jordan | Zion | Jordan
2135 # Gaza | Zion | Egypt | Zion | Jordan
2137 # I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
2140 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2141 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but go
2142 # with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
2143 # and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
2144 # We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
2145 # the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
2146 # occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
2147 # However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
2148 # for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
2149 # to Palestine's rules.
2151 # From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
2152 # forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
2154 # Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
2155 # last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
2156 # one-hour forward at this time. As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
2157 # the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
2159 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
2160 # Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
2161 # http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html
2162 # (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
2163 # the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
2164 # I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
2165 # For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
2166 # and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.
2168 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
2169 # Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
2171 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
2172 # A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
2173 # the Ramadan. Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
2174 # there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
2175 # earlier - the same goes for Jordan.
2177 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
2178 # I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
2179 # same day as Israel, and after checking with other users in the area, I
2180 # was informed that they started DST one day after Israel. I was not
2181 # able to find any authoritative sources at the time, nor details if
2182 # Gaza changed as well, but presumed Gaza to follow the same rules as
2185 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-26):
2186 # according to the Palestine News Network (2006-09-19):
2187 # http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=596&Itemid=5
2188 # > The Council of Ministers announced that this year its winter schedule
2189 # > will begin early, as of midnight Thursday. It is also time to turn
2190 # > back the clocks for winter. Friday will begin an hour late this week.
2191 # I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
2192 # because of the Ramadan.
2194 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
2195 # According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
2196 # Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
2198 # From Paul Eggert (2007-09-20):
2199 # My understanding is that Gaza and the West Bank disagree even over when
2200 # the weekend is (Thursday+Friday versus Friday+Saturday), so I'd be a bit
2201 # surprised if they agreed about DST. But for now, assume they agree.
2202 # For lack of better information, predict that future changes will be
2203 # the 2nd Thursday of September at 02:00.
2205 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2206 # Here is an article, that Mideast running on different clocks at Ramadan.
2208 # Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
2209 # the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
2211 # http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
2212 # http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
2213 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
2215 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
2216 # According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
2217 # government decided to start Daylight Time on Thursday night March
2218 # 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
2221 # http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
2223 # (English translation)
2224 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
2226 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
2227 # Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
2228 # winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
2231 # http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
2232 # (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
2233 # Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
2234 # headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
2235 # 2009, starting on Friday approved the fourth delay Sept. clock sixty
2236 # minutes per hour as of Friday morning."
2238 # We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
2239 # end date, we will keep this page updated:
2240 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
2242 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
2243 # Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
2245 # According to Palestinian Ministry Of Interior, West Bank and Gaza Strip plan
2246 # to change time back to Standard time on September 4, 2009.
2248 # "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
2249 # (from Palestinian National Authority):
2250 # http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/?page=633167343250594025&nid=11505
2251 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
2253 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
2254 # According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
2255 # 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
2256 # (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
2258 # http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
2260 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
2262 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
2263 # ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
2264 # start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
2267 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
2268 # (Ma'an News Agency)
2269 # "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
2270 # 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
2272 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
2273 # According to several sources, including
2274 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
2275 # the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
2276 # Gaza and the West Bank.
2277 # Some more background info:
2278 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
2280 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
2281 # Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
2282 # August, and will now enter daylight saving time again on 2011-08-30
2283 # 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
2286 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
2288 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
2290 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
2291 # According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
2292 # "...Earlier this month, the Palestinian government in the West Bank decided to
2293 # move to standard time for 30 days, during Ramadan. The Palestinians in the
2294 # Gaza Strip accepted the change and also moved their clocks one hour back.
2295 # The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
2296 # the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
2298 # http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
2299 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
2300 # The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
2302 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
2303 # West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
2305 # So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
2307 # Many sources, including:
2308 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
2310 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
2311 # Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
2312 # on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
2313 # Some of many sources in Arabic:
2314 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
2316 # http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
2318 # Our brief summary:
2319 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
2321 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
2322 # The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
2323 # time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
2324 # [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
2325 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
2326 # http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html
2328 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
2329 # The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
2330 # (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
2331 # This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
2332 # at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
2333 # http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
2334 # official source...:
2335 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
2337 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-24):
2338 # For future dates, guess the last Thursday in March at 24:00 through
2339 # the first Friday on or after September 21 at 00:00. This is consistent with
2340 # the predictions in today's editions of the following URLs,
2341 # which are for Gaza and Hebron respectively:
2342 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=702
2343 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=2364
2345 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2346 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
2347 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 1958 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2348 Rule EgyptAsia 1958 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2349 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1967 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
2350 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1965 - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
2351 Rule EgyptAsia 1966 only - Oct 1 3:00 0 -
2353 Rule Palestine 1999 2005 - Apr Fri>=15 0:00 1:00 S
2354 Rule Palestine 1999 2003 - Oct Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
2355 Rule Palestine 2004 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2356 Rule Palestine 2005 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
2357 Rule Palestine 2006 2007 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2358 Rule Palestine 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
2359 Rule Palestine 2007 only - Sep Thu>=8 2:00 0 -
2360 Rule Palestine 2008 2009 - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
2361 Rule Palestine 2008 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2362 Rule Palestine 2009 only - Sep Fri>=1 1:00 0 -
2363 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2364 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Aug 11 0:00 0 -
2365 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Apr 1 0:01 1:00 S
2366 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2367 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 30 0:00 1:00 S
2368 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2369 Rule Palestine 2012 max - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
2370 Rule Palestine 2012 only - Sep 21 1:00 0 -
2371 Rule Palestine 2013 max - Sep Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
2373 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2374 Zone Asia/Gaza 2:17:52 - LMT 1900 Oct
2375 2:00 Zion EET 1948 May 15
2376 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
2378 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
2379 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2008 Aug 29 0:00
2381 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2010
2382 2:00 - EET 2010 Mar 27 0:01
2383 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2011 Aug 1
2385 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
2387 Zone Asia/Hebron 2:20:23 - LMT 1900 Oct
2388 2:00 Zion EET 1948 May 15
2389 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
2391 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
2392 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
2398 # On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
2399 # Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
2400 # be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
2401 # History of the International Date Line
2402 # http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
2403 # The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2405 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
2406 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
2407 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
2408 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
2411 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
2412 # The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
2413 # March-June, but this is not definite. It also says DST was last proclaimed
2414 # during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
2415 # Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
2416 # Philippine Star 2014-08-05
2417 # http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
2419 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2420 Rule Phil 1936 only - Nov 1 0:00 1:00 S
2421 Rule Phil 1937 only - Feb 1 0:00 0 -
2422 Rule Phil 1954 only - Apr 12 0:00 1:00 S
2423 Rule Phil 1954 only - Jul 1 0:00 0 -
2424 Rule Phil 1978 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 S
2425 Rule Phil 1978 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2426 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2427 Zone Asia/Manila -15:56:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
2428 8:04:00 - LMT 1899 May 11
2429 8:00 Phil PH%sT 1942 May
2434 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2435 Zone Asia/Qatar 3:26:08 - LMT 1920 # Al Dawhah / Doha
2441 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
2442 # Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
2443 # standardized until relatively recently; we don't know when, and possibly it
2444 # has never been made official. Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
2445 # modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
2446 # observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
2447 # time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
2448 # o'clock for "Arab" time).
2450 # The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
2451 # we can do. The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
2452 # Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
2453 # a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
2454 # Jidda, on March 14, 1947". Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
2457 # Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
2458 # time zones; the other zone, at UTC+4, was in the far eastern part of
2459 # the country. Ignore this, as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
2461 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2462 Zone Asia/Riyadh 3:06:52 - LMT 1947 Mar 14
2466 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
2467 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
2468 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2469 Zone Asia/Singapore 6:55:25 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
2470 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
2471 7:00 - MALT 1933 Jan 1 # Malaya Time
2472 7:00 0:20 MALST 1936 Jan 1
2473 7:20 - MALT 1941 Sep 1
2474 7:30 - MALT 1942 Feb 16
2475 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 12
2476 7:30 - MALT 1965 Aug 9 # independence
2477 7:30 - SGT 1982 Jan 1 # Singapore Time
2485 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
2486 # Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898. Prior to this Colombo
2487 # mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used." But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably
2488 # from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with
2489 # Shanks and Pottenger.
2491 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
2492 # "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
2493 # (<http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html>, 1996-05-24,
2494 # no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
2495 # reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
2496 # midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
2498 # From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
2499 # by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
2500 # <news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> (1996-10-26):
2501 # With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
2502 # Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
2504 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
2505 # <http://news.sinhalaya.com/wmview.php?ArtID=11002> (2006-04-13):
2506 # 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
2507 # at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
2509 # From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
2510 # http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML
2511 # [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
2512 # kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
2513 # Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
2514 # From Paul Eggert (2006-04-18):
2515 # People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'],
2516 # as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970.
2518 # From K Sethu (2006-04-25):
2519 # I think the abbreviation LKT originated from the world of computers at
2520 # the time of or subsequent to the time zone changes by SL Government
2521 # twice in 1996 and probably SL Government or its standardization
2522 # agencies never declared an abbreviation as a national standard.
2524 # I recollect before the recent change the government announcements
2525 # mentioning it as simply changing Sri Lanka Standard Time or Sri Lanka
2526 # Time and no mention was made about the abbreviation.
2528 # If we look at Sri Lanka Department of Government's "Official News
2529 # Website of Sri Lanka" ... http://www.news.lk/ we can see that they
2530 # use SLT as abbreviation in time stamp at the beginning of each news
2533 # Within Sri Lanka I think LKT is well known among computer users and
2534 # administrators. In my opinion SLT may not be a good choice because the
2535 # nation's largest telcom / internet operator Sri Lanka Telcom is well
2536 # known by that abbreviation - simply as SLT (there IP domains are
2537 # slt.lk and sltnet.lk).
2539 # But if indeed our government has adopted SLT as standard abbreviation
2540 # (that we have not known so far) then it is better that it be used for
2543 # From Paul Eggert (2006-04-25):
2544 # One possibility is that we wait for a bit for the dust to settle down
2545 # and then see what people actually say in practice.
2547 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2548 Zone Asia/Colombo 5:19:24 - LMT 1880
2549 5:19:32 - MMT 1906 # Moratuwa Mean Time
2550 5:30 - IST 1942 Jan 5
2551 5:30 0:30 IHST 1942 Sep
2552 5:30 1:00 IST 1945 Oct 16 2:00
2553 5:30 - IST 1996 May 25 0:00
2554 6:30 - LKT 1996 Oct 26 0:30
2555 6:00 - LKT 2006 Apr 15 0:30
2559 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2560 Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
2561 Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
2562 Rule Syria 1962 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 S
2563 Rule Syria 1962 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
2564 Rule Syria 1963 1965 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
2565 Rule Syria 1963 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
2566 Rule Syria 1964 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
2567 Rule Syria 1965 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
2568 Rule Syria 1966 only - Apr 24 2:00 1:00 S
2569 Rule Syria 1966 1976 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
2570 Rule Syria 1967 1978 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
2571 Rule Syria 1977 1978 - Sep 1 2:00 0 -
2572 Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Apr 9 2:00 1:00 S
2573 Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
2574 Rule Syria 1986 only - Feb 16 2:00 1:00 S
2575 Rule Syria 1986 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 -
2576 Rule Syria 1987 only - Mar 1 2:00 1:00 S
2577 Rule Syria 1987 1988 - Oct 31 2:00 0 -
2578 Rule Syria 1988 only - Mar 15 2:00 1:00 S
2579 Rule Syria 1989 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2580 Rule Syria 1989 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
2581 Rule Syria 1990 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 S
2582 Rule Syria 1990 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
2583 Rule Syria 1991 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2584 Rule Syria 1991 1992 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2585 Rule Syria 1992 only - Apr 8 0:00 1:00 S
2586 Rule Syria 1993 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2587 Rule Syria 1993 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
2588 # IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
2589 # (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
2590 # 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
2591 # (2006) says 2006-03-31 and 2006-09-22;
2592 # for now ignore all these claims and go with Shanks & Pottenger,
2593 # except for the 2006-09-22 claim (which seems right for Ramadan).
2594 Rule Syria 1994 1996 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2595 Rule Syria 1994 2005 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2596 Rule Syria 1997 1998 - Mar lastMon 0:00 1:00 S
2597 Rule Syria 1999 2006 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2598 # From Stephen Colebourne (2006-09-18):
2599 # According to IATA data, Syria will change DST on 21st September [21:00 UTC]
2600 # this year [only].... This is probably related to Ramadan, like Egypt.
2601 Rule Syria 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
2602 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
2603 # Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
2604 # http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
2605 Rule Syria 2007 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
2606 # From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27):
2607 # The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
2608 # not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
2609 # rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
2610 # having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
2611 # weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
2612 # it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
2614 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
2615 # Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote:
2617 # > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
2618 # > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
2620 # I found confirmation on this in this gov.sy-article (Arabic):
2621 # http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=12521710520070926111247
2623 # which using Google's translate tools says:
2624 # Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on
2625 # identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th
2626 # minute delay at midnight Thursday 1/11/2007.
2627 Rule Syria 2007 only - Nov Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
2629 # From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
2630 # For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
2631 # this month (March 2008) in the last day or so....
2632 # Country Time Standard --- DST Start --- --- DST End --- DST
2633 # Name Zone Variation Time Date Time Date
2636 # Republic SY +0200 2200 03APR08 2100 30SEP08 +0300
2637 # 2200 02APR09 2100 30SEP09 +0300
2638 # 2200 01APR10 2100 30SEP10 +0300
2640 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
2641 # Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
2643 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
2644 # ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
2645 # Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
2646 # 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
2647 # Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
2648 # shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
2650 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
2651 # My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
2652 # coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
2653 # compilers can't handle or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
2654 # For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
2656 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-10-07):
2657 # Syria has now officially decided to end DST on 2008-11-01 this year,
2658 # according to the following article in the Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA).
2660 # The article is in Arabic, and seems to tell that they will go back to
2661 # winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
2662 # clocks back 60 minutes).
2664 # http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
2666 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
2667 # Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
2670 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
2671 # (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
2672 # http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
2673 # (Arabic, gov-site)
2675 # We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
2678 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
2680 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
2681 # The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
2682 # revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
2683 # 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
2684 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
2686 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
2687 # We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
2688 # Thursday of the month or the start of the last Friday of the month or
2689 # something else. For now, use the start of the last Friday.
2691 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-17):
2692 # The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
2693 # Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
2694 # 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
2695 # http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
2697 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
2698 # Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
2699 # (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
2701 # From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
2702 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
2704 # Our brief summary:
2705 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
2707 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
2708 # Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX.
2710 Rule Syria 2008 only - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2711 Rule Syria 2008 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2712 Rule Syria 2009 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
2713 Rule Syria 2010 2011 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2714 Rule Syria 2012 max - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
2715 Rule Syria 2009 max - Oct lastFri 0:00 0 -
2717 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2718 Zone Asia/Damascus 2:25:12 - LMT 1920 # Dimashq
2722 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
2723 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2724 Zone Asia/Dushanbe 4:35:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2725 5:00 - DUST 1930 Jun 21 # Dushanbe Time
2726 6:00 RussiaAsia DUS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2727 5:00 1:00 DUSST 1991 Sep 9 2:00s
2728 5:00 - TJT # Tajikistan Time
2731 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2732 Zone Asia/Bangkok 6:42:04 - LMT 1880
2733 6:42:04 - BMT 1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
2737 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
2738 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2739 Zone Asia/Ashgabat 3:53:32 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ashkhabad
2740 4:00 - ASHT 1930 Jun 21 # Ashkhabad Time
2741 5:00 RussiaAsia ASH%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2742 4:00 RussiaAsia ASH%sT 1991 Oct 27 # independence
2743 4:00 RussiaAsia TM%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00
2746 # United Arab Emirates
2747 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2748 Zone Asia/Dubai 3:41:12 - LMT 1920
2752 # Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
2753 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2754 Zone Asia/Samarkand 4:27:53 - LMT 1924 May 2
2755 4:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21 # Samarkand Time
2756 5:00 - SAMT 1981 Apr 1
2757 5:00 1:00 SAMST 1981 Oct 1
2758 6:00 - TAST 1982 Apr 1 # Tashkent Time
2759 5:00 RussiaAsia SAM%sT 1991 Sep 1 # independence
2760 5:00 RussiaAsia UZ%sT 1992
2762 # Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8; round to nearest.
2763 Zone Asia/Tashkent 4:37:11 - LMT 1924 May 2
2764 5:00 - TAST 1930 Jun 21 # Tashkent Time
2765 6:00 RussiaAsia TAS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2766 5:00 RussiaAsia TAS%sT 1991 Sep 1 # independence
2767 5:00 RussiaAsia UZ%sT 1992
2772 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
2773 # Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
2774 # used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam. But this is quite a ways
2775 # from Saigon's location. For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
2778 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
2779 # The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
2780 # City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
2782 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
2783 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2784 Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh 7:06:40 - LMT 1906 Jun 9
2785 7:06:20 - SMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
2792 # Milne says 2:59:54 was the meridian of the saluting battery at Aden,
2793 # and that Yemen was at 1:55:56, the meridian of the Hagia Sophia.
2795 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2796 Zone Asia/Aden 2:59:54 - LMT 1950
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