1 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
4 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
6 # Notes are at the end of this file
8 ###############################################################################
12 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
14 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
15 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 D
16 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 S
17 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 D
18 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 S
19 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 D
20 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
21 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 D
22 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
23 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
24 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
26 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
28 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
33 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
34 Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
35 Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
36 Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
37 Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
38 Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 D
39 Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
40 Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 D
41 Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
42 Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
43 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
44 8:00 Aus AW%sT 1943 Jul
46 Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec
47 8:45 Aus ACW%sT 1943 Jul
52 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
53 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
54 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
55 # Queensland ceased to.
57 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
58 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
59 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
60 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
63 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
64 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
65 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
66 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
67 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
68 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
69 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
70 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
73 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
75 10:00 AQ AE%sT 1992 Jul
79 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
80 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
81 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
82 Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
83 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
84 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
85 Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
86 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 S
87 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 S
88 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 S
89 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 S
90 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
91 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 S
92 Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
93 Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
94 Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
95 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
96 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
103 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
104 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
105 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
107 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
108 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
109 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
110 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
111 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 S
112 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
113 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
114 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
115 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
116 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
117 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
118 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D
119 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
120 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
121 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
122 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
123 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
124 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
125 Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
126 Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
127 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
128 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
129 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
130 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
133 Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep
134 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
135 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
136 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 Jul
140 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
141 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
142 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
143 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
144 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
145 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
146 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
147 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
148 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
149 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
150 Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
151 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
152 Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
153 Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
154 Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
155 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
156 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
161 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
162 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
163 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
164 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
165 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
166 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
167 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
168 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
169 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
170 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
171 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
172 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
173 Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
174 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
175 Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
176 Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
177 Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
178 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
179 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
182 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
183 10:00 - AEST 1896 Aug 23
190 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
191 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
192 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
193 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
194 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 S
195 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 D
196 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
197 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
198 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
199 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
200 Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
201 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
202 Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
203 Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
204 Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 D
205 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
206 10:00 - AEST 1981 Mar
209 # Australian miscellany
211 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
212 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
216 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
220 # Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
221 # sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the
222 # Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
223 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
224 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
225 # Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
227 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
228 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
229 # - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
230 # switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
233 # From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
234 # The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
235 # will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
236 # this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
237 # pre-2013 versions of localtime.
238 Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - zzz 1899 Nov
239 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
240 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
241 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1919 Apr 1 0:00s
244 10:00 AT AE%sT 2010 Apr 4 3:00
245 11:00 - MIST # Macquarie I Standard Time
248 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
249 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
250 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
253 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
254 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
255 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
256 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
257 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
262 # Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
264 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
265 # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
266 # from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010.
268 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
269 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
270 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
272 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
273 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
275 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
277 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
278 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
279 # 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
280 # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
281 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
284 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
286 # A bit more background info here:
287 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
289 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
290 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
291 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
292 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
293 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
294 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
295 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
297 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
298 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
299 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
301 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
303 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
304 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
305 # 2am on February 26 next year.
307 # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
308 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
309 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
311 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
314 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
315 # has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
316 # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
317 # on the 23rd of October, 2011.
319 # From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
320 # The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
321 # today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
322 # October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
323 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
325 # From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
326 # Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
327 # move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
328 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
330 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
331 # Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
332 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
334 # From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
335 # DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
336 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
338 # From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
339 # in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
340 # via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
341 # the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
342 # commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
343 # 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
345 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-01):
346 # For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to
347 # 03:00 the third Sunday in January. Although ad hoc, it matches
348 # transitions since late 2014 and seems more likely to match future
349 # practice than guessing no DST.
351 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
352 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
353 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
354 Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 S
355 Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 -
356 Rule Fiji 2010 2013 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 S
357 Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
358 Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 -
359 Rule Fiji 2014 only - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 -
360 Rule Fiji 2014 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
361 Rule Fiji 2015 max - Jan Sun>=15 3:00 0 -
362 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
363 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
364 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
367 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
368 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
369 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time
370 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
371 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time
372 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
373 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time
374 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
378 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
379 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
380 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
381 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
382 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
383 Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is
386 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
387 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
388 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time
389 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
390 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
393 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
394 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time
402 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
403 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
404 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
406 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
408 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
412 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
413 Zone Pacific/Chuuk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
414 10:00 - CHUT # Chuuk Time
415 Zone Pacific/Pohnpei 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
416 11:00 - PONT # Pohnpei Time
417 Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
418 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
423 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
424 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
425 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
426 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15
431 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
432 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
433 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
434 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
435 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
436 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
437 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
438 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
442 ###############################################################################
446 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
447 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
448 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
449 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
450 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
451 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
452 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
453 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
454 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
455 # convenient single notation for the date and time of this transition
456 # so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
457 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
458 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
459 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
460 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S
461 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
462 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
463 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
464 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
465 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
466 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D
467 Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
468 Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
469 Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
470 Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
471 Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
472 Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
473 Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
474 Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
475 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
476 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
477 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
479 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
480 12:15 - CHAST 1946 Jan 1
483 Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
486 # uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
487 # and scientific personnel have wintered
490 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
491 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
492 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
493 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
496 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
497 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
498 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
499 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
500 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
501 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
502 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
503 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
506 ###############################################################################
510 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
511 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
512 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time
513 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1
517 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
518 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
519 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
520 11:30 - NFT 1974 Oct 27 02:00 # Norfolk T.
521 11:30 1:00 NFST 1975 Mar 2 02:00
522 11:30 - NFT 2015 Oct 4 02:00
526 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
527 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
528 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
531 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
532 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
533 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
534 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
536 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
537 # Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
538 # the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
540 # Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for JST, these dates
541 # are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
542 # The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
543 # The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
544 # according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
545 # http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
546 # and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
548 # The Autonomous Region of Bougainville plans to switch from UTC+10 to UTC+11
549 # on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call UTC+11 "Bougainville Standard Time";
550 # abbreviate this as BST. See:
551 # http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
553 Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 - LMT 1880
556 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 21
557 10:00 - PGT 2014 Dec 28 2:00
561 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
562 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
563 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 0:00
564 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
567 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
569 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
570 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
571 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
572 Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
574 # Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
576 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
577 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
578 # the following info:
580 # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
581 # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
582 # Sunday of April 2011."
585 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
587 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
589 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
591 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
593 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
594 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
595 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
596 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
597 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
599 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
600 # [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
602 # ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
603 # or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
604 # measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
605 # (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
607 # From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
608 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
610 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
612 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
613 # The International Date Line Act 2011
614 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
615 # changed Samoa from UTC-11 to UTC+13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
616 # Thursday 29th December 2011". The International Date Line was adjusted
619 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
620 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
622 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
625 # Year End Time Start Time
626 # 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
627 # 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - -
629 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
630 # Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours
631 # Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours
633 # From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
634 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
635 # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
636 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
638 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
639 # That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
640 # Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
642 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
643 Rule WS 2010 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 1 D
644 Rule WS 2011 only - Apr Sat>=1 4:00 0 S
645 Rule WS 2011 only - Sep lastSat 3:00 1 D
646 Rule WS 2012 max - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 S
647 Rule WS 2012 max - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 D
648 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
649 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
652 -11:00 WS S%sT 2011 Dec 29 24:00 # S=Samoa
656 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
657 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
658 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
659 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time
663 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
664 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
665 # December 31 this year ...
667 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
668 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
669 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
670 # Shanks says UTC-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
671 # actually was to UTC-11 back then.
673 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
674 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
675 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
676 # <http://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
677 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
678 # are off by an hour starting in 1901.
680 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
681 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
682 -11:00 - TKT 2011 Dec 30 # Tokelau Time
686 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
687 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
688 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
689 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
690 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
691 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
692 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
693 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
698 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
699 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
700 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
703 # US minor outlying islands
706 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
707 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
708 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
709 # uninhabited thereafter.
710 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT-10:30) in 1937;
711 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
712 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
713 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
714 # until they were abandoned after the war.
717 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
718 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
719 # uninhabited thereafter.
720 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
724 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-11):
725 # Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
726 # Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
727 # treat it like Hawaii for now.
729 # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
730 # <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
731 # "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
732 # Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and
733 # confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
735 # From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
736 # [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
737 # was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
738 # which had a GMT offset of -11 hours. This apparently applied to at least the
739 # time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
740 # Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
741 # "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
742 # Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
743 # http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
744 # See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
745 # footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
748 # See 'northamerica' for Pacific/Johnston.
754 # See Pacific/Pago_Pago.
757 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
760 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
761 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
762 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
766 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
767 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
768 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
769 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
770 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
771 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
772 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
773 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
774 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
775 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
778 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
779 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
780 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
782 ###############################################################################
786 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
787 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
788 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
789 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
791 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
793 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
794 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
795 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
796 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
798 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
799 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
800 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
801 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
802 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
803 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
805 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
806 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
807 # I found in the UCLA library.
809 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
810 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
811 # http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
813 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
814 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
816 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
817 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
818 # Corrections are welcome!
820 # LMT Local Mean Time
821 # 8:00 AWST AWDT Western Australia
822 # 8:45 ACWST ACWDT Central Western Australia*
824 # 9:30 ACST ACDT Central Australia
825 # 10:00 AEST AEDT Eastern Australia
826 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
827 # 10:30 LHST LHDT Lord Howe*
828 # 11:00 BST Bougainville*
829 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
830 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
831 # 12:15 CHAST Chatham through 1945*
832 # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham 1946-present*
833 # 13:00 WSST WSDT (western) Samoa 2011-present*
834 # -11:30 WSST Western Samoa through 1950*
837 # - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
839 # See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
840 # See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
842 ###############################################################################
846 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
847 # Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
848 # region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
849 # For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
850 # Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
851 # Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
852 # very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
853 # Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
854 # Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
855 # about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
856 # Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
857 # http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
859 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
860 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
861 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
862 # summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
864 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
865 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
866 # http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
867 # covers New South Wales in particular.
869 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
870 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
871 # It is called 'summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
872 # and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
873 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
874 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
875 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
876 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
877 # the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
879 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
880 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
881 # or 'Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
882 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
883 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
884 # prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
885 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
887 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
889 # Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
890 # file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
891 # Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
892 # However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
893 # practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
894 # about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
895 # For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
896 # what matters is the abbreviation. It's difficult to survey the web
897 # directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
898 # strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
899 # abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
900 # following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
902 # 10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
903 # 10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
904 # 10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
905 # 13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
906 # 18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
907 # 28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
908 # 39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
909 # 53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
910 # 54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
911 # 182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
913 # 17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
914 # 46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
916 # I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
917 # they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits. I also looked for pages
918 # mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
919 # there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
921 # 156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
922 # 226 "western standard time" WST site:au
924 # I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
925 # listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
926 # and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
927 # All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT". The papers
928 # surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
929 # The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
930 # The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
932 # I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
933 # like "AEDT" are new. A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/>
934 # found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
935 # dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
936 # fully indexed. The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
937 # like "AEDT". The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
938 # column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
939 # (1993-01-24, p 16). The style was the typical usage but was not
940 # strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
941 # (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
942 # WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
943 # about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
944 # territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
945 # party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
947 # I also surveyed federal government sources. They did not agree:
949 # The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
950 # http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
951 # (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
952 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
954 # Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
955 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
956 # EST CST WST EDT CDT
958 # Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
959 # http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
960 # EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
962 # Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
963 # http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
964 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
966 # Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
967 # http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
968 # EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
970 # The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
971 # and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
972 # Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
973 # 311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
974 # "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
975 # appear in reports of events with international implications.
977 # From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
978 # Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
979 # some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
980 # the minority. The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
981 # seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
982 # the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
983 # it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A". The current
984 # version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
985 # "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
987 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
988 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
989 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
990 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
991 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
992 # and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
993 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
995 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
997 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
998 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
999 # relevant entries in this database.
1001 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
1002 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
1003 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
1005 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
1006 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
1008 # Standard Time Act, 1898
1009 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
1011 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
1012 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
1013 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
1014 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
1015 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
1017 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
1018 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
1019 # to extend DST together in 2006.
1020 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
1021 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
1022 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
1023 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
1024 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
1026 # But not Queensland
1027 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
1029 # Northern Territory
1031 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1032 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
1034 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
1036 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
1038 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1039 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1040 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
1044 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1045 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
1047 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
1048 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
1049 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
1050 # # before reaching parliament.
1052 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
1054 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1055 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1056 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1057 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1059 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1060 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1061 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
1063 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
1064 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
1065 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
1067 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
1070 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1071 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
1072 # it matches what was used in the past.
1074 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
1075 # http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
1076 # (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
1077 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
1080 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1081 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
1084 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
1086 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1087 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
1088 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1089 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
1091 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
1092 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
1095 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1096 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1097 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1098 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1100 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1101 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
1102 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
1105 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
1106 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
1107 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
1109 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1110 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1113 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1114 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
1116 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
1117 # from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
1118 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
1119 # http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf
1121 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
1122 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
1123 # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
1124 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
1125 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
1126 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
1127 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
1128 # Australia and Western Australia....
1130 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
1131 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
1132 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
1133 # http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
1135 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
1136 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
1137 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
1138 # coast of the continent.
1140 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
1141 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
1142 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
1143 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
1144 # the largest population centre in this zone....
1146 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
1147 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
1148 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
1149 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
1152 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
1153 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
1154 # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
1155 # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
1157 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
1158 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
1159 # introduction of standard time in 1895.
1162 # southeast Australia
1164 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1165 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
1166 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
1167 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
1172 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1173 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1174 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1175 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1177 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1178 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
1181 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
1183 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1184 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1185 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
1186 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1188 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
1189 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
1190 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
1191 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
1193 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
1194 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
1195 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
1196 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
1199 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
1200 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
1201 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
1202 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
1204 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
1205 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
1206 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
1207 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
1209 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
1210 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
1211 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
1212 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
1214 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1215 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1219 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1220 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1221 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1224 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
1225 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
1226 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
1227 # (but nothing new about that).
1229 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
1230 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
1231 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
1232 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
1233 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
1234 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
1236 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
1237 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
1239 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1240 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1244 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1245 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1246 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1249 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1250 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1251 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
1252 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1253 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1254 # in Melbourne, Australia.
1256 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1257 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1258 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1259 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1260 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1263 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1264 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1265 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
1266 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1268 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1269 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1271 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1272 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1276 # From Arthur David Olson:
1277 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1278 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1280 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1281 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
1282 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1283 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1284 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
1285 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
1287 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1288 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1289 # October in 2000. See: Matthew Moore,
1290 # Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
1291 # http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
1293 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1294 # See the following official NSW source:
1295 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1296 # http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
1298 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1299 # daylight saving next year. See:
1300 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1301 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
1302 # (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1304 # Victoria will following NSW. See:
1305 # Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
1306 # http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
1308 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1309 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
1310 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
1312 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1313 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1314 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
1315 # (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1316 # "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1317 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1318 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1319 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1320 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
1322 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1323 # Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
1324 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
1326 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1327 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1328 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1330 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1331 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1332 # towns to use Queensland time.
1334 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1335 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1339 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1340 # 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1342 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1343 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1346 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1347 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1348 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1349 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1350 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1351 # # presently available.
1352 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1354 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1355 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1356 # [followed by other Rules]
1360 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1361 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1363 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1364 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1366 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1367 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1368 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1369 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1370 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1371 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1372 # instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
1373 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1374 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1375 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1377 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1378 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1379 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1380 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1381 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1382 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1384 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1385 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1386 # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1388 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1389 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1391 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1392 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1393 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1394 # summer (southern hemisphere).
1397 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1398 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1399 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1400 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1401 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1402 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1403 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1404 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1406 # We have a wrap-up here:
1407 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1408 ###############################################################################
1412 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1413 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1414 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1415 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1416 # source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1418 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1419 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1420 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1421 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1424 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1425 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1426 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1427 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1429 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1430 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1432 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1433 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1434 # rather than the October 1 value.
1436 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1437 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1438 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1439 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1440 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1441 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1443 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1444 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1445 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1446 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1448 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1449 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1450 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1452 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1453 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1454 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1455 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1456 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1458 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
1459 # Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
1460 # New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
1461 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
1462 # According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
1463 # parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
1464 # time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
1465 # Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
1466 # For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
1467 # in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
1468 # LMT back when New Zealand was at UTC+11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
1469 # not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
1471 ###############################################################################
1476 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1477 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1478 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1480 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1481 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1482 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1483 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1485 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1486 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1488 # From the BBC World Service in
1489 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
1490 # The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1491 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
1492 # intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
1493 # of the new millennium.
1495 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1496 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1501 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1502 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1503 # "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
1504 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1509 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1510 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1511 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1512 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1513 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1516 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1518 # Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1519 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
1520 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1521 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1524 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1525 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1526 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1527 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1532 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1533 # "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
1534 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
1536 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
1537 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1539 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1540 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1541 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
1542 # http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
1543 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1544 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1549 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1550 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1551 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1552 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1553 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1554 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1555 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1556 # air at 6am your time.
1558 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1559 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1560 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1561 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1565 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
1566 # Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
1567 # https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
1568 # ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
1569 # http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf
1571 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-23):
1572 # Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
1573 # the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
1574 # Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
1575 # other than in 1974/5. See:
1576 # http://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
1580 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1581 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1582 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1584 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1585 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1586 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1588 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1589 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1590 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1592 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1593 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1596 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1597 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1598 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1599 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1602 # (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
1604 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1605 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1606 # "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1607 # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
1608 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
1610 # Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UTC-11:30
1611 # in 1911, and to UTC-11 in 1950. many earlier sources give UTC-11
1612 # for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
1613 # circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
1614 # Assume American Samoa switched to UTC-11 in 1911, not 1950,
1615 # and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
1616 # day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
1617 # Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
1621 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1622 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
1623 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
1624 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1626 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1627 # How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
1628 # http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
1630 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1631 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1632 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1633 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1634 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1635 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1637 # Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1638 # Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1639 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1641 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1642 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1643 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1644 # minutes we have lost?"
1646 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1647 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1648 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1650 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1651 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1653 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1654 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
1655 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1656 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1657 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1660 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1661 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1663 # I was given this link by John Letts:
1664 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1666 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1667 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1668 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1669 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1671 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1672 # According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>:
1673 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1674 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1675 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1676 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1677 # set back an hour on the closing date."
1678 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1680 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1681 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1682 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1684 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1685 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1686 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1687 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1688 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1689 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1690 # (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>)
1692 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1693 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1695 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1696 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1697 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1698 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1701 # From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1702 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1707 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1708 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1710 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ... The time was all the
1711 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1712 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1713 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1714 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1717 # http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
1719 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1720 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1722 ###############################################################################
1724 # The International Date Line
1726 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1728 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1729 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1730 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1731 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1733 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1734 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1735 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1736 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1737 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1738 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1739 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1740 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1741 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1742 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1743 # correct date is ambiguous.
1745 # From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1746 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1747 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1748 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1749 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1750 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1751 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1752 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1753 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1754 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1755 # entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight. These zones were
1756 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1757 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
1759 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1762 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1763 # http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
1764 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1765 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
projects / dragonfly.git / blob