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<chapter id="ports">
  <title>Installing Applications: Packages and Ports</title>

  <sect1 id="ports-synopsis">
    <title>Synopsis</title>

    <indexterm><primary>ports</primary></indexterm>
    <indexterm><primary>packages</primary></indexterm>
    <para>FreeBSD is bundled with a rich collection of system tools as
      part of the base system.  However, there is only so much one can
      do before needing to install an additional third-party
      application to get real work done.  FreeBSD provides two
      complementary technologies for installing third party software
      on your system: the FreeBSD Ports Collection, and binary
      software packages.  Either system may be used to install the
      newest version of your favorite applications from local media or
      straight off the network.</para>

    <para>After reading this chapter, you will know:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>How to install third-party binary software packages.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>How to build third-party software from the ports
        collection.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>How to remove previously installed packages or ports.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>How to override the default values that the ports
          collection uses.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>How to upgrade your ports.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="ports-overview">
    <title>Overview of Software Installation</title>

    <para>If you have used a &unix; system before you will know that the typical
      procedure for installing third party software goes something like
      this:</para>

    <procedure>
      <step>
        <para>Download the software, which might be distributed in source code
          format, or as a binary.</para>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>Unpack the software from its distribution format (typically a
          tarball compressed with &man.compress.1;, &man.gzip.1;, or &man.bzip2.1;).</para>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>Locate the documentation (perhaps an <filename>INSTALL</filename> or <filename>README</filename>
          file, or some files in a <filename>doc/</filename> subdirectory) and
          read up on how to install the software.</para>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>If the software was distributed in source format, compile it.
          This may involve editing a <filename>Makefile</filename>, or
          running a <command>configure</command> script, and other work.</para>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>Test and install the software.</para>
      </step>
    </procedure>

    <para>And that is only if everything goes well.  If you are installing a
      software package that was not deliberately ported to FreeBSD you may
      even have to go in and edit the code to make it work properly.</para>

    <para>Should you want to, you can continue to install software the
      <quote>traditional</quote> way with FreeBSD.  However, FreeBSD
      provides two technologies which can save you a lot of effort:
      packages and ports.  At the time of writing, over &os.numports;
      third party applications have been made available in this
      way.</para>

    <para>For any given application, the FreeBSD package for that
      application is a single file which you must download.  The
      package contains pre-compiled copies of all the commands for the
      application, as well as any configuration files or
      documentation.  A downloaded package file can be manipulated
      with FreeBSD package management commands, such as
      &man.pkg.add.1;, &man.pkg.delete.1;, &man.pkg.info.1;, and so
      on.  Installing a new application can be carried out with a single
      command.</para>

    <para>A FreeBSD port for an application is a collection of files
      designed to automate the process of compiling an application
      from source code.</para>

    <para>Remember that there are a number of steps you would normally
      carry out if you compiled a program yourself (downloading,
      unpacking, patching, compiling, installing).  The files that
      make up a port contain all the necessary information to allow
      the system to do this for you.  You run a handful of simple
      commands and the source code for the application is
      automatically downloaded, extracted, patched, compiled, and
      installed for you.</para>

    <para>In fact, the ports system can also be used to generate packages
      which can later be manipulated with <command>pkg_add</command>
      and the other package management commands that will be introduced
      shortly.</para>

    <para>Both packages and ports understand
      <emphasis>dependencies</emphasis>.  Suppose you want to install
      an application that depends on a specific library being
      installed.  Both the application and the library have been made
      available as FreeBSD ports and packages.  If you use the
      <command>pkg_add</command> command or the ports system to add
      the application, both will notice that the library has not been
      installed, and automatically install the library first.</para>

    <para>Given that the two technologies are quite similar, you might
      be wondering why FreeBSD bothers with both.  Packages and ports
      both have their own strengths, and which one you use will depend
      on your own preference.</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <title>Package Benefits</title>
      
      <listitem>
        <para>A compressed package tarball is typically smaller than
          the compressed tarball containing the source code for the
          application.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>Packages do not require any additional compilation.  For
          large applications, such as
          <application>Mozilla</application>,
          <application>KDE</application>, or
          <application>GNOME</application> this can be important,
          particularly if you are on a slow system.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>Packages do not require any understanding of the process
          involved in compiling software on FreeBSD.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <itemizedlist>
      <title>Ports Benefits</title>
      
      <listitem>
        <para>Packages are normally compiled with conservative options,
          because they have to run on the maximum number of systems.  By
          installing from the port, you can tweak the compilation options to
          (for example) generate code that is specific to a Pentium
          IV or Athlon processor.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>Some applications have compile time options relating to
          what they can and cannot do.  For example,
          <application>Apache</application> can be configured with a
          wide variety of different built-in options.  By building
          from the port you do not have to accept the default options,
          and can set them yourself.</para>

        <para>In some cases, multiple packages will exist for the same
          application to specify certain settings.  For example,
          <application>Ghostscript</application> is available as a
          <filename>ghostscript</filename> package and a
          <filename>ghostscript-nox11</filename> package, depending on
          whether or not you have installed an X11 server.  This sort
          of rough tweaking is possible with packages, but rapidly
          becomes impossible if an application has more than one or
          two different compile time options.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>The licensing conditions of some software distributions forbid
          binary distribution.  They must be distributed as source
          code.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>Some people do not trust binary distributions.  At least
          with source code, you can (in theory) read through it and
          look for potential problems yourself.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>If you have local patches, you will need the source in order to
          apply them.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>Some people like having code around, so they can read it
          if they get bored, hack it, borrow from it (license
          permitting, of course), and so on.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>To keep track of updated ports, subscribe to the
      &a.ports; and the &a.ports-bugs;.</para>

    <warning>
      <para>Before installing any application, you should check <ulink
        url="http://vuxml.freebsd.org/"></ulink> for security issues
        related to your application.</para>

      <para>You can also install <filename
        role="package">security/portaudit</filename> which will
        automatically check all installed applications for known
        vulnerabilities, a check will be also performed before any port
        build.  Meanwhile, you can use the command <command>portaudit
        -F -a</command> after you have installed some
        packages.</para>
    </warning>

    <para>The remainder of this chapter will explain how to use
      packages and ports to install and manage third party software on
      FreeBSD.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="ports-finding-applications">
    <title>Finding Your Application</title>

    <para>Before you can install any applications you need to know what you
      want, and what the application is called.</para>

    <para>FreeBSD's list of available applications is growing all the
      time.  Fortunately, there are a number of ways to find what you
      want:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>The FreeBSD web site maintains an up-to-date searchable
          list of all the available applications, at <ulink
          url="&url.main;/ports/index.html">http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/</ulink>.
          The ports are divided into categories, and you may either
          search for an application by name (if you know it), or see
          all the applications available in a category.</para>
      </listitem>

      <indexterm><primary>FreshPorts</primary></indexterm>

      <listitem>
        <para>Dan Langille maintains FreshPorts, at <ulink
          url="http://www.FreshPorts.org/"></ulink>.  FreshPorts
          tracks changes to the applications in the ports tree as they
          happen, allows you to <quote>watch</quote> one or more
          ports, and can send you email when they are updated.</para>
      </listitem>

      <indexterm><primary>FreshMeat</primary></indexterm>

      <listitem>
        <para>If you do not know the name of the application you want,
          try using a site like FreshMeat (<ulink
          url="http://www.freshmeat.net/"></ulink>) to find an
          application, then check back at the FreeBSD site to see if
          the application has been ported yet.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="packages-using">
    <sect1info>    
      <authorgroup>
        <author>
          <firstname>Chern</firstname>
          <surname>Lee</surname>
          <contrib>Contributed by </contrib>
        </author>
      </authorgroup>
    <!-- 30 Mar 2001 -->
    </sect1info>

    <title>Using the Packages System</title>

    <sect2>
      <title>Installing a Package</title>
      <indexterm>
        <primary>packages</primary>
        <secondary>installing</secondary>
      </indexterm>
    
      <indexterm>
        <primary><command>pkg_add</command></primary>
      </indexterm>
      <para>You can use the &man.pkg.add.1; utility to install a
        FreeBSD software package from a local file or from a server on
        the network.</para>

      <example>
        <title>Downloading a Package Manually and Installing It Locally</title>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ftp -a <replaceable>ftp2.FreeBSD.org</replaceable></userinput>
Connected to ftp2.FreeBSD.org.
220 ftp2.FreeBSD.org FTP server (Version 6.00LS) ready.
331 Guest login ok, send your email address as password.
230-
230-     This machine is in Vienna, VA, USA, hosted by Verio.
230-         Questions? E-mail freebsd@vienna.verio.net.
230-
230-
230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
<prompt>ftp></prompt> <userinput>cd /pub/FreeBSD/ports/packages/sysutils/</userinput>
250 CWD command successful.
<prompt>ftp></prompt> <userinput>get lsof-4.56.4.tgz</userinput>
local: lsof-4.56.4.tgz remote: lsof-4.56.4.tgz
200 PORT command successful.
150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for 'lsof-4.56.4.tgz' (92375 bytes).
100% |**************************************************| 92375       00:00 ETA
226 Transfer complete.
92375 bytes received in 5.60 seconds (16.11 KB/s)
<prompt>ftp></prompt> <userinput>exit</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_add <replaceable>lsof-4.56.4.tgz</replaceable></userinput></screen>
      </example>

      <para>If you do not have a source of local packages (such as a
        FreeBSD CD-ROM set) then it will probably be easier to use the
        <option>-r</option> option to &man.pkg.add.1;.  This will
        cause the utility to automatically determine the correct
        object format and release and then fetch and install the
        package from an FTP site.
      </para>

      <indexterm>
        <primary><command>pkg_add</command></primary></indexterm>
      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_add -r <replaceable>lsof</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <para>The example above would download the correct package and
        add it without any further user intervention.
        If you want to specify an alternative &os; Packages Mirror,
        instead of the main distribution site, you have to set
        <envar>PACKAGESITE</envar> accordingly, to
        override the default settings.  &man.pkg.add.1;
        uses &man.fetch.3; to download the files, which honors various
        environment variables, including
        <envar>FTP_PASSIVE_MODE</envar>, <envar>FTP_PROXY</envar>, and
        <envar>FTP_PASSWORD</envar>.  You may need to set one or more
        of these if you are behind a firewall, or need to use an
        FTP/HTTP proxy.  See &man.fetch.3; for the complete list.
        Note that in the example above
        <literal>lsof</literal> is used instead of
        <literal>lsof-4.56.4</literal>.  When the remote fetching
        feature is used, the version number of the package must be
        removed.  &man.pkg.add.1; will automatically fetch the latest
        version of the application.</para>

      <para>Package files are distributed in <filename>.tgz</filename>
          and <filename>.tbz</filename> formats.  You can find them at <ulink
          url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/packages/"></ulink>,
          or on the FreeBSD CD-ROM distribution.  Every CD on the
          FreeBSD 4-CD set (and the PowerPak, etc.) contains packages
          in the <filename>/packages</filename> directory.  The layout
          of the packages is similar to that of the
          <filename>/usr/ports</filename> tree.  Each category has its
          own directory, and every package can be found within the
          <filename>All</filename> directory.
      </para>

      <para>The directory structure of the package system matches the
        ports layout; they work with each other to form the entire
        package/port system.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Managing Packages</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>packages</primary>
        <secondary>managing</secondary>
      </indexterm>
      <para>&man.pkg.info.1; is a utility that lists and describes 
        the various packages installed.
      </para>

      <indexterm>
        <primary><command>pkg_info</command></primary>
      </indexterm>
      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_info</userinput>
cvsup-16.1          A general network file distribution system optimized for CV
docbook-1.2         Meta-port for the different versions of the DocBook DTD
...</screen>
      <para>&man.pkg.version.1; is a utility that summarizes the
        versions of all installed packages.  It compares the package 
        version to the current version found in the ports tree.
      </para> 
      <indexterm>
        <primary><command>pkg_version</command></primary>
      </indexterm>
        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_version</userinput>
cvsup                       =
docbook                     =
...</screen>

      <para>The symbols in the second column indicate the relative age
        of the installed version and the version available in the
        local ports tree.</para>

      <informaltable frame="none">
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <thead>
            <row>
              <entry>Symbol</entry>
              <entry>Meaning</entry>
            </row>
          </thead>

          <tbody>
            <row>
            <entry>=</entry> <entry>The version of the
            installed package matches the one found in the
            local ports tree.</entry>
            </row>
 
        <row><entry>&lt;</entry>
        <entry>The installed version is older than the one available
        in the ports tree.</entry>
        </row>

        <row><entry>&gt;</entry><entry>The installed version is newer
          than the one found in the local ports tree. (The local ports
          tree is probably out of date.)</entry></row>

        <row><entry>?</entry><entry>The installed package cannot be
          found in the ports index.  (This can happen, for instance, if an
          installed port is removed from the ports collection or
          renamed.)</entry></row>

        <row><entry>*</entry><entry>There are multiple versions of the
        package.</entry></row>

        </tbody>
        </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Deleting a Package</title>
      <indexterm>
        <primary><command>pkg_delete</command></primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
        <primary>packages</primary>
        <secondary>deleting</secondary>
      </indexterm>
      <para>To remove a previously installed software package, use the
        &man.pkg.delete.1; utility.
      </para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_delete <replaceable>xchat-1.7.1</replaceable></userinput></screen>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Miscellaneous</title>
      <para>All package information is stored within the 
        <filename>/var/db/pkg</filename> directory.  The installed
        file list and descriptions of each package can be found within 
        files in this directory.
      </para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>
  
  <sect1 id="ports-using">
    <title>Using the Ports Collection</title>

    <para>The following sections provide basic instructions on using the
      ports collection to install or remove programs from your
      system.</para>

    <sect2 id="ports-tree">
      <title>Obtaining the Ports Collection</title>

      <para>Before you can install ports, you must first obtain the
        ports collection&mdash;which is essentially a set of
        <filename>Makefiles</filename>, patches, and description files
        placed in <filename>/usr/ports</filename>.
      </para>

      <para>When installing your FreeBSD system,
        <application>sysinstall</application> asked if you would like
        to install the ports collection.  If you chose no, you can
        follow these instructions to obtain the ports
        collection:</para>

      <procedure>
        <title>Sysinstall Method</title>

        <para>This method involves using
          <application>sysinstall</application> again to manually
          install the ports collection.</para>

        <step>
          <para>As <username>root</username>, run <command>/stand/sysinstall</command> as
            shown below:</para>

          <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/stand/sysinstall</userinput></screen>
        </step>

        <step>
          <para>Scroll down and select <guimenuitem>Configure</guimenuitem>,
            press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
        </step>

        <step>
          <para>Scroll down and select
            <guimenuitem>Distributions</guimenuitem>, press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
        </step>

        <step>
          <para>Scroll down to <guimenuitem>ports</guimenuitem>, press
            <keycap>Space</keycap>.</para>
        </step>

        <step>
          <para>Scroll up to <guimenuitem>Exit</guimenuitem>, press
            <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
        </step>

        <step>
          <para>Select your desired installation media, such as CDROM,
            FTP, and so on.</para>
        </step>

        <step>
          <para>Scroll up to <guimenuitem>Exit</guimenuitem> and press
            <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
        </step>

        <step>
          <para>Press <keycap>X</keycap> to exit
            <application>sysinstall</application>.</para>
        </step>
      </procedure>

      <para>The alternative method to obtain and keep your ports
        collection up to date is by using
        <application>CVSup</application>.  Look at the ports
        <application>CVSup</application> file,
        <filename>/usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile</filename>.
        See <link linkend="cvsup">Using CVSup</link> (<xref
          linkend="cvsup">) for more information on using
        <application>CVSup</application> and this file.</para>

      <procedure>
        <title>CVSup Method</title>

        <para>This is a quick method for getting the ports collection
          using <application>CVSup</application>.  If you want to keep
          your ports tree up to date, or learn more about
          <application>CVSup</application>, read the previously
          mentioned sections.</para>

        <step>
          <para>Install the <filename
              role="package">net/cvsup</filename> port.  See <link
              linkend="cvsup-install">CVSup Installation</link> (<xref
              linkend="cvsup-install">) for more details.</para>
        </step>

        <step>
          <para>As <username>root</username>, copy
            <filename>/usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile</filename>
            to a new location, such as <filename>/root</filename> or your
              home directory.</para>
        </step>

        <step>
          <para>Edit <filename>ports-supfile</filename>.</para>
        </step>

        <step>
          <para>Change <replaceable>CHANGE_THIS.FreeBSD.org</replaceable> to a
            <application>CVSup</application> server near you.  See <link
              linkend="cvsup-mirrors">CVSup Mirrors</link> (<xref
              linkend="cvsup-mirrors">) for a complete listing of mirror
            sites.</para>
        </step>

        <step>
          <para>Run <command>cvsup</command>:</para>

          <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cvsup -g -L 2 <replaceable>/root/ports-supfile</replaceable></userinput></screen>
        </step>

        <step>
          <para>Running this command later will download and apply all
            the recent changes to your ports collection, except
            actually rebuilding the ports for your own system.</para>
        </step>
      </procedure>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="ports-skeleton">
      <title>Installing Ports</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>ports</primary>
        <secondary>installing</secondary>
      </indexterm>
      <para>The first thing that should be explained when it comes to
        the ports collection is what is actually meant by a
        <quote>skeleton</quote>.  In a nutshell, a port skeleton is a
        minimal set of files that tell your FreeBSD system how to
        cleanly compile and install a program.  Each port skeleton
        includes:</para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>A <filename>Makefile</filename>.  The
            <filename>Makefile</filename> contains various statements
            that specify how the application should be compiled and
            where it should be installed on your system.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>A <filename>distinfo</filename> file.  This file
            contains information about the files that must be
            downloaded to build the port and their checksums, to
            verify that files have not been corrupted during the
            download using &man.md5.1;.</para>
        </listitem>
        
        <listitem>
          <para>A <filename>files</filename> directory.  This
            directory contains patches to make the program compile and
            install on your FreeBSD system.  Patches are basically
            small files that specify changes to particular files.
            They are in plain text format, and basically say
            <quote>Remove line 10</quote> or <quote>Change line 26 to
            this ...</quote>.  Patches are also known as
            <quote>diffs</quote> because they are generated by the
            &man.diff.1; program.</para>

          <para>This directory may also contain other files used to build
            the port.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>A <filename>pkg-descr</filename> file.  This is a more
            detailed, often multiple-line, description of the program.</para>
        </listitem>
        
        <listitem>
          <para>A <filename>pkg-plist</filename> file.  This is a list of all
            the files that will be installed by the port.  It also tells the
            ports system what files to remove upon deinstallation.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <para>Some ports have other files, such as
        <filename>pkg-message</filename>.  The ports system uses these
        files to handle special situations.  If you want more details
        on these files, and on ports in general, check out the <ulink
        url="../porters-handbook/index.html">FreeBSD Porter's
        Handbook</ulink>.</para>

      <para>Now that you have enough background information to know
        what the ports collection is used for, you are ready to
        install your first port.  There are two ways this can be done,
        and each is explained below.</para>

      <para>Before we get into that, however, you will need to choose a
        port to install.  There are a few ways to do this, with the
        easiest method being the <ulink
        url="&url.main;/ports/index.html">ports listing on the FreeBSD
        web site</ulink>.  You can browse through the ports listed there
        or use the search function on the site.  Each port also includes
        a description so you can read a bit about each port before
        deciding to install it.</para>

      <para>Another method is to use the &man.whereis.1; command.
        Simply type <command>whereis
        <replaceable>file</replaceable></command>, where
        <replaceable>file</replaceable> is the program you want to
        install.  If it is found on your system, you will be told
        where it is, as follows:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>whereis lsof</userinput>
lsof: /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof</screen>

      <para>This tells us that <command>lsof</command> (a system
        utility) can be found in the
        <filename>/usr/ports/sysutils/lsof</filename>
        directory.</para>

      <para>Yet another way to find a particular port is by using the
        ports collection's built-in search mechanism.  To use the
        search feature, you will need to be in the
        <filename>/usr/ports</filename> directory.  Once in that
        directory, run <command>make search
        name=<replaceable>program-name</replaceable></command> where
        <replaceable>program-name</replaceable> is the name of the
        program you want to find.  For example, if you were looking
        for <command>lsof</command>:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make search name=lsof</userinput>
Port:   lsof-4.56.4
Path:   /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof
Info:   Lists information about open files (similar to fstat(1))
Maint:  obrien@FreeBSD.org
Index:  sysutils
B-deps: 
R-deps: </screen>

      <para>The part of the output you want to pay particular
        attention to is the <quote>Path:</quote> line, since that
        tells you where to find the port.  The other information
        provided is not needed in order to install the port, so it
        will not be covered here.</para>

      <para>For more in-depth searching you can also use <command>make
       search key=<replaceable>string</replaceable></command> where
       <replaceable>string</replaceable> is some text to search for.
       This searches port names, comments, descriptions and
       dependencies and can be used to find ports which relate to a
       particular subject if you don't know the name of the program
       you are looking for.</para>

      <para>In both of these cases, the search string is case-insensitive.
       Searching for <quote>LSOF</quote> will yield the same results as 
       searching for <quote>lsof</quote>.</para>

      <note>
        <para>You must be logged in as <username>root</username> to install
          ports.</para>
      </note>

      <para>Now that you have found a port you would like to install,
        you are ready to do the actual installation.  The port
        includes instructions on how to build source code, but does not include the
        actual source code.  You can get the source code from a CD-ROM
        or from the Internet.  Source code is distributed in whatever
        manner the software author desires.  Frequently this is a
        tarred and gzipped file, but it might be compressed with some
        other tool or even uncompressed.  The program source code,
        whatever form it comes in, is called a
        <quote>distfile</quote>.  You can get the distfile from a
        CD-ROM or from the Internet.</para>

      <warning>
        <para>Before installing any port, you should be sure to have
          an up-to-date ports collection and you should check <ulink
          url="http://vuxml.freebsd.org/"></ulink> for security issues
          related to your port.</para>

        <para>A security vulnerabilities check can be automatically
          done by <application>portaudit</application> before any new
          application installation.  This tool can be found in the
          ports collection (<filename
          role="package">security/portaudit</filename>).  Consider
          running <command>portaudit -F</command> before installing a
          new port, to fetch the current vulnerabilities database.  A
          security audit and an update of the database will be
          performed during the daily security system check.  For more
          informations read the &man.portaudit.1; and &man.periodic.8;
          manual pages.</para>
      </warning>

      <sect3 id="ports-cd">
        <title>Installing Ports from a CD-ROM</title>

        <indexterm>
          <primary>ports</primary>
          <secondary>installing from CD-ROM</secondary>
        </indexterm>
        <para>The FreeBSD Project's official CD-ROM images no longer
          include distfiles.  They take up a lot of room that is
          better used for precompiled packages.  CD-ROM products such as
          the FreeBSD PowerPak do include distfiles, and you can
          order these sets from a vendor such as the <ulink
          url="http://www.freebsdmall.com/">FreeBSD Mall</ulink>.
          This section assumes you have such a FreeBSD CD-ROM
          set.</para>

        <para>Place your FreeBSD CD-ROM in the drive.  Mount it on
          <filename>/cdrom</filename>.  (If you use a different mount
          point, the install will not work.)  To begin, change to the
          directory for the port you want to install:</para>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof</userinput></screen>

        <para>Once inside the <filename>lsof</filename> directory,
          you will see the port
          skeleton.  The next step is to compile, or <quote>build</quote>, the
          port.  This is done by simply typing <command>make</command> at
          the prompt.  Once you have done so, you should see something
          like this:</para>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>make</userinput>
&gt;&gt; lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist in /usr/ports/distfiles/.
&gt;&gt; Attempting to fetch from file:/cdrom/ports/distfiles/.
===&gt;  Extracting for lsof-4.57
...
[extraction output snipped]
...
&gt;&gt; Checksum OK for lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz.
===&gt;  Patching for lsof-4.57
===&gt;  Applying FreeBSD patches for lsof-4.57
===&gt;  Configuring for lsof-4.57
...
[configure output snipped]
...
===&gt;  Building for lsof-4.57
...
[compilation output snipped]
...
&prompt.root;</screen>

        <para>Notice that once the compile is complete you are
          returned to your prompt.  The next step is to install the
          port.  In order to install it, you simply need to tack one word
          onto the <command>make</command> command, and that word is
          <command>install</command>:</para>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>make install</userinput>
===&gt;  Installing for lsof-4.57
...
[installation output snipped]
...
===&gt;   Generating temporary packing list
===&gt;   Compressing manual pages for lsof-4.57
===&gt;   Registering installation for lsof-4.57
===&gt;  SECURITY NOTE: 
      This port has installed the following binaries which execute with
      increased privileges.
&prompt.root;</screen>

        <para>Once you are returned to your prompt, you should be able to
          run the application you just installed.  Since 
          <command>lsof</command> is a
          program that runs with increased privileges, a security
          warning is shown.  During the building and installation of
          ports, you should take heed of any other warnings that
          may appear.</para>

        <note>
          <para>You can save an extra step by just running <command>make
            install</command> instead of <command>make</command> and
            <command>make install</command> as two separate steps.</para>
        </note>

        <note>
          <para>Some shells keep a cache of the commands that are
            available in the directories listed in the
            <envar>PATH</envar> environment variable, to speed up
            lookup operations for the executable file of these
            commands.  If you are using one of these shells, you might
            have to use the <command>rehash</command> command after
            installing a port, before the newly installed commands can
            be used.  This is true for both shells that are part of
            the base-system (such as <command>tcsh</command>) and
            shells that are available as ports (for instance,
            <filename role="package">shells/zsh</filename>).</para>
        </note>

        <note>
          <para>Please be aware that the licenses of a few ports do
            not allow for inclusion on the CD-ROM.  This could be
            because a registration form needs to be filled out before
            downloading or redistribution is not allowed, or for
            another reason.  If you wish to install a port not
            included on the CD-ROM, you will need to be online in
            order to do so (see the <link linkend="ports-inet">next
            section</link>).</para>
        </note>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="ports-inet">
      <title>Installing Ports from the Internet</title>

        <para>As with the last section, this section makes an
          assumption that you have a working Internet connection.  If
          you do not, you will need to perform the <link
          linkend="ports-cd">CD-ROM installation</link>, or put a copy
          of the distfile into
          <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename> manually.</para>

        <para>Installing a port from the Internet is done exactly the
          same way as it would be if you were installing from a
          CD-ROM.  The only difference between the two is that the
          distfile is downloaded from the Internet instead of read
          from the CD-ROM.</para>

        <para>The steps involved are identical:</para>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>make install</userinput>
&gt;&gt; lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist in /usr/ports/distfiles/.
&gt;&gt; Attempting to fetch from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/.
Receiving lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz (439860 bytes): 100%
439860 bytes transferred in 18.0 seconds (23.90 kBps)
===&gt;  Extracting for lsof-4.57
...
[extraction output snipped]
...
&gt;&gt; Checksum OK for lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz.
===&gt;  Patching for lsof-4.57
===&gt;  Applying FreeBSD patches for lsof-4.57
===&gt;  Configuring for lsof-4.57
...
[configure output snipped]
...
===&gt;  Building for lsof-4.57
...
[compilation output snipped]
...
===&gt;  Installing for lsof-4.57
...
[installation output snipped]
...
===&gt;   Generating temporary packing list
===&gt;   Compressing manual pages for lsof-4.57
===&gt;   Registering installation for lsof-4.57
===&gt;  SECURITY NOTE: 
      This port has installed the following binaries which execute with
      increased privileges.
&prompt.root;</screen>

        <para>As you can see, the only difference is the line that tells
          you where the system is fetching the port distfile from.</para>

        <para>The ports system uses &man.fetch.1; to download the
          files, which honors various environment variables, including
          <envar>FTP_PASSIVE_MODE</envar>, <envar>FTP_PROXY</envar>,
          and <envar>FTP_PASSWORD</envar>.  You may need to set one or
          more of these if you are behind a firewall, or need to use
          an FTP/HTTP proxy.  See &man.fetch.3; for the complete
          list.</para>

        <para>For users which cannot be connected all the time, the
          <command>make <maketarget>fetch</maketarget></command> option is
          provided.  Just run this command at the top level directory
          (<filename>/usr/ports</filename>) and the required files
          will be downloaded for you.  This command will also work in
          the lower level categories, for example:
          <filename>/usr/ports/net</filename>.
          Note that if a port depends on libraries or other ports this will
          <emphasis>not</emphasis> fetch the distfiles of those ports too.
          Replace <maketarget>fetch</maketarget> with
          <maketarget>fetch-recursive</maketarget>
          if you want to fetch all the dependencies of a port too.</para>

        <note><para>You can build all the ports in a category or as a
          whole by running <command>make</command> in the top level
          directory, just like the aforementioned <command>make
          <makevar>fetch</makevar></command> method.  This is
          dangerous, however, as some ports cannot co-exist.  In other
          cases, some ports can install two different files with the
          same filename.</para></note>

        <para>In some rare cases, users may need to acquire the
          tarballs from a site other than the
          <makevar>MASTER_SITES</makevar> (the location where files
          are downloaded from).  You can override the
          <makevar>MASTER_SITES</makevar> option with the following
          command:</para>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports/<replaceable>directory</replaceable></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE= \
ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/ fetch</userinput></screen>

        <para>In this example we change the
          <makevar>MASTER_SITES</makevar> option to <hostid
          role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/</hostid>.</para>

        <note><para>Some ports allow (or even require) you to provide build options
          which can enable/disable parts of the application which are
          unneeded, certain security options, and other
          customizations.  A few which come to mind are <filename
          role="package">www/mozilla</filename>, <filename
          role="package">security/gpgme</filename>, and <filename
          role="package">mail/sylpheed-claws</filename>.  A message
          will be displayed when options such as these are
          available.</para></note>
      </sect3>

      <sect3>
        <title>Overriding the Default Ports Directories</title>

        <para>Sometimes it is useful (or mandatory) to use a different
          distfiles and ports directory.  The
          <makevar>PORTSDIR</makevar> and <makevar>PREFIX</makevar>
          variables can override the default directories.  For
          example:</para>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>make PORTSDIR=/usr/home/example/ports install</userinput></screen>

        <para>will compile the port in
            <filename>/usr/home/example/ports</filename> and install
            everything under <filename>/usr/local</filename>.</para>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>make PREFIX=/usr/home/example/local install</userinput></screen>

        <para>will compile it in <filename>/usr/ports</filename> and
          install it in
          <filename>/usr/home/example/local</filename>.</para>

        <para>And of course,</para>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>make PORTSDIR=../ports PREFIX=../local install</userinput></screen>

        <para>will combine the two (it is too long to completely write
          on this page, but it should give you the general
          idea).</para>

        <para>Alternatively, these variables can also be set as part
          of your environment.  Read the manual page for your shell
          for instructions on doing so.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3>
        <title>Dealing with <command>imake</command></title>

        <para>Some ports that use <command>imake</command> (a part of
          the X Window System) do not work well with
          <makevar>PREFIX</makevar>, and will insist on installing
          under <filename>/usr/X11R6</filename>.  Similarly, some Perl
          ports ignore <makevar>PREFIX</makevar> and install in the
          Perl tree.  Making these ports respect
          <makevar>PREFIX</makevar> is a difficult or impossible
          job.</para>

      </sect3>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="ports-removing">
      <title>Removing Installed Ports</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>ports</primary>
        <secondary>removing</secondary>
      </indexterm>
      <para>Now that you know how to install ports, you are probably
        wondering how to remove them, just in case you install one and
        later on decide that you installed the wrong port.  
        We will remove our previous example (which was 
        <command>lsof</command> for
        those of you not paying attention).  As with installing ports,
        the first thing you must do is change to the port directory,
        <filename>/usr/ports/sysutils/lsof</filename>.  After you change
        directories, you are ready to uninstall <command>lsof</command>.
        This is done with
        the <command>make deinstall</command> command:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make deinstall</userinput>
===&gt;  Deinstalling for lsof-4.57</screen>

      <para>That was easy enough.  You have removed
        <command>lsof</command>
        from your system.  If you would like to reinstall it, you can do
        so by running <command>make reinstall</command> from the
        <filename>/usr/ports/sysutils/lsof</filename> directory.</para>

      <para>The <command>make deinstall</command> and <command>make
        reinstall</command> sequence does not work once you have run
        <command>make clean</command>.  If you want to deinstall a
        port after cleaning, use &man.pkg.delete.1; as
        discussed in the <link linkend="packages-using">Packages
        section of the Handbook</link>.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="ports-disk-space">
      <title>Ports and Disk Space</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>ports</primary>
        <secondary>disk-space</secondary>
      </indexterm>
      <para>Using the ports collection can defiantly eat up your disk
        space.  For this reason you should always remember to clean up
        the work directories using the <command>make
        <makevar>clean</makevar></command> option.  This will remove
        the <filename>work</filename> directory after a port has been
        built, and installed.  You can also remove the tar files from
        the <filename>distfiles</filename> directory, and remove the
        installed ports when their use has delimited.</para>

      <para>Some users choose to limit the port categories by placing an entry
        in the <filename>refuse</filename> file.  This way when they run the
        <application>CVSup</application> application, it will not download the
        files in that category.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="ports-upgrading">
      <title>Upgrading Ports</title>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>portupgrade</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
        <primary>ports</primary>
        <secondary>upgrading</secondary>
      </indexterm>
      <note>
        <para>Once you updated your ports collection, before
          attempting a port upgrade, you should check the
          <filename>/usr/ports/UPDATING</filename> file.  This file
          describes various issues and additional steps users may
          encounter and need to perform when updating a port.</para>
      </note>

      <para>Keeping your ports up to date can be a tedious job.  For
        instance, to upgrade a port you would go to the ports
        directory, build the port, deinstall the old port, install the
        new port, and then clean up after the build.  Imagine doing
        that for five ports, tedious right?  This was a large problem
        for system administrators to deal with, and now we have
        utilities which do this for us.  For instance the <filename
        role="package">sysutils/portupgrade</filename> utility will do
        everything for you!  Just install it like you would any other
        port, using the <command>make <makevar>install
        clean</makevar></command> command.</para>

      <para>Now create a database with the <command>pkgdb -F</command>
        command.  This will read the list of installed ports and
        create a database file in the <filename>/var/db/pkg</filename>
        directory.  Now when you run <command>portupgrade
        -a</command>, it will read this and the ports
        <filename>INDEX</filename> file.  Finally,
        <application>portupgrade</application> will begin to download, build,
        backup, install, and clean the ports which have been updated.
        <application>portupgrade</application> comes with a lot of options
        for different use cases, the most important ones will be presented
        below.</para>

      <para>If you want to upgrade only a certain application, not the
        complete database, use <command>portupgrade
        <replaceable>pkgname</replaceable></command>, 
        include the flags <option>-r</option> if
        <application>portupgrade</application> should act on all
        those packages depending on the given package as well, and
        <option>-R</option> to act on all packages required by
        the given packages.
        To use packages instead of ports for installation, provide
        <option>-P</option> and to just fetch distfiles without
        building or installing anything, use <option>-F</option>.
        For further information see &man.portupgrade.1;.</para>

      <note>
        <para>It is important to regularly update the package database using
          <command>pkgdb -F</command> to fix inconsistencies, especially when 
          <application>portupgrade</application> asks you to.  Do not abort
          <application>portupgrade</application> while it is updating the
          package database, this will leave you an inconsistent
          database.</para>
      </note>

      <para>Other utilities exist which will do this, check out the
        <filename>ports/sysutils</filename> directory and see what you
        come up with.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="ports-nextsteps">
    <title>Post-installation Activities</title>

    <para>After installing a new application you will normally want to
      read any documentation it may have included, edit any
      configuration files that are required, ensure that the
      application starts at boot time (if it is a daemon), and so
      on.</para>

    <para>The exact steps you need to take to configure each
      application will obviously be different.  However, if you have
      just installed a new application and are wondering <quote>What
      now?</quote> these tips might help:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>Use &man.pkg.info.1; to find out which files were installed,
          and where.  For example, if you have just
          installed FooPackage version 1.0.0, then this command</para>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_info -L foopackage-1.0.0 | less</userinput></screen>

        <para>will show all the files installed by the package.  Pay
          special attention to files in <filename>man/</filename>
          directories, which will be manual pages,
          <filename>etc/</filename> directories, which will be
          configuration files, and <filename>doc/</filename>, which
          will be more comprehensive documentation.</para>

        <para>If you are not sure which version of the application was
          just installed, a command like this</para>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_info | grep -i <replaceable>foopackage</replaceable></userinput></screen>

        <para>will find all the installed packages that have
          <replaceable>foopackage</replaceable> in the package name.
          Replace <replaceable>foopackage</replaceable> in your
          command line as necessary.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>Once you have identified where the application's manual
          pages have been installed, review them using &man.man.1;.
          Similarly, look over the sample configuration files, and any
          additional documentation that may have been provided.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>If the application has a web site, check it for
          additional documentation, frequently asked questions, and so
          forth.  If you are not sure of the web site address it may
          be listed in the output from</para>

        <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_info <replaceable>foopackage-1.0.0</replaceable></userinput></screen>
        
        <para>A <literal>WWW:</literal> line, if present, should provide a URL
          for the application's web site.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>Ports that should start at boot (such as Internet
          servers) will usually install a sample script in
          <filename>/usr/local/etc/rc.d</filename>.  You should
          review this script for correctness and edit or rename it if
          needed.  See <link
          linkend="configtuning-starting-services">Starting
          Services</link> for more information.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="ports-broken">
    <title>Dealing with Broken Ports</title>

      <para>If you come across a port that does not work for you,
        there are a few things you can do, including:</para>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Fix it!  The <ulink
            url="../porters-handbook/index.html">Porter's
            Handbook</ulink> includes detailed information on the
            <quote>Ports</quote> infrastructure so that you can fix the occasional
            broken port or even submit your own!</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Gripe&mdash;<emphasis>by email only</emphasis>!  Send
            email to the maintainer of the port first.  Type
            <command>make maintainer</command> or read the
            <filename>Makefile</filename> to find the maintainer's
            email address.  Remember to include the name and version
            of the port (send the <literal>&dollar;FreeBSD:</literal>
            line from the <filename>Makefile</filename>) and the
            output leading up to the error when you email the
            maintainer.  If you do not get a response from the
            maintainer, you can use &man.send-pr.1; to submit a bug
            report.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Grab the package from an FTP site near you.  The
            <quote>master</quote> package collection is on <hostid
            role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org</hostid> in the <ulink
            url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/packages/">packages
            directory</ulink>, but be sure to check your local mirror
            <emphasis>first</emphasis>!  These are more likely to work
            than trying to compile from source and are a lot faster as
            well.  Use the &man.pkg.add.1; program to install the
            package on your system.</para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
  </sect1>

</chapter>

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