nmalloc - Optimize initialization function out of hot path

[dragonfly.git] / lib / libc / stdlib / nmalloc.c

/*
 * NMALLOC.C    - New Malloc (ported from kernel slab allocator)
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2003,2004,2009,2010 The DragonFly Project. All rights reserved.
 *
 * This code is derived from software contributed to The DragonFly Project
 * by Matthew Dillon <dillon@backplane.com> and by 
 * Venkatesh Srinivas <me@endeavour.zapto.org>.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 *
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
 *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
 *    distribution.
 * 3. Neither the name of The DragonFly Project nor the names of its
 *    contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
 *    from this software without specific, prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 * ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
 * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
 * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
 * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
 * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
 * AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
 * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
 * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 * $Id: nmalloc.c,v 1.37 2010/07/23 08:20:35 vsrinivas Exp $
 */
/*
 * This module implements a slab allocator drop-in replacement for the
 * libc malloc().
 *
 * A slab allocator reserves a ZONE for each chunk size, then lays the
 * chunks out in an array within the zone.  Allocation and deallocation
 * is nearly instantaneous, and overhead losses are limited to a fixed
 * worst-case amount.
 *
 * The slab allocator does not have to pre-initialize the list of
 * free chunks for each zone, and the underlying VM will not be
 * touched at all beyond the zone header until an actual allocation
 * needs it.
 *
 * Slab management and locking is done on a per-zone basis.
 *
 *      Alloc Size      Chunking        Number of zones
 *      0-127           8               16
 *      128-255         16              8
 *      256-511         32              8
 *      512-1023        64              8
 *      1024-2047       128             8
 *      2048-4095       256             8
 *      4096-8191       512             8
 *      8192-16383      1024            8
 *      16384-32767     2048            8
 *
 *      Allocations >= ZoneLimit (16K) go directly to mmap and a hash table
 *      is used to locate for free.  One and Two-page allocations use the
 *      zone mechanic to avoid excessive mmap()/munmap() calls.
 *
 *                         API FEATURES AND SIDE EFFECTS
 *
 *    + power-of-2 sized allocations up to a page will be power-of-2 aligned.
 *      Above that power-of-2 sized allocations are page-aligned.  Non
 *      power-of-2 sized allocations are aligned the same as the chunk
 *      size for their zone.
 *    + malloc(0) returns a special non-NULL value
 *    + ability to allocate arbitrarily large chunks of memory
 *    + realloc will reuse the passed pointer if possible, within the
 *      limitations of the zone chunking.
 *
 * Multithreaded enhancements for small allocations introduced August 2010.
 * These are in the spirit of 'libumem'. See:
 *      Bonwick, J.; Adams, J. (2001). "Magazines and Vmem: Extending the
 *      slab allocator to many CPUs and arbitrary resources". In Proc. 2001 
 *      USENIX Technical Conference. USENIX Association.
 *
 * TUNING
 *
 * The value of the environment variable MALLOC_OPTIONS is a character string
 * containing various flags to tune nmalloc.
 *
 * 'U'   / ['u']        Generate / do not generate utrace entries for ktrace(1)
 *                      This will generate utrace events for all malloc, 
 *                      realloc, and free calls. There are tools (mtrplay) to
 *                      replay and allocation pattern or to graph heap structure
 *                      (mtrgraph) which can interpret these logs.
 * 'Z'   / ['z']        Zero out / do not zero all allocations.
 *                      Each new byte of memory allocated by malloc, realloc, or
 *                      reallocf will be initialized to 0. This is intended for
 *                      debugging and will affect performance negatively.
 * 'H'  /  ['h']        Pass a hint to the kernel about pages unused by the
 *                      allocation functions. 
 */

/* cc -shared -fPIC -g -O -I/usr/src/lib/libc/include -o nmalloc.so nmalloc.c */

#include "libc_private.h"

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/queue.h>
#include <sys/uio.h>
#include <sys/ktrace.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <pthread.h>

#include "spinlock.h"
#include "un-namespace.h"

/*
 * Linked list of large allocations
 */
typedef struct bigalloc {
        struct bigalloc *next;  /* hash link */
        void    *base;          /* base pointer */
        u_long  bytes;          /* bytes allocated */
} *bigalloc_t;

/*
 * Note that any allocations which are exact multiples of PAGE_SIZE, or
 * which are >= ZALLOC_ZONE_LIMIT, will fall through to the kmem subsystem.
 */
#define ZALLOC_ZONE_LIMIT       (16 * 1024)     /* max slab-managed alloc */
#define ZALLOC_MIN_ZONE_SIZE    (32 * 1024)     /* minimum zone size */
#define ZALLOC_MAX_ZONE_SIZE    (128 * 1024)    /* maximum zone size */
#define ZALLOC_ZONE_SIZE        (64 * 1024)
#define ZALLOC_SLAB_MAGIC       0x736c6162      /* magic sanity */
#define ZALLOC_SLAB_SLIDE       20              /* L1-cache skip */

#if ZALLOC_ZONE_LIMIT == 16384
#define NZONES                  72
#elif ZALLOC_ZONE_LIMIT == 32768
#define NZONES                  80
#else
#error "I couldn't figure out NZONES"
#endif

/*
 * Chunk structure for free elements
 */
typedef struct slchunk {
        struct slchunk *c_Next;
} *slchunk_t;

/*
 * The IN-BAND zone header is placed at the beginning of each zone.
 */
struct slglobaldata;

typedef struct slzone {
        int32_t         z_Magic;        /* magic number for sanity check */
        int             z_NFree;        /* total free chunks / ualloc space */
        struct slzone *z_Next;          /* ZoneAry[] link if z_NFree non-zero */
        int             z_NMax;         /* maximum free chunks */
        char            *z_BasePtr;     /* pointer to start of chunk array */
        int             z_UIndex;       /* current initial allocation index */
        int             z_UEndIndex;    /* last (first) allocation index */
        int             z_ChunkSize;    /* chunk size for validation */
        int             z_FirstFreePg;  /* chunk list on a page-by-page basis */
        int             z_ZoneIndex;
        int             z_Flags;
        struct slchunk *z_PageAry[ZALLOC_ZONE_SIZE / PAGE_SIZE];
#if defined(INVARIANTS)
        __uint32_t      z_Bitmap[];     /* bitmap of free chunks / sanity */
#endif
} *slzone_t;

typedef struct slglobaldata {
        spinlock_t      Spinlock;
        slzone_t        ZoneAry[NZONES];/* linked list of zones NFree > 0 */
        int             JunkIndex;
} *slglobaldata_t;

#define SLZF_UNOTZEROD          0x0001

#define FASTSLABREALLOC         0x02

/*
 * Misc constants.  Note that allocations that are exact multiples of
 * PAGE_SIZE, or exceed the zone limit, fall through to the kmem module.
 * IN_SAME_PAGE_MASK is used to sanity-check the per-page free lists.
 */
#define MIN_CHUNK_SIZE          8               /* in bytes */
#define MIN_CHUNK_MASK          (MIN_CHUNK_SIZE - 1)
#define IN_SAME_PAGE_MASK       (~(intptr_t)PAGE_MASK | MIN_CHUNK_MASK)

/*
 * The WEIRD_ADDR is used as known text to copy into free objects to
 * try to create deterministic failure cases if the data is accessed after
 * free.
 *
 * WARNING: A limited number of spinlocks are available, BIGXSIZE should
 *          not be larger then 64.
 */
#define WEIRD_ADDR      0xdeadc0de
#define MAX_COPY        sizeof(weirdary)
#define ZERO_LENGTH_PTR ((void *)&malloc_dummy_pointer)

#define BIGHSHIFT       10                      /* bigalloc hash table */
#define BIGHSIZE        (1 << BIGHSHIFT)
#define BIGHMASK        (BIGHSIZE - 1)
#define BIGXSIZE        (BIGHSIZE / 16)         /* bigalloc lock table */
#define BIGXMASK        (BIGXSIZE - 1)

#define SAFLAG_ZERO     0x0001
#define SAFLAG_PASSIVE  0x0002

/*
 * Thread control
 */

#define arysize(ary)    (sizeof(ary)/sizeof((ary)[0]))

#define MASSERT(exp)    do { if (__predict_false(!(exp)))       \
                                _mpanic("assertion: %s in %s",  \
                                #exp, __func__);                \
                            } while (0)

/*
 * Magazines 
 */

#define M_MAX_ROUNDS    64
#define M_ZONE_ROUNDS   64
#define M_LOW_ROUNDS    32
#define M_INIT_ROUNDS   8
#define M_BURST_FACTOR  8
#define M_BURST_NSCALE  2

#define M_BURST         0x0001
#define M_BURST_EARLY   0x0002

struct magazine {
        SLIST_ENTRY(magazine) nextmagazine;

        int             flags;
        int             capacity;       /* Max rounds in this magazine */
        int             rounds;         /* Current number of free rounds */ 
        int             burst_factor;   /* Number of blocks to prefill with */
        int             low_factor;     /* Free till low_factor from full mag */
        void            *objects[M_MAX_ROUNDS];
};

SLIST_HEAD(magazinelist, magazine);

static spinlock_t zone_mag_lock;
static struct magazine zone_magazine = {
        .flags = M_BURST | M_BURST_EARLY,
        .capacity = M_ZONE_ROUNDS,
        .rounds = 0,
        .burst_factor = M_BURST_FACTOR,
        .low_factor = M_LOW_ROUNDS
};

#define MAGAZINE_FULL(mp)       (mp->rounds == mp->capacity)
#define MAGAZINE_NOTFULL(mp)    (mp->rounds < mp->capacity)
#define MAGAZINE_EMPTY(mp)      (mp->rounds == 0)
#define MAGAZINE_NOTEMPTY(mp)   (mp->rounds != 0)

/* Each thread will have a pair of magazines per size-class (NZONES)
 * The loaded magazine will support immediate allocations, the previous
 * magazine will either be full or empty and can be swapped at need */
typedef struct magazine_pair {
        struct magazine *loaded;
        struct magazine *prev;
} magazine_pair;

/* A depot is a collection of magazines for a single zone. */
typedef struct magazine_depot {
        struct magazinelist full;
        struct magazinelist empty;
        spinlock_t      lock;
} magazine_depot;

typedef struct thr_mags {
        magazine_pair   mags[NZONES];
        struct magazine *newmag;
        int             init;
} thr_mags;

/* With this attribute set, do not require a function call for accessing
 * this variable when the code is compiled -fPIC */
#define TLS_ATTRIBUTE __attribute__ ((tls_model ("initial-exec")));

static int mtmagazine_free_live;
static __thread thr_mags thread_mags TLS_ATTRIBUTE;
static pthread_key_t thread_mags_key;
static pthread_once_t thread_mags_once = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
static magazine_depot depots[NZONES];

/*
 * Fixed globals (not per-cpu)
 */
static const int ZoneSize = ZALLOC_ZONE_SIZE;
static const int ZoneLimit = ZALLOC_ZONE_LIMIT;
static const int ZonePageCount = ZALLOC_ZONE_SIZE / PAGE_SIZE;
static const int ZoneMask = ZALLOC_ZONE_SIZE - 1;

static int opt_madvise = 0;
static int opt_utrace = 0;
static int malloc_started = 0;
static int g_malloc_flags = 0;
static spinlock_t malloc_init_lock;
static struct slglobaldata      SLGlobalData;
static bigalloc_t bigalloc_array[BIGHSIZE];
static spinlock_t bigspin_array[BIGXSIZE];
static int malloc_panic;
static int malloc_dummy_pointer;

static const int32_t weirdary[16] = {
        WEIRD_ADDR, WEIRD_ADDR, WEIRD_ADDR, WEIRD_ADDR,
        WEIRD_ADDR, WEIRD_ADDR, WEIRD_ADDR, WEIRD_ADDR,
        WEIRD_ADDR, WEIRD_ADDR, WEIRD_ADDR, WEIRD_ADDR,
        WEIRD_ADDR, WEIRD_ADDR, WEIRD_ADDR, WEIRD_ADDR
};

static void *_slaballoc(size_t size, int flags);
static void *_slabrealloc(void *ptr, size_t size);
static void _slabfree(void *ptr, int, bigalloc_t *);
static void *_vmem_alloc(size_t bytes, size_t align, int flags);
static void _vmem_free(void *ptr, size_t bytes);
static void *magazine_alloc(struct magazine *, int *);
static int magazine_free(struct magazine *, void *);
static void *mtmagazine_alloc(int zi);
static int mtmagazine_free(int zi, void *);
static void mtmagazine_init(void);
static void mtmagazine_destructor(void *);
static slzone_t zone_alloc(int flags);
static void zone_free(void *z);
static void _mpanic(const char *ctl, ...);
static void malloc_init(void) __constructor(0);
#if defined(INVARIANTS)
static void chunk_mark_allocated(slzone_t z, void *chunk);
static void chunk_mark_free(slzone_t z, void *chunk);
#endif

struct nmalloc_utrace {
        void *p;
        size_t s;
        void *r;
};

#define UTRACE(a, b, c)                                         \
        if (opt_utrace) {                                       \
                struct nmalloc_utrace ut = {                    \
                        .p = (a),                               \
                        .s = (b),                               \
                        .r = (c)                                \
                };                                              \
                utrace(&ut, sizeof(ut));                        \
        }

#ifdef INVARIANTS
/*
 * If enabled any memory allocated without M_ZERO is initialized to -1.
 */
static int  use_malloc_pattern;
#endif

static void
malloc_init(void)
{
        const char *p = NULL;

        if (__isthreaded) {
                _SPINLOCK(&malloc_init_lock);
                if (malloc_started) {
                        _SPINUNLOCK(&malloc_init_lock);
                        return;
                }
        }

        if (issetugid() == 0) 
                p = getenv("MALLOC_OPTIONS");

        for (; p != NULL && *p != '\0'; p++) {
                switch(*p) {
                case 'u':       opt_utrace = 0; break;
                case 'U':       opt_utrace = 1; break;
                case 'h':       opt_madvise = 0; break;
                case 'H':       opt_madvise = 1; break;
                case 'z':       g_malloc_flags = 0; break;
                case 'Z':       g_malloc_flags = SAFLAG_ZERO; break;
                default:
                        break;
                }
        }

        malloc_started = 1;

        if (__isthreaded)
                _SPINUNLOCK(&malloc_init_lock);

        UTRACE((void *) -1, 0, NULL);
}

/*
 * We have to install a handler for nmalloc thread teardowns when
 * the thread is created.  We cannot delay this because destructors in
 * sophisticated userland programs can call malloc() for the first time
 * during their thread exit.
 *
 * This routine is called directly from pthreads.
 */
void
_nmalloc_thr_init(void)
{
        thr_mags *tp;

        /*
         * Disallow mtmagazine operations until the mtmagazine is
         * initialized.
         */
        tp = &thread_mags;
        tp->init = -1;

        pthread_setspecific(thread_mags_key, tp);
        if (mtmagazine_free_live == 0) {
                mtmagazine_free_live = 1;
                pthread_once(&thread_mags_once, mtmagazine_init);
        }
        tp->init = 1;
}

/*
 * Thread locks.
 */
static __inline void
slgd_lock(slglobaldata_t slgd)
{
        if (__isthreaded)
                _SPINLOCK(&slgd->Spinlock);
}

static __inline void
slgd_unlock(slglobaldata_t slgd)
{
        if (__isthreaded)
                _SPINUNLOCK(&slgd->Spinlock);
}

static __inline void
depot_lock(magazine_depot *dp) 
{
        if (__isthreaded)
                _SPINLOCK(&dp->lock);
}

static __inline void
depot_unlock(magazine_depot *dp)
{
        if (__isthreaded)
                _SPINUNLOCK(&dp->lock);
}

static __inline void
zone_magazine_lock(void)
{
        if (__isthreaded)
                _SPINLOCK(&zone_mag_lock);
}

static __inline void
zone_magazine_unlock(void)
{
        if (__isthreaded)
                _SPINUNLOCK(&zone_mag_lock);
}

static __inline void
swap_mags(magazine_pair *mp)
{
        struct magazine *tmp;
        tmp = mp->loaded;
        mp->loaded = mp->prev;
        mp->prev = tmp;
}

/*
 * bigalloc hashing and locking support.
 *
 * Return an unmasked hash code for the passed pointer.
 */
static __inline int
_bigalloc_hash(void *ptr)
{
        int hv;

        hv = ((int)(intptr_t)ptr >> PAGE_SHIFT) ^
              ((int)(intptr_t)ptr >> (PAGE_SHIFT + BIGHSHIFT));

        return(hv);
}

/*
 * Lock the hash chain and return a pointer to its base for the specified
 * address.
 */
static __inline bigalloc_t *
bigalloc_lock(void *ptr)
{
        int hv = _bigalloc_hash(ptr);
        bigalloc_t *bigp;

        bigp = &bigalloc_array[hv & BIGHMASK];
        if (__isthreaded)
                _SPINLOCK(&bigspin_array[hv & BIGXMASK]);
        return(bigp);
}

/*
 * Lock the hash chain and return a pointer to its base for the specified
 * address.
 *
 * BUT, if the hash chain is empty, just return NULL and do not bother
 * to lock anything.
 */
static __inline bigalloc_t *
bigalloc_check_and_lock(void *ptr)
{
        int hv = _bigalloc_hash(ptr);
        bigalloc_t *bigp;

        bigp = &bigalloc_array[hv & BIGHMASK];
        if (*bigp == NULL)
                return(NULL);
        if (__isthreaded) {
                _SPINLOCK(&bigspin_array[hv & BIGXMASK]);
        }
        return(bigp);
}

static __inline void
bigalloc_unlock(void *ptr)
{
        int hv;

        if (__isthreaded) {
                hv = _bigalloc_hash(ptr);
                _SPINUNLOCK(&bigspin_array[hv & BIGXMASK]);
        }
}

/*
 * Calculate the zone index for the allocation request size and set the
 * allocation request size to that particular zone's chunk size.
 */
static __inline int
zoneindex(size_t *bytes, size_t *chunking)
{
        size_t n = (unsigned int)*bytes;        /* unsigned for shift opt */
        if (n < 128) {
                *bytes = n = (n + 7) & ~7;
                *chunking = 8;
                return(n / 8 - 1);              /* 8 byte chunks, 16 zones */
        }
        if (n < 256) {
                *bytes = n = (n + 15) & ~15;
                *chunking = 16;
                return(n / 16 + 7);
        }
        if (n < 8192) {
                if (n < 512) {
                        *bytes = n = (n + 31) & ~31;
                        *chunking = 32;
                        return(n / 32 + 15);
                }
                if (n < 1024) {
                        *bytes = n = (n + 63) & ~63;
                        *chunking = 64;
                        return(n / 64 + 23);
                }
                if (n < 2048) {
                        *bytes = n = (n + 127) & ~127;
                        *chunking = 128;
                        return(n / 128 + 31);
                }
                if (n < 4096) {
                        *bytes = n = (n + 255) & ~255;
                        *chunking = 256;
                        return(n / 256 + 39);
                }
                *bytes = n = (n + 511) & ~511;
                *chunking = 512;
                return(n / 512 + 47);
        }
#if ZALLOC_ZONE_LIMIT > 8192
        if (n < 16384) {
                *bytes = n = (n + 1023) & ~1023;
                *chunking = 1024;
                return(n / 1024 + 55);
        }
#endif
#if ZALLOC_ZONE_LIMIT > 16384
        if (n < 32768) {
                *bytes = n = (n + 2047) & ~2047;
                *chunking = 2048;
                return(n / 2048 + 63);
        }
#endif
        _mpanic("Unexpected byte count %d", n);
        return(0);
}

/*
 * malloc() - call internal slab allocator
 */
void *
malloc(size_t size)
{
        void *ptr;

        ptr = _slaballoc(size, 0);
        if (ptr == NULL)
                errno = ENOMEM;
        else
                UTRACE(0, size, ptr);
        return(ptr);
}

/*
 * calloc() - call internal slab allocator
 */
void *
calloc(size_t number, size_t size)
{
        void *ptr;

        ptr = _slaballoc(number * size, SAFLAG_ZERO);
        if (ptr == NULL)
                errno = ENOMEM;
        else
                UTRACE(0, number * size, ptr);
        return(ptr);
}

/*
 * realloc() (SLAB ALLOCATOR)
 *
 * We do not attempt to optimize this routine beyond reusing the same
 * pointer if the new size fits within the chunking of the old pointer's
 * zone.
 */
void *
realloc(void *ptr, size_t size)
{
        void *ret;
        ret = _slabrealloc(ptr, size);
        if (ret == NULL)
                errno = ENOMEM;
        else
                UTRACE(ptr, size, ret);
        return(ret);
}

/*
 * posix_memalign()
 *
 * Allocate (size) bytes with a alignment of (alignment), where (alignment)
 * is a power of 2 >= sizeof(void *).
 *
 * The slab allocator will allocate on power-of-2 boundaries up to
 * at least PAGE_SIZE.  We use the zoneindex mechanic to find a
 * zone matching the requirements, and _vmem_alloc() otherwise.
 */
int
posix_memalign(void **memptr, size_t alignment, size_t size)
{
        bigalloc_t *bigp;
        bigalloc_t big;
        size_t chunking;
        int zi;

        /*
         * OpenGroup spec issue 6 checks
         */
        if ((alignment | (alignment - 1)) + 1 != (alignment << 1)) {
                *memptr = NULL;
                return(EINVAL);
        }
        if (alignment < sizeof(void *)) {
                *memptr = NULL;
                return(EINVAL);
        }

        /*
         * Our zone mechanism guarantees same-sized alignment for any
         * power-of-2 allocation.  If size is a power-of-2 and reasonable
         * we can just call _slaballoc() and be done.  We round size up
         * to the nearest alignment boundary to improve our odds of
         * it becoming a power-of-2 if it wasn't before.
         */
        if (size <= alignment)
                size = alignment;
        else
                size = (size + alignment - 1) & ~(size_t)(alignment - 1);
        if (size < PAGE_SIZE && (size | (size - 1)) + 1 == (size << 1)) {
                *memptr = _slaballoc(size, 0);
                return(*memptr ? 0 : ENOMEM);
        }

        /*
         * Otherwise locate a zone with a chunking that matches
         * the requested alignment, within reason.   Consider two cases:
         *
         * (1) A 1K allocation on a 32-byte alignment.  The first zoneindex
         *     we find will be the best fit because the chunking will be
         *     greater or equal to the alignment.
         *
         * (2) A 513 allocation on a 256-byte alignment.  In this case
         *     the first zoneindex we find will be for 576 byte allocations
         *     with a chunking of 64, which is not sufficient.  To fix this
         *     we simply find the nearest power-of-2 >= size and use the
         *     same side-effect of _slaballoc() which guarantees
         *     same-alignment on a power-of-2 allocation.
         */
        if (size < PAGE_SIZE) {
                zi = zoneindex(&size, &chunking);
                if (chunking >= alignment) {
                        *memptr = _slaballoc(size, 0);
                        return(*memptr ? 0 : ENOMEM);
                }
                if (size >= 1024)
                        alignment = 1024;
                if (size >= 16384)
                        alignment = 16384;
                while (alignment < size)
                        alignment <<= 1;
                *memptr = _slaballoc(alignment, 0);
                return(*memptr ? 0 : ENOMEM);
        }

        /*
         * If the slab allocator cannot handle it use vmem_alloc().
         *
         * Alignment must be adjusted up to at least PAGE_SIZE in this case.
         */
        if (alignment < PAGE_SIZE)
                alignment = PAGE_SIZE;
        if (size < alignment)
                size = alignment;
        size = (size + PAGE_MASK) & ~(size_t)PAGE_MASK;
        *memptr = _vmem_alloc(size, alignment, 0);
        if (*memptr == NULL)
                return(ENOMEM);

        big = _slaballoc(sizeof(struct bigalloc), 0);
        if (big == NULL) {
                _vmem_free(*memptr, size);
                *memptr = NULL;
                return(ENOMEM);
        }
        bigp = bigalloc_lock(*memptr);
        big->base = *memptr;
        big->bytes = size;
        big->next = *bigp;
        *bigp = big;
        bigalloc_unlock(*memptr);

        return(0);
}

/*
 * free() (SLAB ALLOCATOR) - do the obvious
 */
void
free(void *ptr)
{
        UTRACE(ptr, 0, 0);
        _slabfree(ptr, 0, NULL);
}

/*
 * _slaballoc() (SLAB ALLOCATOR)
 *
 *      Allocate memory via the slab allocator.  If the request is too large,
 *      or if it page-aligned beyond a certain size, we fall back to the
 *      KMEM subsystem
 */
static void *
_slaballoc(size_t size, int flags)
{
        slzone_t z;
        slchunk_t chunk;
        slglobaldata_t slgd;
        size_t chunking;
        int zi;
#ifdef INVARIANTS
        int i;
#endif
        int off;
        void *obj;

        /*
         * Handle the degenerate size == 0 case.  Yes, this does happen.
         * Return a special pointer.  This is to maintain compatibility with
         * the original malloc implementation.  Certain devices, such as the
         * adaptec driver, not only allocate 0 bytes, they check for NULL and
         * also realloc() later on.  Joy.
         */
        if (size == 0)
                return(ZERO_LENGTH_PTR);

        /* Capture global flags */
        flags |= g_malloc_flags;

        /*
         * Handle large allocations directly.  There should not be very many
         * of these so performance is not a big issue.
         *
         * The backend allocator is pretty nasty on a SMP system.   Use the
         * slab allocator for one and two page-sized chunks even though we
         * lose some efficiency.
         */
        if (size >= ZoneLimit ||
            ((size & PAGE_MASK) == 0 && size > PAGE_SIZE*2)) {
                bigalloc_t big;
                bigalloc_t *bigp;

                size = (size + PAGE_MASK) & ~(size_t)PAGE_MASK;
                chunk = _vmem_alloc(size, PAGE_SIZE, flags);
                if (chunk == NULL)
                        return(NULL);

                big = _slaballoc(sizeof(struct bigalloc), 0);
                if (big == NULL) {
                        _vmem_free(chunk, size);
                        return(NULL);
                }
                bigp = bigalloc_lock(chunk);
                big->base = chunk;
                big->bytes = size;
                big->next = *bigp;
                *bigp = big;
                bigalloc_unlock(chunk);

                return(chunk);
        }

        /* Compute allocation zone; zoneindex will panic on excessive sizes */
        zi = zoneindex(&size, &chunking);
        MASSERT(zi < NZONES);

        obj = mtmagazine_alloc(zi);
        if (obj != NULL) {
                if (flags & SAFLAG_ZERO)
                        bzero(obj, size);
                return (obj);
        }

        slgd = &SLGlobalData;
        slgd_lock(slgd);

        /*
         * Attempt to allocate out of an existing zone.  If all zones are
         * exhausted pull one off the free list or allocate a new one.
         */
        if ((z = slgd->ZoneAry[zi]) == NULL) {
                z = zone_alloc(flags);
                if (z == NULL)
                        goto fail;

                /*
                 * How big is the base structure?
                 */
#if defined(INVARIANTS)
                /*
                 * Make room for z_Bitmap.  An exact calculation is
                 * somewhat more complicated so don't make an exact
                 * calculation.
                 */
                off = offsetof(struct slzone,
                                z_Bitmap[(ZoneSize / size + 31) / 32]);
                bzero(z->z_Bitmap, (ZoneSize / size + 31) / 8);
#else
                off = sizeof(struct slzone);
#endif

                /*
                 * Align the storage in the zone based on the chunking.
                 *
                 * Guarantee power-of-2 alignment for power-of-2-sized
                 * chunks.  Otherwise align based on the chunking size
                 * (typically 8 or 16 bytes for small allocations).
                 *
                 * NOTE: Allocations >= ZoneLimit are governed by the
                 * bigalloc code and typically only guarantee page-alignment.
                 *
                 * Set initial conditions for UIndex near the zone header
                 * to reduce unecessary page faults, vs semi-randomization
                 * to improve L1 cache saturation.
                 */
                if ((size | (size - 1)) + 1 == (size << 1))
                        off = (off + size - 1) & ~(size - 1);
                else
                        off = (off + chunking - 1) & ~(chunking - 1);
                z->z_Magic = ZALLOC_SLAB_MAGIC;
                z->z_ZoneIndex = zi;
                z->z_NMax = (ZoneSize - off) / size;
                z->z_NFree = z->z_NMax;
                z->z_BasePtr = (char *)z + off;
                z->z_UIndex = z->z_UEndIndex = 0;
                z->z_ChunkSize = size;
                z->z_FirstFreePg = ZonePageCount;
                z->z_Next = slgd->ZoneAry[zi];
                slgd->ZoneAry[zi] = z;
                if ((z->z_Flags & SLZF_UNOTZEROD) == 0) {
                        flags &= ~SAFLAG_ZERO;  /* already zero'd */
                        flags |= SAFLAG_PASSIVE;
                }

                /*
                 * Slide the base index for initial allocations out of the
                 * next zone we create so we do not over-weight the lower
                 * part of the cpu memory caches.
                 */
                slgd->JunkIndex = (slgd->JunkIndex + ZALLOC_SLAB_SLIDE)
                                        & (ZALLOC_MAX_ZONE_SIZE - 1);
        }

        /*
         * Ok, we have a zone from which at least one chunk is available.
         *
         * Remove us from the ZoneAry[] when we become empty
         */
        MASSERT(z->z_NFree > 0);

        if (--z->z_NFree == 0) {
                slgd->ZoneAry[zi] = z->z_Next;
                z->z_Next = NULL;
        }

        /*
         * Locate a chunk in a free page.  This attempts to localize
         * reallocations into earlier pages without us having to sort
         * the chunk list.  A chunk may still overlap a page boundary.
         */
        while (z->z_FirstFreePg < ZonePageCount) {
                if ((chunk = z->z_PageAry[z->z_FirstFreePg]) != NULL) {
#ifdef DIAGNOSTIC
                        /*
                         * Diagnostic: c_Next is not total garbage.
                         */
                        MASSERT(chunk->c_Next == NULL ||
                            ((intptr_t)chunk->c_Next & IN_SAME_PAGE_MASK) ==
                            ((intptr_t)chunk & IN_SAME_PAGE_MASK));
#endif
#ifdef INVARIANTS
                        chunk_mark_allocated(z, chunk);
#endif
                        MASSERT((uintptr_t)chunk & ZoneMask);
                        z->z_PageAry[z->z_FirstFreePg] = chunk->c_Next;
                        goto done;
                }
                ++z->z_FirstFreePg;
        }

        /*
         * No chunks are available but NFree said we had some memory,
         * so it must be available in the never-before-used-memory
         * area governed by UIndex.  The consequences are very
         * serious if our zone got corrupted so we use an explicit
         * panic rather then a KASSERT.
         */
        chunk = (slchunk_t)(z->z_BasePtr + z->z_UIndex * size);

        if (++z->z_UIndex == z->z_NMax)
                z->z_UIndex = 0;
        if (z->z_UIndex == z->z_UEndIndex) {
                if (z->z_NFree != 0)
                        _mpanic("slaballoc: corrupted zone");
        }

        if ((z->z_Flags & SLZF_UNOTZEROD) == 0) {
                flags &= ~SAFLAG_ZERO;
                flags |= SAFLAG_PASSIVE;
        }
#if defined(INVARIANTS)
        chunk_mark_allocated(z, chunk);
#endif

done:
        slgd_unlock(slgd);
        if (flags & SAFLAG_ZERO) {
                bzero(chunk, size);
#ifdef INVARIANTS
        } else if ((flags & (SAFLAG_ZERO|SAFLAG_PASSIVE)) == 0) {
                if (use_malloc_pattern) {
                        for (i = 0; i < size; i += sizeof(int)) {
                                *(int *)((char *)chunk + i) = -1;
                        }
                }
                /* avoid accidental double-free check */
                chunk->c_Next = (void *)-1;
#endif
        }
        return(chunk);
fail:
        slgd_unlock(slgd);
        return(NULL);
}

/*
 * Reallocate memory within the chunk
 */
static void *
_slabrealloc(void *ptr, size_t size)
{
        bigalloc_t *bigp;
        void *nptr;
        slzone_t z;
        size_t chunking;

        if (ptr == NULL || ptr == ZERO_LENGTH_PTR) {
                return(_slaballoc(size, 0));
        }

        if (size == 0) {
                free(ptr);
                return(ZERO_LENGTH_PTR);
        }

        /*
         * Handle oversized allocations. 
         */
        if ((bigp = bigalloc_check_and_lock(ptr)) != NULL) {
                bigalloc_t big;
                size_t bigbytes;

                while ((big = *bigp) != NULL) {
                        if (big->base == ptr) {
                                size = (size + PAGE_MASK) & ~(size_t)PAGE_MASK;
                                bigbytes = big->bytes;
                                if (bigbytes == size) {
                                        bigalloc_unlock(ptr);
                                        return(ptr);
                                }
                                *bigp = big->next;
                                bigalloc_unlock(ptr);
                                if ((nptr = _slaballoc(size, 0)) == NULL) {
                                        /* Relink block */
                                        bigp = bigalloc_lock(ptr);
                                        big->next = *bigp;
                                        *bigp = big;
                                        bigalloc_unlock(ptr);
                                        return(NULL);
                                }
                                if (size > bigbytes)
                                        size = bigbytes;
                                bcopy(ptr, nptr, size);
                                _slabfree(ptr, FASTSLABREALLOC, &big);
                                return(nptr);
                        }
                        bigp = &big->next;
                }
                bigalloc_unlock(ptr);
        }

        /*
         * Get the original allocation's zone.  If the new request winds
         * up using the same chunk size we do not have to do anything.
         *
         * NOTE: We don't have to lock the globaldata here, the fields we
         * access here will not change at least as long as we have control
         * over the allocation.
         */
        z = (slzone_t)((uintptr_t)ptr & ~(uintptr_t)ZoneMask);
        MASSERT(z->z_Magic == ZALLOC_SLAB_MAGIC);

        /*
         * Use zoneindex() to chunk-align the new size, as long as the
         * new size is not too large.
         */
        if (size < ZoneLimit) {
                zoneindex(&size, &chunking);
                if (z->z_ChunkSize == size) {
                        return(ptr);
                }
        }

        /*
         * Allocate memory for the new request size and copy as appropriate.
         */
        if ((nptr = _slaballoc(size, 0)) != NULL) {
                if (size > z->z_ChunkSize)
                        size = z->z_ChunkSize;
                bcopy(ptr, nptr, size);
                _slabfree(ptr, 0, NULL);
        }

        return(nptr);
}

/*
 * free (SLAB ALLOCATOR)
 *
 * Free a memory block previously allocated by malloc.  Note that we do not
 * attempt to uplodate ks_loosememuse as MP races could prevent us from
 * checking memory limits in malloc.
 *
 * flags:
 *      FASTSLABREALLOC         Fast call from realloc, *rbigp already
 *                              unlinked.
 *
 * MPSAFE
 */
static void
_slabfree(void *ptr, int flags, bigalloc_t *rbigp)
{
        slzone_t z;
        slchunk_t chunk;
        bigalloc_t big;
        bigalloc_t *bigp;
        slglobaldata_t slgd;
        size_t size;
        int zi;
        int pgno;

        /* Fast realloc path for big allocations */
        if (flags & FASTSLABREALLOC) {
                big = *rbigp;
                goto fastslabrealloc;
        }

        /*
         * Handle NULL frees and special 0-byte allocations
         */
        if (ptr == NULL)
                return;
        if (ptr == ZERO_LENGTH_PTR)
                return;

        /*
         * Handle oversized allocations.
         */
        if ((bigp = bigalloc_check_and_lock(ptr)) != NULL) {
                while ((big = *bigp) != NULL) {
                        if (big->base == ptr) {
                                *bigp = big->next;
                                bigalloc_unlock(ptr);
fastslabrealloc:
                                size = big->bytes;
                                _slabfree(big, 0, NULL);
#ifdef INVARIANTS
                                MASSERT(sizeof(weirdary) <= size);
                                bcopy(weirdary, ptr, sizeof(weirdary));
#endif
                                _vmem_free(ptr, size);
                                return;
                        }
                        bigp = &big->next;
                }
                bigalloc_unlock(ptr);
        }

        /*
         * Zone case.  Figure out the zone based on the fact that it is
         * ZoneSize aligned.
         */
        z = (slzone_t)((uintptr_t)ptr & ~(uintptr_t)ZoneMask);
        MASSERT(z->z_Magic == ZALLOC_SLAB_MAGIC);

        size = z->z_ChunkSize;
        zi = z->z_ZoneIndex;

        if (g_malloc_flags & SAFLAG_ZERO)
                bzero(ptr, size);

        if (mtmagazine_free(zi, ptr) == 0)
                return;

        pgno = ((char *)ptr - (char *)z) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        chunk = ptr;
        slgd = &SLGlobalData;
        slgd_lock(slgd);

#ifdef INVARIANTS
        /*
         * Attempt to detect a double-free.  To reduce overhead we only check
         * if there appears to be link pointer at the base of the data.
         */
        if (((intptr_t)chunk->c_Next - (intptr_t)z) >> PAGE_SHIFT == pgno) {
                slchunk_t scan;

                for (scan = z->z_PageAry[pgno]; scan; scan = scan->c_Next) {
                        if (scan == chunk)
                                _mpanic("Double free at %p", chunk);
                }
        }
        chunk_mark_free(z, chunk);
#endif

        /*
         * Put weird data into the memory to detect modifications after
         * freeing, illegal pointer use after freeing (we should fault on
         * the odd address), and so forth.
         */
#ifdef INVARIANTS
        if (z->z_ChunkSize < sizeof(weirdary))
                bcopy(weirdary, chunk, z->z_ChunkSize);
        else
                bcopy(weirdary, chunk, sizeof(weirdary));
#endif

        /*
         * Add this free non-zero'd chunk to a linked list for reuse, adjust
         * z_FirstFreePg.
         */
        chunk->c_Next = z->z_PageAry[pgno];
        z->z_PageAry[pgno] = chunk;
        if (z->z_FirstFreePg > pgno)
                z->z_FirstFreePg = pgno;

        /*
         * Bump the number of free chunks.  If it becomes non-zero the zone
         * must be added back onto the appropriate list.
         */
        if (z->z_NFree++ == 0) {
                z->z_Next = slgd->ZoneAry[z->z_ZoneIndex];
                slgd->ZoneAry[z->z_ZoneIndex] = z;
        }

        /*
         * If the zone becomes totally free then release it.
         */
        if (z->z_NFree == z->z_NMax) {
                slzone_t *pz;

                pz = &slgd->ZoneAry[z->z_ZoneIndex];
                while (z != *pz)
                        pz = &(*pz)->z_Next;
                *pz = z->z_Next;
                z->z_Magic = -1;
                z->z_Next = NULL;
                zone_free(z);
                /* slgd lock released */
                return;
        }
        slgd_unlock(slgd);
}

#if defined(INVARIANTS)
/*
 * Helper routines for sanity checks
 */
static
void
chunk_mark_allocated(slzone_t z, void *chunk)
{
        int bitdex = ((char *)chunk - (char *)z->z_BasePtr) / z->z_ChunkSize;
        __uint32_t *bitptr;

        MASSERT(bitdex >= 0 && bitdex < z->z_NMax);
        bitptr = &z->z_Bitmap[bitdex >> 5];
        bitdex &= 31;
        MASSERT((*bitptr & (1 << bitdex)) == 0);
        *bitptr |= 1 << bitdex;
}

static
void
chunk_mark_free(slzone_t z, void *chunk)
{
        int bitdex = ((char *)chunk - (char *)z->z_BasePtr) / z->z_ChunkSize;
        __uint32_t *bitptr;

        MASSERT(bitdex >= 0 && bitdex < z->z_NMax);
        bitptr = &z->z_Bitmap[bitdex >> 5];
        bitdex &= 31;
        MASSERT((*bitptr & (1 << bitdex)) != 0);
        *bitptr &= ~(1 << bitdex);
}

#endif

/*
 * Allocate and return a magazine.  NULL is returned and *burst is adjusted
 * if the magazine is empty.
 */
static __inline void *
magazine_alloc(struct magazine *mp, int *burst)
{
        void *obj;

        if (mp == NULL)
                return(NULL);
        if (MAGAZINE_NOTEMPTY(mp)) {
                obj = mp->objects[--mp->rounds];
                return(obj);
        }

        /*
         * Return burst factor to caller along with NULL
         */
        if ((mp->flags & M_BURST) && (burst != NULL)) {
                *burst = mp->burst_factor;
        }
        /* Reduce burst factor by NSCALE; if it hits 1, disable BURST */
        if ((mp->flags & M_BURST) && (mp->flags & M_BURST_EARLY) &&
            (burst != NULL)) {
                mp->burst_factor -= M_BURST_NSCALE;
                if (mp->burst_factor <= 1) {
                        mp->burst_factor = 1;
                        mp->flags &= ~(M_BURST);
                        mp->flags &= ~(M_BURST_EARLY);
                }
        }
        return (NULL);
}

static __inline int
magazine_free(struct magazine *mp, void *p)
{
        if (mp != NULL && MAGAZINE_NOTFULL(mp)) {
                mp->objects[mp->rounds++] = p;
                return 0;
        }

        return -1;
}

static void *
mtmagazine_alloc(int zi)
{
        thr_mags *tp;
        struct magazine *mp, *emptymag;
        magazine_depot *d;
        void *obj;

        /*
         * Do not try to access per-thread magazines while the mtmagazine
         * is being initialized or destroyed.
         */
        tp = &thread_mags;
        if (tp->init < 0)
                return(NULL);

        /*
         * Primary per-thread allocation loop
         */
        for (;;) {
                /*
                 * If the loaded magazine has rounds, allocate and return
                 */
                mp = tp->mags[zi].loaded;
                obj = magazine_alloc(mp, NULL);
                if (obj)
                        break;

                /*
                 * If the prev magazine is full, swap with the loaded
                 * magazine and retry.
                 */
                mp = tp->mags[zi].prev;
                if (mp && MAGAZINE_FULL(mp)) {
                        MASSERT(mp->rounds != 0);
                        swap_mags(&tp->mags[zi]);       /* prev now empty */
                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 * Try to get a full magazine from the depot.  Cycle
                 * through depot(full)->loaded->prev->depot(empty).
                 * Retry if a full magazine was available from the depot.
                 *
                 * Return NULL (caller will fall through) if no magazines
                 * can be found anywhere.
                 */
                d = &depots[zi];
                depot_lock(d);
                emptymag = tp->mags[zi].prev;
                if (emptymag)
                        SLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&d->empty, emptymag, nextmagazine);
                tp->mags[zi].prev = tp->mags[zi].loaded;
                mp = SLIST_FIRST(&d->full);     /* loaded magazine */
                tp->mags[zi].loaded = mp;
                if (mp) {
                        SLIST_REMOVE_HEAD(&d->full, nextmagazine);
                        MASSERT(MAGAZINE_NOTEMPTY(mp));
                        depot_unlock(d);
                        continue;
                }
                depot_unlock(d);
                break;
        } 

        return (obj);
}

static int
mtmagazine_free(int zi, void *ptr)
{
        thr_mags *tp;
        struct magazine *mp, *loadedmag;
        magazine_depot *d;
        int rc = -1;

        /*
         * Do not try to access per-thread magazines while the mtmagazine
         * is being initialized or destroyed.
         */
        tp = &thread_mags;
        if (tp->init < 0)
                return(-1);

        /*
         * Primary per-thread freeing loop
         */
        for (;;) {
                /*
                 * Make sure a new magazine is available in case we have
                 * to use it.  Staging the newmag allows us to avoid
                 * some locking/reentrancy complexity.
                 *
                 * Temporarily disable the per-thread caches for this
                 * allocation to avoid reentrancy and/or to avoid a
                 * stack overflow if the [zi] happens to be the same that
                 * would be used to allocate the new magazine.
                 */
                if (tp->newmag == NULL) {
                        tp->init = -1;
                        tp->newmag = _slaballoc(sizeof(struct magazine),
                                                SAFLAG_ZERO);
                        tp->init = 1;
                        if (tp->newmag == NULL) {
                                rc = -1;
                                break;
                        }
                }

                /*
                 * If the loaded magazine has space, free directly to it
                 */
                rc = magazine_free(tp->mags[zi].loaded, ptr);
                if (rc == 0)
                        break;

                /*
                 * If the prev magazine is empty, swap with the loaded
                 * magazine and retry.
                 */
                mp = tp->mags[zi].prev;
                if (mp && MAGAZINE_EMPTY(mp)) {
                        MASSERT(mp->rounds == 0);
                        swap_mags(&tp->mags[zi]);       /* prev now full */
                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 * Try to get an empty magazine from the depot.  Cycle
                 * through depot(empty)->loaded->prev->depot(full).
                 * Retry if an empty magazine was available from the depot.
                 */
                d = &depots[zi];
                depot_lock(d);

                if ((loadedmag = tp->mags[zi].prev) != NULL)
                        SLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&d->full, loadedmag, nextmagazine);
                tp->mags[zi].prev = tp->mags[zi].loaded;
                mp = SLIST_FIRST(&d->empty);
                if (mp) {
                        tp->mags[zi].loaded = mp;
                        SLIST_REMOVE_HEAD(&d->empty, nextmagazine);
                        MASSERT(MAGAZINE_NOTFULL(mp));
                } else {
                        mp = tp->newmag;
                        tp->newmag = NULL;
                        mp->capacity = M_MAX_ROUNDS;
                        mp->rounds = 0;
                        mp->flags = 0;
                        tp->mags[zi].loaded = mp;
                }
                depot_unlock(d);
        } 

        return rc;
}

static void 
mtmagazine_init(void)
{
        int error;

        error = pthread_key_create(&thread_mags_key, mtmagazine_destructor);
        if (error)
                abort();
}

/*
 * This function is only used by the thread exit destructor
 */
static void
mtmagazine_drain(struct magazine *mp)
{
        void *obj;

        while (MAGAZINE_NOTEMPTY(mp)) {
                obj = magazine_alloc(mp, NULL);
                _slabfree(obj, 0, NULL);
        }
}

/* 
 * mtmagazine_destructor()
 *
 * When a thread exits, we reclaim all its resources; all its magazines are
 * drained and the structures are freed. 
 *
 * WARNING!  The destructor can be called multiple times if the larger user
 *           program has its own destructors which run after ours which
 *           allocate or free memory.
 */
static void
mtmagazine_destructor(void *thrp)
{
        thr_mags *tp = thrp;
        struct magazine *mp;
        int i;

        /*
         * Prevent further use of mtmagazines while we are destructing
         * them, as well as for any destructors which are run after us
         * prior to the thread actually being destroyed.
         */
        tp->init = -1;

        for (i = 0; i < NZONES; i++) {
                mp = tp->mags[i].loaded;
                tp->mags[i].loaded = NULL;
                if (mp) {
                        if (MAGAZINE_NOTEMPTY(mp))
                                mtmagazine_drain(mp);
                        _slabfree(mp, 0, NULL);
                }

                mp = tp->mags[i].prev;
                tp->mags[i].prev = NULL;
                if (mp) {
                        if (MAGAZINE_NOTEMPTY(mp))
                                mtmagazine_drain(mp);
                        _slabfree(mp, 0, NULL);
                }
        }

        if (tp->newmag) {
                mp = tp->newmag;
                tp->newmag = NULL;
                _slabfree(mp, 0, NULL);
        }
}

/*
 * zone_alloc()
 *
 * Attempt to allocate a zone from the zone magazine; the zone magazine has
 * M_BURST_EARLY enabled, so honor the burst request from the magazine.
 */
static slzone_t
zone_alloc(int flags) 
{
        slglobaldata_t slgd = &SLGlobalData;
        int burst = 1;
        int i, j;
        slzone_t z;

        zone_magazine_lock();
        slgd_unlock(slgd);

        z = magazine_alloc(&zone_magazine, &burst);
        if (z == NULL && burst == 1) {
                zone_magazine_unlock();
                z = _vmem_alloc(ZoneSize * burst, ZoneSize, flags);
        } else if (z == NULL) {
                z = _vmem_alloc(ZoneSize * burst, ZoneSize, flags);
                if (z) {
                        for (i = 1; i < burst; i++) {
                                j = magazine_free(&zone_magazine,
                                                  (char *) z + (ZoneSize * i));
                                MASSERT(j == 0);
                        }
                }
                zone_magazine_unlock();
        } else {
                z->z_Flags |= SLZF_UNOTZEROD;
                zone_magazine_unlock();
        }
        slgd_lock(slgd);
        return z;
}

/*
 * zone_free()
 *
 * Release a zone and unlock the slgd lock.
 */
static void
zone_free(void *z)
{
        slglobaldata_t slgd = &SLGlobalData;
        void *excess[M_ZONE_ROUNDS - M_LOW_ROUNDS] = {};
        int i, j;

        zone_magazine_lock();
        slgd_unlock(slgd);
        
        bzero(z, sizeof(struct slzone));

        if (opt_madvise)
                madvise(z, ZoneSize, MADV_FREE);

        i = magazine_free(&zone_magazine, z);

        /*
         * If we failed to free, collect excess magazines; release the zone
         * magazine lock, and then free to the system via _vmem_free. Re-enable
         * BURST mode for the magazine.
         */
        if (i == -1) {
                j = zone_magazine.rounds - zone_magazine.low_factor;
                for (i = 0; i < j; i++) {
                        excess[i] = magazine_alloc(&zone_magazine, NULL);
                        MASSERT(excess[i] !=  NULL);
                }

                zone_magazine_unlock();

                for (i = 0; i < j; i++) 
                        _vmem_free(excess[i], ZoneSize);

                _vmem_free(z, ZoneSize);
        } else {
                zone_magazine_unlock();
        }
}

/*
 * _vmem_alloc()
 *
 *      Directly map memory in PAGE_SIZE'd chunks with the specified
 *      alignment.
 *
 *      Alignment must be a multiple of PAGE_SIZE.
 *
 *      Size must be >= alignment.
 */
static void *
_vmem_alloc(size_t size, size_t align, int flags)
{
        char *addr;
        char *save;
        size_t excess;

        /*
         * Map anonymous private memory.
         */
        addr = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
                    MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANON, -1, 0);
        if (addr == MAP_FAILED)
                return(NULL);

        /*
         * Check alignment.  The misaligned offset is also the excess
         * amount.  If misaligned unmap the excess so we have a chance of
         * mapping at the next alignment point and recursively try again.
         *
         * BBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBB  block alignment
         *   aaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaa aa           mis-aligned allocation
         *   xxxxxxxxx                          final excess calculation
         *   ^ returned address
         */
        excess = (uintptr_t)addr & (align - 1);

        if (excess) {
                excess = align - excess;
                save = addr;

                munmap(save + excess, size - excess);
                addr = _vmem_alloc(size, align, flags);
                munmap(save, excess);
        }
        return((void *)addr);
}

/*
 * _vmem_free()
 *
 *      Free a chunk of memory allocated with _vmem_alloc()
 */
static void
_vmem_free(void *ptr, size_t size)
{
        munmap(ptr, size);
}

/*
 * Panic on fatal conditions
 */
static void
_mpanic(const char *ctl, ...)
{
        va_list va;

        if (malloc_panic == 0) {
                malloc_panic = 1;
                va_start(va, ctl);
                vfprintf(stderr, ctl, va);
                fprintf(stderr, "\n");
                fflush(stderr);
                va_end(va);
        }
        abort();
}