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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
33 .\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $
34 .\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.17 2008/01/03 18:17:08 swildner Exp $
41 .Nd layout of filesystems
43 A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy.
44 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/"
46 root directory of the filesystem
48 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
50 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
52 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
54 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
58 block and character device files
60 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa MAKEDEV" -compact
62 script for creating device files;
66 file descriptor files;
71 system configuration files and scripts
73 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
75 bluetooth configuration files
77 default system configuration files;
85 isdn4bsd configuration files;
89 local timezone information;
93 Sendmail control files
95 mtree configuration files;
99 named configuration files;
103 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
106 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
111 ppp configuration files;
115 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
119 OpenSSH configuration files;
123 OpenSSL configuration files
125 uucp configuration files;
130 HOME directories of non-root users
132 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
135 empty directory commonly used by
136 system administrators as a temporary mount point
138 loadable kernel modules;
147 root's HOME directory
149 system programs and administration utilities
150 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
152 the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to
155 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
157 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
159 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
161 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
163 useful and semi-frivolous programs
165 standard C include files
167 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact
169 C include files for Internet service protocols
173 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
175 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact
177 The SCSI device on top of CAM
181 C include files for programming various
185 Include Files for various emulation layers
188 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact
194 ISC utility library libisc include files
197 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact
203 C include files for libmilter,
204 the sendmail mail filter API
206 machine-specific C include files
210 misc network C include files
218 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
222 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
226 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
228 kernel key-management service
238 C include files for NFS (Network File System)
240 Objective C include files
242 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
246 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
248 get a line from a user, with editing;
252 remote procedure calls;
256 definition of RPC service structures; see
262 system C include files (kernel data structures)
264 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
266 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact
286 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact
288 a.out archive libraries
290 shared libraries for compatibility
292 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact
294 a.out backward compatibility libraries
299 misc. utility data files
301 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa stallion/" -compact
303 files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.);
307 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa fonts/" -compact
313 various prebuilt lint libraries;
317 Character set conversion tables
319 holds the download firmware images
323 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
325 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils217/" -compact
327 utilities and filters for LP print system;
332 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact
346 restricted shell for sendmail;
356 local executables, libraries, etc.
359 the general layout sketched out by
363 should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under
368 .Pa share/doc/<app>/ ) ,
374 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
378 default destination directory for the
383 the general layout sketched out by
387 should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under
392 .Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) ,
400 collection (optional).
402 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
404 architecture-independent files
406 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact
408 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
416 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact
418 words from Webster's 2nd International
428 miscellaneous documentation;
430 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa handbook/" -compact
432 A copy of the handbook
436 various examples for users and programmers
438 ASCII text files used by various games
440 device description file for device name
442 GNU Info hypertext system
446 libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files
454 macros for use with the me macro package;
458 misc system-wide ASCII text files
460 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact
462 terminal characteristics database;
472 national language support files;
476 sendmail configuration files;
480 example . (dot) files for new accounts
485 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
493 console keyboard maps;
503 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
508 text processing macros;
514 localization support and utilities for
517 timezone configuration information;
524 third-party, and/or local source files
526 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
528 source code for files in
531 source code for contributed software
533 source code for contributed cryptography software
535 source code for files in
538 source code for files in
541 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
543 source code for files in
546 source code for kerberos version 5
548 source code for files in
551 source code for files in
554 files required to produce a
558 source code for files in
561 build directory for files in
569 tools used for maintenance and testing of
572 source code for files in
575 source code for files in
580 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
582 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
584 system accounting files
586 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact
588 execution accounting file;
594 timed command scheduling files;
598 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact
600 directory containing job files
602 directory containing output spool files
608 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
617 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact
625 misc. automatically generated system-specific database files
627 empty directory used by
629 for privilege separation
631 misc. game status and score files
633 kerberos server databases; see
636 misc. system log files
638 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact
648 system messages database;
652 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
657 filesystem quota information files
659 system information files describing various info about
660 system since it was booted
662 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact
666 group for command connection sockets; see
669 database of current users;
682 misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
684 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact
686 undelivered submission mail queue;
692 the anonymous ftp root directory
694 undelivered mail queue;
698 line printer spooling directories
704 public uucp temporary directory
708 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
710 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact
712 the directory where recovery files are stored
720 This manual page documents the default
722 filesystem layout, but
723 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
724 administrator's discretion.
725 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
740 manual page appeared in