3 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
4 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
6 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
8 # Notes are at the end of this file
10 ###############################################################################
14 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
16 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
17 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 -
18 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 -
19 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 -
20 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 -
21 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 -
22 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
23 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 -
24 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
25 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
26 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
28 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
30 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
35 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
36 Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
37 Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
38 Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
39 Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
40 Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 -
41 Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
42 Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 -
43 Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
44 Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
45 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
48 Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec
49 8:45 Aus CWST 1943 Jul
54 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
55 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
56 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
57 # Queensland ceased to.
59 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
60 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
61 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
62 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
65 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
66 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
67 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
68 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
69 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
70 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
71 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
72 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
75 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
81 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
82 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
83 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
84 Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
85 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
86 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
87 Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
88 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 -
89 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 -
90 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 -
91 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 -
92 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
93 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 -
94 Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
95 Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
96 Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
97 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
98 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
105 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
106 # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml>
107 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
109 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
110 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
111 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
112 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
113 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 -
114 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
115 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
116 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
117 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
118 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
119 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
120 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 -
121 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
122 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
123 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
124 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
125 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
126 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
127 Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
128 Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
129 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
130 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
131 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
132 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
135 Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep
136 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
137 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
138 10:00 Aus EST 1971 Jul
142 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
143 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
144 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
145 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
146 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
147 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
148 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
149 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
150 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
151 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
152 Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
153 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
154 Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
155 Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
156 Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
157 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
158 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
163 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
164 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
165 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
166 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
167 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
168 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
169 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
170 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
171 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
172 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
173 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
174 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
175 Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
176 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
177 Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
178 Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
179 Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
180 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
181 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
184 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
185 10:00 - EST 1896 Aug 23
192 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
193 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
194 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
195 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
196 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
197 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
198 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
199 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
200 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
201 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
202 Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
203 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
204 Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
205 Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
206 Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 -
207 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
211 # Australian miscellany
213 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
214 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
218 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
222 # permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
223 # sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
224 # like Australia/Hobart
227 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
228 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
229 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
232 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
233 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
234 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
235 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
236 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
237 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
238 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
239 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
243 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
244 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
245 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
246 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
247 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
250 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
251 # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
252 # from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010.
254 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
255 # <a href="http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719">
256 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
259 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html">
260 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
263 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
264 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
266 # <a href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml">
267 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
270 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
271 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
272 # 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
273 # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
274 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
277 # <a href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166">
278 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
281 # A bit more background info here:
282 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html">
283 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
286 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
287 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
288 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
289 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
290 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
291 # <a href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155">
292 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
295 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html">
296 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
299 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
300 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
301 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
303 # <a href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155">
304 # www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
307 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
308 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
309 # 2am on February 26 next year.
311 # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
312 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
313 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
315 # <a href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155">
316 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
320 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
321 # has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
322 # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
323 # on the 23rd of October, 2011.
325 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
326 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
327 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
328 Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 S
329 Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 -
330 Rule Fiji 2010 only - Oct 24 2:00 1:00 S
331 Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
332 Rule Fiji 2011 only - Oct 23 2:00 1:00 S
333 Rule Fiji 2012 only - Jan 22 3:00 0 -
334 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
335 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
336 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
339 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
340 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
341 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time
342 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
343 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time
344 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
345 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time
346 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
350 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
351 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
352 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
353 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
354 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
357 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
358 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
359 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time
360 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
361 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
364 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
365 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time
370 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
371 Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
373 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
374 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23
375 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
378 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
379 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
380 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
382 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
384 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
388 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
389 Zone Pacific/Chuuk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
390 10:00 - CHUT # Chuuk Time
391 Zone Pacific/Pohnpei 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
392 11:00 - PONT # Pohnpei Time
393 Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
394 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
399 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
400 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
401 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
402 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15
407 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
408 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
409 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
410 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
411 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
412 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
413 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
414 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13
418 ###############################################################################
422 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
423 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
424 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
425 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
426 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
427 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
428 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
429 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
430 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
431 # convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
432 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
433 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
434 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
435 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S
436 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
437 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
438 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
439 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
440 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
441 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D
442 Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
443 Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
444 Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
445 Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
446 Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
447 Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
448 Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
449 Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
450 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
451 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
452 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
454 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1957 Jan 1
459 # uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
460 # and scientific personnel have wintered
463 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
464 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
465 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
466 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
468 ###############################################################################
472 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
473 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
474 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time
475 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1
479 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
480 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
481 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
482 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time
485 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
486 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
487 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
490 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
491 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
492 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
493 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
496 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
497 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
498 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00
499 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
502 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
504 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
505 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
506 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
507 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
511 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
512 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
513 # the following info:
515 # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
516 # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
517 # Sunday of April 2011."
520 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html">
521 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
524 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
526 # <a href="http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf">
527 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
530 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
532 # <a href="http://www.mcil.gov.ws">
533 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
535 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
536 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
537 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
538 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
540 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
541 # I believe this will be posted shortly on the website
542 # <a href="http://www.mcil.gov.ws">
546 # PUBLIC NOTICE ON DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME
548 # Pursuant to the Daylight Saving Act 2009 and Cabinets decision,
549 # businesses and the general public are hereby advised that daylight
550 # saving time is on the first Saturday of April 2011 (02/04/11).
552 # The public is therefore advised that when the standard time strikes
553 # the hour of four oclock (4.00am or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011,
554 # then all instruments used to measure standard time are to be
555 # adjusted/changed to three oclock (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
557 # Margaret Fruean ACTING CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER MINISTRY OF COMMERCE,
558 # INDUSTRY AND LABOUR 28th February 2011
560 # From David Zuelke (2011-05-09):
561 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
563 # <a href="http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963">
564 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
567 # From Mark Sim-Smith (2011-08-17):
568 # I have been in contact with Leilani Tuala Warren from the Samoa Law
569 # Reform Commission, and she has sent me a copy of the Bill that she
570 # confirmed has been passed...Most of the sections are about maps rather
571 # than the time zone change, but I'll paste the relevant bits below. But
572 # the essence is that at midnight 29 Dec (UTC-11 I suppose), Samoa
573 # changes from UTC-11 to UTC+13:
575 # International Date Line Bill 2011
577 # AN ACT to provide for the change to standard time in Samoa and to make
578 # consequential amendments to the position of the International Date
579 # Line, and for related purposes.
581 # BE IT ENACTED by the Legislative Assembly of Samoa in Parliament
582 # assembled as follows:
584 # 1. Short title and commencement-(1) This Act may be cited as the
585 # International Date Line Act 2011. (2) Except for section 5(3) this Act
586 # commences at 12 o'clock midnight, on Thursday 29th December 2011. (3)
587 # Section 5(3) commences on the date of assent by the Head of State.
591 # 3. Interpretation - [snip] "Samoa standard time" in this Act and any
592 # other statute of Samoa which refers to 'Samoa standard time' means the
593 # time 13 hours in advance of Co-ordinated Universal Time.
595 # 4. Samoa standard time - (1) Upon the commencement of this Act, Samoa
596 # standard time shall be set at 13 hours in advance of Co-ordinated
597 # Universal Time for the whole of Samoa. (2) All references to Samoa's
598 # time zone and to Samoa standard time in Samoa in all legislation and
599 # instruments after the commencement of this Act shall be references to
600 # Samoa standard time as provided for in this Act. (3) Nothing in this
601 # Act affects the provisions of the Daylight Saving Act 2009, except that
602 # it defines Samoa standard time....
604 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
605 # <a href="http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html">
606 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
609 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
612 # Year End Time Start Time
613 # 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
614 # 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - -
616 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
617 # Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours
618 # Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours
619 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
621 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
622 -11:00 - WST 2010 Sep 26
623 -11:00 1:00 WSDT 2011 Apr 2 4:00
624 -11:00 - WST 2011 Sep 24 3:00
625 -11:00 1:00 WSDT 2011 Dec 30
626 13:00 1:00 WSDT 2012 Apr 1 4:00
630 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
631 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
632 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
633 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time
636 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
637 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
638 -10:00 - TKT # Tokelau Time
641 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
642 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
643 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
644 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
645 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
646 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
647 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
648 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
653 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
654 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
655 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
658 # US minor outlying islands
661 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
662 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
663 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
664 # uninhabited thereafter.
665 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UTC-10:30) in 1937;
666 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
667 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
668 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
669 # until they were abandoned after the war.
672 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
673 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
674 # uninhabited thereafter.
675 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
678 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
679 Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST
686 # From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
687 # [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
688 # published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
689 # reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly
690 # "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
691 # flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone
692 # designations that I've never seen before:....
693 # Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
694 # " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A "
696 Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
697 -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3
698 -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2
699 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
700 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
701 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
704 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
707 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
708 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
709 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
713 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
714 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
715 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
716 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
717 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
718 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
719 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
720 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
721 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
722 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
725 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
726 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
727 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
729 ###############################################################################
733 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
734 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
735 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
737 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
738 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
739 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
740 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
742 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
743 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
744 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
745 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
746 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
748 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
749 # entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
751 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
752 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
753 # I found in the UCLA library.
755 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
756 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
758 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
759 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
760 # Corrections are welcome!
762 # LMT Local Mean Time
763 # 8:00 WST WST Western Australia
764 # 8:45 CWST CWST Central Western Australia*
766 # 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
767 # 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
768 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
769 # 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
770 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
771 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
772 # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
775 # - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
777 # See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
778 # See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
780 ###############################################################################
784 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
785 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml">
786 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
787 # </a> summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
789 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
790 # <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving">
791 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
792 # </a> covers New South Wales in particular.
794 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
795 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
796 # It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
797 # and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
798 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
799 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
800 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
801 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
802 # the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
804 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
805 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
806 # or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
807 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
808 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
809 # prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
810 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
812 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
813 # Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
814 # CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
815 # WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
816 # EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
818 # From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01):
819 # I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones:
820 # <http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia-13time>
821 # And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations:
822 # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml>
824 # From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
825 # versus "AEST" etc.:
827 # I see the following points of dispute:
829 # * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
831 # Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
832 # Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
833 # operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
834 # (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
835 # Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
836 # In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
837 # abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
838 # think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
840 # On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
841 # abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
842 # particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
843 # time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
845 # * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
847 # Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
848 # many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
849 # which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
852 # Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
853 # refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
856 # * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
857 # Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
858 # the word "Australian"?
860 # My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
861 # common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
862 # popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
863 # often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
864 # following count of page hits:
866 # 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
867 # 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
868 # 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
869 # 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
871 # Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
872 # particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
873 # say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
874 # Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
876 # For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
877 # ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
878 # many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
879 # are the hit counts anyway:
881 # 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
882 # 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
883 # 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
884 # 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
886 # 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
887 # 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
888 # 176 "ACST" and domain:au
889 # 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
891 # 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
892 # 68 "AWST" and domain:au
894 # This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
895 # practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
896 # the ambiguities involved.
898 # * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
900 # If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
901 # against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
902 # saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
903 # understood in Australia.
905 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
906 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
907 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
908 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
909 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
910 # and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
911 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
913 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
915 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
916 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
917 # relevant entries in this database.
919 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
920 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
921 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
924 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
925 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
928 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">
929 # Standard Time Act, 1898
932 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
933 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
934 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
935 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
936 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
938 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
939 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
940 # to extend DST together in 2006.
941 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
942 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
943 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
944 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
945 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
948 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html.
952 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
953 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
955 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
957 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
959 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
960 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
961 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
965 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
966 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
968 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
969 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
970 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
971 # # before reaching parliament.
973 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
975 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
976 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
977 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
978 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
980 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
981 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
982 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
984 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
985 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
986 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
988 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
991 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
992 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
993 # it matches what was used in the past.
995 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
996 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
997 # </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
998 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
1001 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1002 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
1005 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
1007 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1008 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
1009 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1010 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
1012 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
1013 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
1016 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1017 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1018 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1019 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1021 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1022 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
1023 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
1026 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
1027 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
1028 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
1030 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1031 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1034 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1035 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
1037 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
1038 # from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
1039 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
1040 # <http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf>
1042 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
1043 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
1044 # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
1045 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
1046 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
1047 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
1048 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
1049 # Australia and Western Australia....
1051 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
1052 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
1053 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
1054 # <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>.
1056 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
1057 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
1058 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
1059 # coast of the continent.
1061 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
1062 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
1063 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
1064 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
1065 # the largest population centre in this zone....
1067 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
1068 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
1069 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
1070 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
1073 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
1074 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
1075 # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
1076 # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
1078 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
1079 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
1080 # introduction of standard time in 1895.
1083 # southeast Australia
1085 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1086 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
1087 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
1088 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
1093 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1094 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1095 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1096 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1098 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1099 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
1102 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
1104 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1105 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1106 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
1107 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1109 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
1110 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
1111 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
1112 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
1114 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
1115 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
1116 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
1117 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
1120 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
1121 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
1122 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
1123 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
1125 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
1126 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
1127 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
1128 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
1130 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
1131 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
1132 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
1133 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
1135 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1136 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1140 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1141 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1142 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1145 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
1146 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
1147 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
1148 # (but nothing new about that).
1150 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
1151 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
1152 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
1153 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
1154 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
1155 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
1157 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
1158 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
1160 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1161 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1165 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1166 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1167 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1170 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1171 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1172 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
1173 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1174 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1175 # in Melbourne, Australia.
1177 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1178 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1179 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1180 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1181 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1184 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1185 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1186 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
1187 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1189 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1190 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1192 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1193 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1197 # From Arthur David Olson:
1198 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1199 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1201 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1202 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
1203 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1204 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1205 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
1206 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
1208 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1209 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1210 # October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
1211 # <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
1212 # Two months more daylight saving
1214 # Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
1216 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1217 # See the following official NSW source:
1218 # <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
1219 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1222 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1223 # daylight saving next year. See:
1224 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
1225 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1226 # </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1228 # Victoria will following NSW. See:
1229 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
1230 # Vic to extend daylight saving
1231 # </a> (1999-07-28).
1233 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1234 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
1235 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
1236 # </a> (1999-07-19).
1238 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1239 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
1240 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1241 # </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1242 # ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1243 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1244 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1245 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1246 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
1248 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1249 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
1250 # Broken Hill to be behind the times
1251 # </a> (1999-07-21).
1253 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1254 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1255 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1257 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1258 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1259 # towns to use Queensland time.
1261 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1262 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1266 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1267 # `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1269 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1270 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1273 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1274 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1275 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1276 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1277 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1278 # # presently available.
1279 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1281 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1282 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1283 # [followed by other Rules]
1287 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1288 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1290 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1291 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1293 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1294 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1295 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1296 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1297 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1298 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1299 # instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
1300 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1301 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1302 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1304 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1305 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1306 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1307 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1308 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1309 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1311 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1312 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1313 # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1315 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1316 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1318 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1319 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1320 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1321 # summer (southern hemisphere).
1324 # <a href="http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf">
1325 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1327 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1328 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1329 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1330 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1331 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1332 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1333 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1335 # We have a wrap-up here:
1336 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html">
1337 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1339 ###############################################################################
1343 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1344 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1345 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1346 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1347 # source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1349 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1350 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1351 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1352 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1355 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1356 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1357 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1358 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1360 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1361 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1363 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1364 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1365 # rather than the October 1 value.
1367 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1368 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1369 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1370 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1371 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1372 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1374 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1375 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1376 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1377 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1379 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1380 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1381 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1383 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1384 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1385 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1386 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1387 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1389 ###############################################################################
1394 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1395 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1396 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1398 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1399 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1400 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1401 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1403 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1404 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1406 # From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
1407 # The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1408 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it
1409 # also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
1410 # islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
1413 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1414 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1418 # Johnston data is from usno1995.
1423 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1424 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1425 # ``declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
1426 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1431 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1432 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1433 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1434 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1435 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1438 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1440 # Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1441 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
1442 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1443 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1446 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1447 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1448 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1449 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1454 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1455 # ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
1456 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
1458 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
1459 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1461 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1462 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1463 # <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
1464 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
1466 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1467 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1472 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1473 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1474 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1475 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1476 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1477 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1478 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1479 # air at 6am your time.
1481 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1482 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1483 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1484 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1489 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1490 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1491 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1493 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1494 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1495 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1497 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1498 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1499 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1501 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1502 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1505 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1506 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1507 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1508 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1513 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1514 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1515 # ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1516 # ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
1517 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
1522 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1523 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
1524 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
1525 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1527 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1528 # <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">
1529 # How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
1532 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1533 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1534 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1535 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1536 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1537 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1539 # Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1540 # Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1541 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1543 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1544 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1545 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1546 # minutes we have lost?"
1548 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1549 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1550 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1552 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1553 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1555 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1556 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
1557 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1558 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1559 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1562 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1563 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1565 # I was given this link by John Letts:
1566 # <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
1567 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1570 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1571 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1572 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1573 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1575 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1576 # According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html">
1577 # http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
1579 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1580 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1581 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1582 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1583 # set back an hour on the closing date."
1584 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1586 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1587 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1588 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1590 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1591 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1592 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1593 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1594 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1595 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1596 # (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
1598 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1599 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1601 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1602 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1603 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1604 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1607 # From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1608 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1613 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1614 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1616 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the
1617 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1618 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1619 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1620 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1623 # http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
1625 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1626 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1628 ###############################################################################
1630 # The International Date Line
1632 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1634 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1635 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1636 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1637 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1639 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1640 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1641 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1642 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1643 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1644 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1645 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1646 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1647 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1648 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1649 # correct date is ambiguous.
1651 # From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1652 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1653 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1654 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1655 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1656 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1657 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1658 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1659 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1660 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1661 # entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were
1662 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1663 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
1665 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1668 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1669 # <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187>
1670 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1671 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
projects / dragonfly.git / blob