1 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
4 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
6 # Notes are at the end of this file
8 ###############################################################################
12 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
14 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
15 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 D
16 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 S
17 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 D
18 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 S
19 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 D
20 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
21 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 D
22 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
23 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
24 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
26 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
28 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
33 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
34 Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
35 Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
36 Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
37 Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
38 Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 D
39 Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
40 Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 D
41 Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
42 Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
43 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
44 8:00 Aus AW%sT 1943 Jul
46 Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec
47 8:45 Aus ACW%sT 1943 Jul
52 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
53 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
54 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
55 # Queensland ceased to.
57 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
58 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
59 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
60 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
63 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
64 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
65 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
66 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
67 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
68 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
69 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
70 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
73 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
75 10:00 AQ AE%sT 1992 Jul
79 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
80 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
81 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
82 Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
83 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
84 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
85 Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
86 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 S
87 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 S
88 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 S
89 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 S
90 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
91 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 S
92 Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
93 Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
94 Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
95 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
96 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
103 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
104 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
105 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
107 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
108 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
109 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
110 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
111 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 S
112 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
113 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
114 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
115 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
116 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
117 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
118 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D
119 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
120 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
121 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
122 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
123 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
124 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
125 Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
126 Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
127 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
128 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
129 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
130 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
133 Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep
134 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
135 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
136 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 Jul
140 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
141 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
142 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
143 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
144 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
145 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
146 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
147 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
148 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
149 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
150 Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
151 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
152 Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
153 Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
154 Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
155 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
156 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
161 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
162 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
163 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
164 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
165 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
166 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
167 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
168 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
169 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
170 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
171 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
172 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
173 Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
174 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
175 Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
176 Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
177 Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
178 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
179 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
182 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
183 10:00 - AEST 1896 Aug 23
190 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
191 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
192 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
193 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
194 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 S
195 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 D
196 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
197 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
198 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
199 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
200 Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
201 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
202 Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
203 Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
204 Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 D
205 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
206 10:00 - AEST 1981 Mar
209 # Australian miscellany
211 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
212 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
216 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
220 # Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
221 # sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the
222 # Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
223 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
224 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
225 # Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
227 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
228 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
229 # - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
230 # switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
233 # From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
234 # The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
235 # will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
236 # this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
237 # pre-2013 versions of localtime.
238 Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - zzz 1899 Nov
239 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
240 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
241 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1919 Apr 1 0:00s
244 10:00 AT AE%sT 2010 Apr 4 3:00
245 11:00 - MIST # Macquarie I Standard Time
248 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
249 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
250 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
253 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
254 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
255 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
256 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
257 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
262 # Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
264 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
265 # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
266 # from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010.
268 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
269 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
270 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
272 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
273 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
275 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
277 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
278 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
279 # 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
280 # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
281 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
284 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
286 # A bit more background info here:
287 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
289 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
290 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
291 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
292 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
293 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
294 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
295 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
297 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
298 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
299 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
301 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
303 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
304 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
305 # 2am on February 26 next year.
307 # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
308 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
309 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
311 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
314 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
315 # has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
316 # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
317 # on the 23rd of October, 2011.
319 # From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
320 # The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
321 # today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
322 # October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
323 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
325 # From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
326 # Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
327 # move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
328 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
330 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
331 # Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
332 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
334 # From Paul Eggert (2014-01-10):
335 # For now, guess that Fiji springs forward the Sunday before the fourth
336 # Monday in October, and springs back the penultimate Sunday in January.
337 # This is ad hoc, but matches recent practice.
339 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
340 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
341 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
342 Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 S
343 Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 -
344 Rule Fiji 2010 max - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 S
345 Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
346 Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 -
347 Rule Fiji 2014 max - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 -
348 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
349 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
350 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
353 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
354 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
355 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time
356 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
357 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time
358 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
359 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time
360 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
364 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
365 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
366 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
367 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
368 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
371 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
372 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
373 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time
374 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
375 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
378 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
379 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time
384 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
385 Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
387 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
388 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23
389 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
392 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
393 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
394 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
396 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
398 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
402 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
403 Zone Pacific/Chuuk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
404 10:00 - CHUT # Chuuk Time
405 Zone Pacific/Pohnpei 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
406 11:00 - PONT # Pohnpei Time
407 Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
408 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
413 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
414 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
415 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
416 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15
421 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
422 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
423 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
424 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
425 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
426 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
427 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
428 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
432 ###############################################################################
436 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
437 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
438 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
439 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
440 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
441 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
442 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
443 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
444 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
445 # convenient single notation for the date and time of this transition
446 # so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
447 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
448 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
449 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
450 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S
451 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
452 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
453 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
454 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
455 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
456 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D
457 Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
458 Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
459 Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
460 Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
461 Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
462 Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
463 Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
464 Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
465 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
466 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
467 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
469 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
470 12:15 - CHAST 1946 Jan 1
473 Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
476 # uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
477 # and scientific personnel have wintered
480 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
481 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
482 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
483 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
486 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
487 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
488 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
489 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
490 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
491 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
492 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
493 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
496 ###############################################################################
500 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
501 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
502 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time
503 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1
507 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
508 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
509 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
510 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time
513 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
514 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
515 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
518 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
519 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
520 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
521 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
524 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
525 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
526 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 0:00
527 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
530 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
532 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
533 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
534 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
536 # Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
538 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
539 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
540 # the following info:
542 # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
543 # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
544 # Sunday of April 2011."
547 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
549 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
551 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
553 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
555 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
556 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
557 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
558 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
559 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
561 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
562 # [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
564 # ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
565 # or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
566 # measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
567 # (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
569 # From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
570 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
572 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
574 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
575 # The International Date Line Act 2011
576 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
577 # changed Samoa from UTC-11 to UTC+13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
578 # Thursday 29th December 2011". The International Date Line was adjusted
581 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
582 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
584 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
587 # Year End Time Start Time
588 # 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
589 # 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - -
591 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
592 # Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours
593 # Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours
595 # From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
596 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
597 # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
598 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
600 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
601 # That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
602 # Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
604 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
605 Rule WS 2010 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 1 D
606 Rule WS 2011 only - Apr Sat>=1 4:00 0 S
607 Rule WS 2011 only - Sep lastSat 3:00 1 D
608 Rule WS 2012 max - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 S
609 Rule WS 2012 max - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 D
610 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
611 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
614 -11:00 WS S%sT 2011 Dec 29 24:00 # S=Samoa
618 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
619 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
620 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
621 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time
625 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
626 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
627 # December 31 this year ...
629 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
630 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
631 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
632 # Shanks says UTC-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
633 # actually was to UTC-11 back then.
635 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
636 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
637 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
638 # <http://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
639 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
640 # are off by an hour starting in 1901.
642 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
643 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
644 -11:00 - TKT 2011 Dec 30 # Tokelau Time
648 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
649 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
650 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
651 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
652 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
653 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
654 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
655 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
660 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
661 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
662 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
665 # US minor outlying islands
668 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
669 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
670 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
671 # uninhabited thereafter.
672 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT-10:30) in 1937;
673 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
674 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
675 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
676 # until they were abandoned after the war.
679 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
680 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
681 # uninhabited thereafter.
682 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
686 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-11):
687 # Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
688 # Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
689 # treat it like Hawaii for now.
691 # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
692 # <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
693 # "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
694 # Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and
695 # confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
697 # From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
698 # [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
699 # was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
700 # which had a GMT offset of -11 hours. This apparently applied to at least the
701 # time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
702 # Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
703 # "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
704 # Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
705 # http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
706 # See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
707 # footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
710 # See 'northamerica' for Pacific/Johnston.
717 # From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
718 # [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
719 # published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
720 # reproduced a Pan American Airways timetable from 1936, for their weekly
721 # "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
722 # flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone
723 # designations that I've never seen before:....
724 # Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
725 # " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A "
727 Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
728 -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3
729 -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2
730 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
731 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
732 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
735 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
738 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
739 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
740 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
744 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
745 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
746 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
747 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
748 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
749 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
750 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
751 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
752 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
753 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
756 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
757 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
758 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
760 ###############################################################################
764 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
765 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
766 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
767 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
769 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
770 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
771 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
772 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
774 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
775 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
776 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
777 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
778 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
780 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
781 # entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
783 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
784 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
785 # I found in the UCLA library.
787 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
788 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
789 # http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
791 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
792 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
794 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
795 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
796 # Corrections are welcome!
798 # LMT Local Mean Time
799 # 8:00 AWST AWDT Western Australia
800 # 8:45 ACWST ACWDT Central Western Australia*
802 # 9:30 ACST ACDT Central Australia
803 # 10:00 AEST AEDT Eastern Australia
804 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
805 # 10:30 LHST LHDT Lord Howe*
806 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
807 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
808 # 12:15 CHAST Chatham through 1945*
809 # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham 1946-present*
810 # 13:00 WSST WSDT (western) Samoa 2011-present*
811 # -11:30 WSST Western Samoa through 1950*
814 # - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
816 # See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
817 # See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
819 ###############################################################################
823 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
824 # Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
825 # region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
826 # For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
827 # Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
828 # Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
829 # very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
830 # Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
831 # Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
832 # about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
833 # Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
834 # http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
836 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
837 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
838 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
839 # summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
841 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
842 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
843 # http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
844 # covers New South Wales in particular.
846 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
847 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
848 # It is called 'summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
849 # and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
850 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
851 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
852 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
853 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
854 # the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
856 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
857 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
858 # or 'Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
859 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
860 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
861 # prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
862 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
864 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
866 # Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
867 # file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
868 # Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
869 # However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
870 # practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
871 # about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
872 # For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
873 # what matters is the abbreviation. It's difficult to survey the web
874 # directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
875 # strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
876 # abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
877 # following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
879 # 10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
880 # 10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
881 # 10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
882 # 13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
883 # 18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
884 # 28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
885 # 39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
886 # 53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
887 # 54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
888 # 182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
890 # 17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
891 # 46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
893 # I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
894 # they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits. I also looked for pages
895 # mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
896 # there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
898 # 156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
899 # 226 "western standard time" WST site:au
901 # I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
902 # listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
903 # and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
904 # All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT". The papers
905 # surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
906 # The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
907 # The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
909 # I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
910 # like "AEDT" are new. A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/>
911 # found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
912 # dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
913 # fully indexed. The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
914 # like "AEDT". The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
915 # column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
916 # (1993-01-24, p 16). The style was the typical usage but was not
917 # strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
918 # (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
919 # WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
920 # about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
921 # territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
922 # party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
924 # I also surveyed federal government sources. They did not agree:
926 # The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
927 # http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
928 # (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
929 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
931 # Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
932 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
933 # EST CST WST EDT CDT
935 # Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
936 # http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
937 # EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
939 # Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
940 # http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
941 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
943 # Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
944 # http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
945 # EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
947 # The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
948 # and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
949 # Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
950 # 311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
951 # "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
952 # appear in reports of events with international implications.
954 # From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
955 # Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
956 # some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
957 # the minority. The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
958 # seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
959 # the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
960 # it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A". The current
961 # version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
962 # "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
964 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
965 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
966 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
967 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
968 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
969 # and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
970 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
972 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
974 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
975 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
976 # relevant entries in this database.
978 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
979 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
980 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
982 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
983 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
985 # Standard Time Act, 1898
986 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
988 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
989 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
990 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
991 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
992 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
994 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
995 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
996 # to extend DST together in 2006.
997 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
998 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
999 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
1000 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
1001 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
1003 # But not Queensland
1004 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
1006 # Northern Territory
1008 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1009 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
1011 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
1013 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
1015 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1016 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1017 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
1021 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1022 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
1024 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
1025 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
1026 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
1027 # # before reaching parliament.
1029 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
1031 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1032 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1033 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1034 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1036 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1037 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1038 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
1040 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
1041 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
1042 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
1044 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
1047 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1048 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
1049 # it matches what was used in the past.
1051 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
1052 # http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
1053 # (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
1054 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
1057 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1058 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
1061 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
1063 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1064 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
1065 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1066 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
1068 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
1069 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
1072 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1073 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1074 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1075 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1077 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1078 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
1079 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
1082 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
1083 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
1084 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
1086 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1087 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1090 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1091 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
1093 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
1094 # from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
1095 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
1096 # http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf
1098 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
1099 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
1100 # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
1101 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
1102 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
1103 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
1104 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
1105 # Australia and Western Australia....
1107 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
1108 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
1109 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
1110 # http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
1112 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
1113 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
1114 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
1115 # coast of the continent.
1117 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
1118 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
1119 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
1120 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
1121 # the largest population centre in this zone....
1123 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
1124 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
1125 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
1126 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
1129 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
1130 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
1131 # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
1132 # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
1134 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
1135 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
1136 # introduction of standard time in 1895.
1139 # southeast Australia
1141 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1142 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
1143 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
1144 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
1149 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1150 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1151 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1152 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1154 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1155 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
1158 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
1160 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1161 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1162 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
1163 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1165 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
1166 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
1167 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
1168 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
1170 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
1171 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
1172 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
1173 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
1176 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
1177 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
1178 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
1179 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
1181 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
1182 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
1183 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
1184 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
1186 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
1187 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
1188 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
1189 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
1191 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1192 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1196 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1197 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1198 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1201 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
1202 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
1203 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
1204 # (but nothing new about that).
1206 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
1207 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
1208 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
1209 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
1210 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
1211 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
1213 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
1214 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
1216 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1217 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1221 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1222 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1223 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1226 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1227 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1228 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
1229 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1230 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1231 # in Melbourne, Australia.
1233 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1234 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1235 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1236 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1237 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1240 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1241 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1242 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
1243 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1245 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1246 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1248 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1249 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1253 # From Arthur David Olson:
1254 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1255 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1257 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1258 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
1259 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1260 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1261 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
1262 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
1264 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1265 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1266 # October in 2000. See: Matthew Moore,
1267 # Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
1268 # http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
1270 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1271 # See the following official NSW source:
1272 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1273 # http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
1275 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1276 # daylight saving next year. See:
1277 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1278 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
1279 # (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1281 # Victoria will following NSW. See:
1282 # Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
1283 # http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
1285 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1286 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
1287 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
1289 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1290 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1291 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
1292 # (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1293 # "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1294 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1295 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1296 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1297 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
1299 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1300 # Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
1301 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
1303 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1304 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1305 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1307 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1308 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1309 # towns to use Queensland time.
1311 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1312 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1316 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1317 # 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1319 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1320 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1323 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1324 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1325 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1326 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1327 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1328 # # presently available.
1329 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1331 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1332 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1333 # [followed by other Rules]
1337 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1338 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1340 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1341 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1343 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1344 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1345 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1346 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1347 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1348 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1349 # instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
1350 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1351 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1352 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1354 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1355 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1356 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1357 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1358 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1359 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1361 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1362 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1363 # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1365 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1366 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1368 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1369 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1370 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1371 # summer (southern hemisphere).
1374 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1375 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1376 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1377 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1378 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1379 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1380 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1381 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1383 # We have a wrap-up here:
1384 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1385 ###############################################################################
1389 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1390 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1391 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1392 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1393 # source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1395 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1396 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1397 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1398 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1401 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1402 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1403 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1404 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1406 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1407 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1409 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1410 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1411 # rather than the October 1 value.
1413 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1414 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1415 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1416 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1417 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1418 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1420 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1421 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1422 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1423 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1425 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1426 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1427 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1429 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1430 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1431 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1432 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1433 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1435 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
1436 # Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
1437 # New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
1438 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
1439 # According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
1440 # parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
1441 # time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
1442 # Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
1443 # For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
1444 # in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
1445 # LMT back when New Zealand was at UTC+11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
1446 # not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
1448 ###############################################################################
1453 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1454 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1455 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1457 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1458 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1459 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1460 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1462 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1463 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1465 # From the BBC World Service in
1466 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
1467 # The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1468 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
1469 # intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
1470 # of the new millennium.
1472 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1473 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1478 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1479 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1480 # "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
1481 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1486 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1487 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1488 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1489 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1490 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1493 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1495 # Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1496 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
1497 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1498 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1501 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1502 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1503 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1504 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1509 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1510 # "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
1511 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
1513 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
1514 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1516 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1517 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1518 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
1519 # http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
1520 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1521 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1526 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1527 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1528 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1529 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1530 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1531 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1532 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1533 # air at 6am your time.
1535 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1536 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1537 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1538 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1543 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1544 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1545 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1547 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1548 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1549 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1551 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1552 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1553 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1555 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1556 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1559 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1560 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1561 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1562 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1565 # (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
1567 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1568 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1569 # "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1570 # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
1571 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
1573 # Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UTC-11:30
1574 # in 1911, and to UTC-11 in 1950. many earlier sources give UTC-11
1575 # for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
1576 # circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
1577 # Assume American Samoa switched to UTC-11 in 1911, not 1950,
1578 # and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
1579 # day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
1580 # Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
1584 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1585 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
1586 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
1587 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1589 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1590 # How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
1591 # http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
1593 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1594 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1595 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1596 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1597 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1598 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1600 # Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1601 # Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1602 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1604 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1605 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1606 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1607 # minutes we have lost?"
1609 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1610 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1611 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1613 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1614 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1616 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1617 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
1618 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1619 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1620 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1623 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1624 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1626 # I was given this link by John Letts:
1627 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1629 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1630 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1631 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1632 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1634 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1635 # According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>:
1636 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1637 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1638 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1639 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1640 # set back an hour on the closing date."
1641 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1643 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1644 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1645 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1647 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1648 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1649 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1650 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1651 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1652 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1653 # (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>)
1655 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1656 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1658 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1659 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1660 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1661 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1664 # From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1665 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1670 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1671 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1673 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ... The time was all the
1674 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1675 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1676 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1677 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1680 # http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
1682 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1683 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1685 ###############################################################################
1687 # The International Date Line
1689 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1691 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1692 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1693 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1694 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1696 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1697 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1698 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1699 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1700 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1701 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1702 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1703 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1704 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1705 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1706 # correct date is ambiguous.
1708 # From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1709 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1710 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1711 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1712 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1713 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1714 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1715 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1716 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1717 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1718 # entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight. These zones were
1719 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1720 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
1722 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1725 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1726 # http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
1727 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1728 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
projects / dragonfly.git / blob