1 # tzdb data for Europe and environs
3 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
4 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
6 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
7 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
8 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
9 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
11 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
13 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
14 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
15 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
16 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
18 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
19 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
20 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
21 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
22 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
23 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
25 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
26 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
28 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
29 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
31 # Other sources occasionally used include:
33 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
34 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
35 # which I found in the UCLA library.
37 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
38 # <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
41 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
42 # <https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
43 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
44 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
45 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
47 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
48 # This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
49 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
50 # The full Russian citation is:
51 # Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
52 # введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
53 # июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
54 # Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
55 # http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
57 # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
58 # History of Summer Time
59 # <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
60 # (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
62 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
63 # the rest are variants of the "xMT" pattern for a city's mean time,
64 # or are from other sources. Corrections are welcome!
67 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
68 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
69 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
70 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
71 # 1:00 BST British Standard (1968-1971)
72 # 1:00 IST GMT Irish Standard (1968-) with winter DST
73 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
74 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)
75 # 1:36:34 RMT* LST* Riga, Latvian Summer (1880-1926)*
76 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
77 # 3:00 MSK MSD MDST* Moscow
79 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), re EEC/EC/EU members:
80 # The original six: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
81 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
82 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
83 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
84 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
85 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
86 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
87 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
88 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
89 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
91 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
92 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
94 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
95 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
96 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
97 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
101 ###############################################################################
103 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
105 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
107 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
108 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
109 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
112 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
113 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
114 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
115 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
116 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
117 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
118 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
120 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
121 # position is 51° 28' 30" N, 0° 18' 45" W. The longitude should
122 # be within about ±2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
124 # [This yields STDOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
126 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
128 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
129 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
130 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
131 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
132 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
133 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
134 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
135 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
136 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
137 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
138 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
139 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
140 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
141 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
142 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
143 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
144 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
145 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
146 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
147 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
149 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
150 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
151 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
153 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
154 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
155 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
156 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
157 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
158 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
159 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
160 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
161 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
162 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30°.
163 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
164 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
165 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
166 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
168 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
169 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
170 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
171 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
172 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
173 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
174 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
175 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
176 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
177 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
178 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
179 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
180 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
181 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
182 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
184 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
185 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
186 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
187 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
188 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
189 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
190 # -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
191 # republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
192 # https://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-114/a-silent-toast-to-william-willett-by-winston-s-churchill
194 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
195 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
196 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
197 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
198 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
199 # The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
200 # Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
201 # ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
203 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
204 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
205 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
207 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
208 # From: Jonathan Leffler
209 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
210 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
211 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
213 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
214 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
215 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
216 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
217 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
219 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
220 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
221 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
222 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
224 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
225 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
226 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
227 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
228 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
229 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
230 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
231 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
233 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
234 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
235 # which is to be introduced in May....
236 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
237 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
239 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
240 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
241 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
244 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
245 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
246 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
247 # and extending this list, which can be found in
248 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
250 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
252 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
253 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
254 # https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
255 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
257 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
259 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
261 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
263 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
264 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
265 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
266 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
267 # It actually just had one transition.
268 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
269 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
270 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
271 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
272 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
274 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
275 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
276 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
277 # conform with Great Britain.
278 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
280 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
281 # we'll ignore it for now.
282 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
284 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-04):
286 # Dunsink Observatory (8 km NW of Dublin's center) was to Dublin as
287 # Greenwich was to London. For example:
289 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
290 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
292 # The abbreviation DMT stood for "Dublin Mean Time" or "Dunsink Mean Time";
293 # this being Ireland, opinions differed.
295 # Whitman says Dublin/Dunsink Mean Time was UT-00:25:21, which agrees
296 # with measurements of recent visitors to the Meridian Room of Dunsink
297 # Observatory; see Malone D. Dunsink and timekeeping. 2016-01-24.
298 # <https://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwmalone/time/dunsink.html>. Malone
299 # writes that the Nautical Almanac listed UT-00:25:22 until 1896, when
300 # it moved to UT-00:25:21.1 (I confirmed that the 1893 edition used
301 # the former and the 1896 edition used the latter). Evidently the
302 # news of this change propagated slowly, as Milne 1899 still lists
303 # UT-00:25:22 and cites the International Telegraph Bureau. As it is
304 # not clear that there was any practical significance to the change
305 # from UT-00:25:22 to UT-00:25:21.1 in civil timekeeping, omit this
306 # transition for now and just use the latter value, omitting its
307 # fraction since our format cannot represent fractions.
309 # "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
310 # was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
311 # would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'. She claimed
312 # Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
313 # -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
314 # Irish Times 2014-10-27.
315 # https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
317 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
318 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
319 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
321 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
323 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
324 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
326 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
327 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
328 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
330 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
331 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
332 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
334 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
335 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
337 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
338 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
339 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
341 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
342 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
343 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
346 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
347 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
348 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
349 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
350 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
351 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
352 # and Frethun run in CT.
353 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
354 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
355 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
356 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
357 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
358 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
360 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
361 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
362 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
363 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
364 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
365 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
366 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
368 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-07):
369 # The 1996 anonymous contributor's goal was to determine the correct
370 # abbreviation for summer time in Dublin and so the contributor
371 # focused on the "IST", not on the "Irish Summer Time". Though the
372 # "IST" was correct, the "Irish Summer Time" appears to have been an
373 # error, as Ireland's Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 states that
374 # standard time in Ireland remains at UT +01 and is observed in
375 # summer, and that Greenwich mean time is observed in winter. (Thanks
376 # to Derick Rethans for pointing out the error.) That is, when
377 # Ireland amended the 1968 act that established UT +01 as Irish
378 # Standard Time, it left standard time unchanged and established GMT
379 # as a negative daylight saving time in winter. So, in this database
380 # IST stands for Irish Summer Time for timestamps before 1968, and for
381 # Irish Standard Time after that. See:
382 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1971/act/17/enacted/en/print
384 # Michael Deckers (2017-06-01) gave the following URLs for Ireland's
385 # Summer Time Act, 1925 and Summer Time Orders, 1926 and 1947:
386 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1925/act/8/enacted/en/print
387 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1926/sro/919/made/en/print
388 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1947/sro/71/made/en/print
390 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
391 # Summer Time Act, 1916
392 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
393 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
394 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
395 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
396 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
397 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
398 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
399 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
400 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
401 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
402 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
403 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
404 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
405 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
406 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
407 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
408 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
409 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
410 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
411 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
412 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
413 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
414 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
415 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
416 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
417 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
418 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
419 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
420 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
421 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
422 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
423 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
424 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
425 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
426 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
427 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
428 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
429 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
430 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
431 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
432 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
433 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
434 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
435 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
436 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
437 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
438 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
439 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
440 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
441 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
442 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
443 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
444 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
445 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
446 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
447 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
448 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
449 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
450 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
451 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
452 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
453 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
454 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
455 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
456 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
457 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
458 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
459 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
460 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
461 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
462 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
463 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
464 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
465 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
466 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
467 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
468 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
469 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
470 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
471 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
472 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
473 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
474 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
475 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
476 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
477 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
478 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
479 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
480 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
481 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
482 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
484 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
485 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
486 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
487 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
488 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
489 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
490 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
491 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
492 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
493 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
494 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
495 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
496 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
497 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
498 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
500 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
502 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
503 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
504 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
505 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
508 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
509 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
510 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
512 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-15):
513 # In January 2018 we discovered that the negative SAVE values in the
514 # Eire rules cause problems with tests for ICU:
515 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
516 # and with tests for OpenJDK:
517 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
519 # To work around this problem, the build procedure can translate the
520 # following data into two forms, one with negative SAVE values and the
521 # other form with a traditional approximation for Irish timestamps
522 # after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC; although this approximation has tm_isdst
523 # flags that are reversed, its UTC offsets are correct and this often
524 # suffices. This source file currently uses only nonnegative SAVE
525 # values, but this is intended to change and downstream code should
528 # The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
529 # summer and negative daylight saving time in winter. It is for when
530 # negative SAVE values are used.
531 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
532 Rule Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 2:00u -1:00 -
533 Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00u 0 -
534 Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00u -1:00 -
535 Rule Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 0 -
536 Rule Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u -1:00 -
537 Rule Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u -1:00 -
538 Rule Eire 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u -1:00 -
540 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
541 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
542 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00s
543 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
544 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
545 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00s
546 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00s
547 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00s
548 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00s
549 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00s
550 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
551 # Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
553 # Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk.
554 # 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
555 # 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
557 # End of rearguard section.
560 ###############################################################################
564 # The following rules are for the European Union and for its
565 # predecessor organization, the European Communities.
566 # For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file.
568 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
569 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
570 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
571 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
572 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
573 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
574 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
575 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
576 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
577 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
578 # http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
580 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
581 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
582 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
583 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
584 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
585 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
586 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
588 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
589 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
590 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
591 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
592 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
593 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
594 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
595 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
596 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
597 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
598 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
599 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
600 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
601 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
603 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
604 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
605 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
606 # tz database itself, as seen below:
608 # Zone Europe/Paris ...
609 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
611 # Zone Europe/Monaco ...
612 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
614 # Zone Europe/Belgrade ...
615 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
617 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
618 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
619 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
621 # The rule line to be changed is:
623 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
625 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
626 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
627 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
628 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
631 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
632 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
634 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
636 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
638 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
639 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
640 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
641 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
642 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
643 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
644 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
645 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
647 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
648 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
649 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
650 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
651 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
652 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
653 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
656 # Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
658 # The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).
660 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
661 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
663 # Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
664 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
666 # Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
667 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
668 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
670 # Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
671 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
673 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 0:00u 1:00 MSD
674 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK
676 # Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
677 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
679 # Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
680 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 +05
682 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
683 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
684 # Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
685 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
686 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
687 # Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
688 # Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
689 Rule Russia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
690 Rule Russia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
692 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
693 # As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
695 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
696 # Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
697 # Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
698 # Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
700 # I did not find full texts of these acts. For the 1989 one we have
701 # title at https://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
702 # "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
703 # Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
704 # Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
705 # And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
706 # contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
707 # of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
708 # oblasts. Since last Sunday of March 1989:
709 # a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
710 # second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
711 # b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
712 # rules (Moscow time)
713 # c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
715 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
716 # Unamended version of the act of the
717 # Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
718 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
719 # says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
720 # of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
721 # at 3 hours. It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
723 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
724 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
725 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
726 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
728 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
729 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
731 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
732 # https://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
734 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
735 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
738 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
740 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
741 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
742 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
743 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
744 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
746 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
747 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
749 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
750 # The official German names ... are
752 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
753 # Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
755 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
756 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
757 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
759 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
760 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
762 # D-38023 Braunschweig
763 # phone: +49 531 592-0
765 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
766 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
767 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
769 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
770 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
774 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
775 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
776 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
777 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
778 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
779 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
780 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
781 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
782 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
783 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
784 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
785 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
786 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
787 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
788 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
789 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
790 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
791 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
792 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
793 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
794 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
795 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
796 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
797 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
798 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
799 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
800 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
801 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
802 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
803 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
807 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
808 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
809 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
810 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
815 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
817 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
818 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
819 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
820 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
821 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
822 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
824 # From Alois Treindl (2019-07-22):
825 # In 1946 the end of DST was on Monday, 7 October 1946, at 3:00 am.
826 # Shanks had this right. Source: Die Weltpresse, 5. Oktober 1946, page 5.
828 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
829 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
830 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
831 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
832 Rule Austria 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
833 Rule Austria 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
834 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
835 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
836 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
837 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
838 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
839 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
840 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
841 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
842 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
843 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
845 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
850 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
851 # http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
852 # (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
853 # 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
854 # on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
855 # (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
857 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
858 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
859 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
861 # Sources (Russian language):
862 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
863 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
864 # https://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
866 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
867 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
868 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
870 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
871 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
872 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
873 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
874 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
875 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
876 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
877 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
878 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
883 # From Michael Deckers (2019-08-25):
884 # The exposition in the web page
885 # https://www.bestor.be/wiki/index.php/Voyager_dans_le_temps._L%E2%80%99introduction_de_la_norme_de_Greenwich_en_Belgique
886 # gives several contemporary sources from which one can conclude that
887 # the switch in Europe/Brussels on 1892-05-01 was from 00:17:30 to 00:00:00.
889 # From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28):
890 # This quote helps explain the late-1914 situation:
891 # In early November 1914, the Germans imposed the time zone used in central
892 # Europe and forced the inhabitants to set their watches and public clocks
893 # sixty minutes ahead. Many were reluctant to accept "German time" and
894 # continued to use "Belgian time" among themselves. Reflecting the spirit of
895 # resistance that arose in the population, a song made fun of this change....
897 # Putting your clock forward
898 # Will but hasten the happy hour
899 # When we kick out the Boches!
900 # See: Pluvinage G. Brussels on German time. Cahiers Bruxellois -
901 # Brusselse Cahiers. 2014;XLVI(1E):15-38.
902 # https://www.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-bruxellois-2014-1E-page-15.htm
904 # Entries from 1914 through 1917 are taken from "De tijd in België"
905 # <https://www.astro.oma.be/GENERAL/INFO/nli001a.html>.
906 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
907 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
908 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
909 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
911 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for the 1918/1991 references.
912 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
913 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
915 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
916 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
917 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
918 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
919 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
920 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
921 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
922 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
923 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
924 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
925 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
926 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
927 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
928 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
929 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
930 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
931 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
932 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
933 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
934 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
935 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
936 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
937 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
938 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
939 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
940 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
941 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
942 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
943 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
944 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
945 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
946 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
947 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
948 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
949 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
950 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
951 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
952 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
953 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
954 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
955 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
956 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 00:17:30
957 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
958 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
959 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
960 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
961 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
962 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
965 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
966 # See Europe/Belgrade.
970 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
971 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
972 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
973 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
975 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
976 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
977 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
978 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
979 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
980 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
981 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
982 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
983 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
984 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
985 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
986 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
987 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
988 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 3:00
989 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
990 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
994 # See Europe/Belgrade.
997 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
999 # Czech Republic / Czechia
1001 # From Paul Eggert (2018-04-15):
1002 # The source for Czech data is: Kdy začíná a končí letní čas. 2018-04-15.
1003 # https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas
1004 # We know of no English-language name for historical Czech winter time;
1005 # abbreviate it as "GMT", as it happened to be GMT.
1007 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1008 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1009 Rule Czech 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1010 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1011 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1012 Rule Czech 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1013 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1014 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1015 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
1016 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1017 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 9
1018 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1946 Dec 1 3:00
1019 # Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
1020 1:00 -1:00 GMT 1947 Feb 23 2:00
1021 # Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk.
1022 # 0:00 - GMT 1947 Feb 23 2:00
1023 # End of rearguard section.
1024 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
1026 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
1028 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
1030 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
1031 # the law [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
1032 # The page https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/1893/83
1033 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
1035 # The EU [actually, EEC and Euratom] treaty with effect from 1973:
1036 # https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/1972/21100
1038 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
1039 # in subsequent decrees with the law
1040 # https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/1974/223
1042 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
1043 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
1044 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
1045 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
1046 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
1047 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
1048 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
1049 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
1050 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
1051 # was suspended on that night):
1052 # https://web.archive.org/web/20140104053304/https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=60267
1054 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
1055 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
1056 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
1058 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
1059 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
1060 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
1062 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1063 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1064 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1065 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1066 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1067 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1068 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
1069 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1070 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1071 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1072 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1073 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1075 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1076 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1077 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
1078 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1079 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1080 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
1082 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
1086 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
1087 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
1088 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
1089 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
1091 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-10):
1092 # Greenland joined the European Communities as part of Denmark,
1093 # obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, and left the European Communities
1094 # on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
1095 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
1096 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
1097 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
1099 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
1100 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
1101 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
1103 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
1104 # is according to the following time line:
1106 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
1107 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
1108 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
1111 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
1114 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
1116 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
1117 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
1118 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
1119 # info from earlier correspondence.]
1121 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
1122 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
1123 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
1125 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
1126 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
1127 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
1128 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
1129 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
1130 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
1131 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
1133 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
1134 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
1136 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
1137 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
1138 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
1140 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
1141 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
1142 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
1143 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be
1144 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
1146 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
1147 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
1150 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1151 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
1152 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
1153 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
1154 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1155 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1156 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1158 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
1159 # "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
1160 # "National Park" by Executive Order:
1161 # http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
1162 # It is their only National Park.
1164 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1165 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1166 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
1167 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1168 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1169 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1170 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
1172 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1173 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1174 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1175 -3:00 EU -03/-02 1996
1178 # Use the old name Scoresbysund, as the current name Ittoqqortoormiit
1179 # exceeds tzdb's 14-letter limit and has no common English abbreviation.
1180 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1181 -2:00 - -02 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1182 -2:00 C-Eur -02/-01 1981 Mar 29
1184 Zone America/Nuuk -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Godthåb
1185 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1187 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
1192 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1193 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1195 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1196 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1197 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1198 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1200 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1201 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1202 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1203 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1204 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1205 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1206 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1207 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1208 # summer time next spring."
1210 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1211 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1212 # http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1213 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1214 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1216 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1217 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1218 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1220 # From The Baltic Times <https://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1221 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1222 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1223 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1224 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1225 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1226 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1229 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1230 # Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1231 # No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1232 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1234 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1235 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1236 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1238 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1239 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1241 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1242 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1243 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1244 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1245 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1246 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1247 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1248 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1249 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1250 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1251 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1252 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Oct 31 4:00
1253 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1258 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1259 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1260 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1262 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1264 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1265 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1266 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1267 # according to the central European standards.
1269 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1270 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1272 # https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1274 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1275 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1277 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1278 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1280 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1283 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1284 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1285 # https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1286 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1287 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1288 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1289 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1290 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1292 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1293 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1295 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1296 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1297 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1298 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1299 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1301 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1304 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1305 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1306 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1307 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1311 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1316 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1318 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1319 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1321 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1324 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1325 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1327 # From Michael Deckers (2020-06-11):
1328 # the law of 1891 <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64415343.texteImage>
1329 # was published on 1891-03-15, so it could only take force on 1891-03-16.
1331 # From Michael Deckers (2020-06-10):
1332 # Le Gaulois, 1911-03-11, page 1/6, online at
1333 # https://www.retronews.fr/societe/echo-de-presse/2018/01/29/1911-change-lheure-de-paris
1334 # ... [ Instantly, all pressure driven clock dials halted... Nine minutes and
1335 # twenty-one seconds later the hands resumed their circular motion. ]
1336 # There are also precise reports about how the change was prepared in train
1337 # stations: all the publicly visible clocks stopped at midnight railway time
1338 # (or were covered), only the chief of service had a watch, labeled
1339 # "Heure ancienne", that he kept running until it reached 00:04:21, when
1340 # he announced "Heure nouvelle". See the "Le Petit Journal 1911-03-11".
1341 # https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6192911/f1.item.zoom
1343 # From Michael Deckers (2020-06-12):
1344 # That "all French clocks stopped" for 00:09:21 is a misreading of French
1345 # newspapers; this sort of adjustment applies only to certain
1346 # remote-controlled clocks ("pendules pneumatiques", of which there existed
1347 # perhaps a dozen in Paris, and which simply could not be set back remotely),
1348 # but not to all the clocks in all French towns and villages. For instance,
1349 # the following story in the "Courrier de Saône-et-Loire" 1911-03-11, page 2:
1350 # only works if legal time was stepped back (was not monotone): ...
1351 # [One can observe that children who had been born at midnight less 5
1352 # minutes and who had died at midnight of the old time, would turn out to
1353 # be dead before being born, time having been set back and having
1354 # suppressed 9 minutes and 25 seconds of their existence, that is, more
1355 # than they could spend.]
1357 # From Paul Eggert (2020-06-12):
1358 # French time in railway stations was legally five minutes behind civil time,
1359 # which explains why railway "old time" ran to 00:04:21 instead of to 00:09:21.
1360 # The law's text (which Michael Deckers noted is at
1361 # <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2022333z/f2>) says only that
1362 # at 1911-03-11 00:00 legal time was that of Paris mean time delayed by
1363 # nine minutes and twenty-one seconds, and does not say how the
1364 # transition from Paris mean time was to occur.
1366 # tzdb has no way to represent stopped clocks. As the railway practice
1367 # was to keep a watch running on "old time" to decide when to restart
1368 # the other clocks, this could be modeled as a transition for "old time" at
1369 # 00:09:21. However, since the law was ambiguous and clocks outside railway
1370 # stations were probably done haphazardly with the popular impression being
1371 # that the transition was done at 00:00 "old time", simply leave the time
1372 # blank; this causes zic to default to 00:00 "old time" which is good enough.
1373 # Do something similar for the 1891-03-16 transition. There are similar
1374 # problems in Algiers, Monaco and Tunis.
1377 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1378 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1379 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1380 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1381 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1382 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1383 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1384 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1385 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1386 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1387 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1388 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1389 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1390 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1391 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1392 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1393 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1394 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1395 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1396 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1397 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1398 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1399 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1400 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1401 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1402 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1403 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1404 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1405 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1406 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1407 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1408 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1409 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1410 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1411 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1412 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1413 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1414 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1415 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1416 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1417 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1418 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1419 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1420 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1421 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1422 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1423 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1424 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1425 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1426 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1427 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1428 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1429 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1430 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1431 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1432 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1433 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1434 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1435 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1436 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1437 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1438 # Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1439 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1440 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1441 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 16
1442 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1443 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1444 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1445 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1446 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1447 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1448 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1449 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1454 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1455 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1456 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1457 # [See tz-link.html for the URL.]
1459 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1460 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1461 # https://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1462 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1464 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1465 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1466 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1467 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1468 # this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
1471 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1472 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1473 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1474 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1475 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1476 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1478 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1479 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1480 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1481 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1482 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1484 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1485 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1486 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1488 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1489 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1490 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1491 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1492 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1495 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1496 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1497 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1498 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1499 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1500 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1502 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1503 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1505 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1506 # Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1508 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1511 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1512 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1513 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1516 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1517 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1518 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1523 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1524 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1525 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1526 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1527 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1528 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1529 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1530 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1531 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1532 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1533 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1534 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1535 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1536 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1537 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1538 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1539 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1540 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1541 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1542 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1543 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1544 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1545 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1546 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1547 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1548 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1549 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1550 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1551 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1552 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1553 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1554 # go with EU rules instead, since Greece joined Jan 1.
1559 # From Michael Deckers (2020-06-09):
1560 # an Austrian encyclopedia of railroads of 1913, online at
1561 # http://www.zeno.org/Roell-1912/A/Eisenbahnzeit
1562 # says that the switch [to CET] happened on 1890-11-01.
1564 # From Géza Nyáry (2020-06-07):
1565 # Data for 1918-1983 are based on the archive database of Library Hungaricana.
1566 # The dates are collected from original, scanned governmental orders,
1567 # bulletins, instructions and public press.
1570 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1571 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1918/?pg=238
1572 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1919/?pg=808
1573 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1920/?pg=201
1574 Rule Hungary 1918 1919 - Apr 15 2:00 1:00 S
1575 Rule Hungary 1918 1920 - Sep Mon>=15 3:00 0 -
1576 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00 1:00 S
1577 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1945/?pg=882
1578 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1579 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1580 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1946_03/?pg=49
1581 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1582 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1946_09/?pg=54
1583 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00 0 -
1584 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KulfBelfHirek_1947_04_1__001-123/?pg=90
1585 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DunantuliNaplo_1947_09/?pg=128
1586 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KulfBelfHirek_1948_03_3__001-123/?pg=304
1587 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Zala_1948_09/?pg=64
1588 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SatoraljaujhelyiLeveltar_ZempleniNepujsag_1948/?pg=53
1589 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SatoraljaujhelyiLeveltar_ZempleniNepujsag_1948/?pg=160
1590 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/UjSzo_1949_01-04/?pg=102
1591 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KeletMagyarorszag_1949_03/?pg=96
1592 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1949_09/?pg=94
1593 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1594 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1595 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1954/?pg=513
1596 Rule Hungary 1954 only - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1597 Rule Hungary 1954 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1598 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1955/?pg=398
1599 Rule Hungary 1955 only - May 22 2:00 1:00 S
1600 Rule Hungary 1955 only - Oct 2 3:00 0 -
1601 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/HevesMegyeiNepujsag_1956_06/?pg=0
1602 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/EszakMagyarorszag_1956_06/?pg=6
1603 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SzolnokMegyeiNeplap_1957_04/?pg=120
1604 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/PestMegyeiHirlap_1957_09/?pg=143
1605 Rule Hungary 1956 1957 - Jun Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
1606 Rule Hungary 1956 1957 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1607 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1980/?pg=189
1608 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
1609 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Sep 28 1:00 0 -
1610 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1980/?pg=1227
1611 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1981_01/?pg=79
1612 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1982/?pg=115
1613 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1983/?pg=85
1614 Rule Hungary 1981 1983 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
1615 Rule Hungary 1981 1983 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1617 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1618 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Nov 1
1619 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1620 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1941/?pg=1204
1621 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1942/?pg=3955
1622 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 7 23:00
1623 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1624 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1984
1629 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1630 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1633 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1636 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1637 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1638 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavík mean solar time which
1639 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1641 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1642 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1643 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1644 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1647 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1648 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1649 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1650 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1651 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1652 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1653 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1654 # might mean something else (???).
1656 # From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
1657 # The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
1658 # http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
1660 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1661 Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 -
1662 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1663 Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1664 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 -
1665 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
1666 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 -
1667 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
1668 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 -
1669 Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
1670 Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 -
1671 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1672 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
1673 Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1674 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1675 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
1676 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1677 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1678 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1679 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1680 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1681 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
1682 -1:00 Iceland -01/+00 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1687 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1688 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1689 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1690 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1691 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1692 # so record only the time in Rome.
1694 # From Stephen Trainor (2019-05-06):
1695 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale/ORA_LEGALE_ESTIVA_IN_ITALIA.htm
1696 # ... the [1866] law went into effect on 12 December 1866, rather than
1697 # the date of the decree (22 Sep 1866)
1698 # https://web.archive.org/web/20070824155341/http://www.iav.it/planetario/didastro/didastro/english.htm
1699 # ... "In Italy in 1866 there were 6 railway times (Torino, Verona, Firenze,
1700 # Roma, Napoli, Palermo). On that year it was decided to unify them, adopting
1701 # the average time of Rome (even if this city was not yet part of the
1702 # kingdom). On the 12th December 1866, on the starting of the winter time
1703 # table, it took effect in the railways, the post office and the telegraph,
1704 # not only for the internal service but also for the public.... Milano set
1705 # the public watches on the Rome time on the same day (12th December 1866),
1706 # Torino and Bologna on the 1st January 1867, Venezia the 1st May 1880 and the
1707 # last city was Cagliari in 1886."
1709 # From Luigi Rosa (2019-05-07):
1710 # this is the scan of the decree:
1711 # http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/filopanti/1866c.jpg
1713 # From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
1714 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
1715 # ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
1716 # force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
1717 # the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
1719 # From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
1720 # The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
1721 # institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
1722 # http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
1723 # [now at http://oldsite.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml as of 2017]
1725 # http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
1726 # has still different data for 1944. It divides Italy in two, as
1727 # there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
1728 # Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
1729 # of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
1731 # From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
1732 # Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
1733 # Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
1734 # Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
1735 # advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
1736 # Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
1738 # From Alois Treindl (2019-07-02):
1739 # I spent 6 Euros to buy two archive copies of Il Messaggero, a Roman paper,
1740 # for 1 and 2 April 1944. The edition of 2 April has this note: "Tonight at 2
1741 # am, put forward the clock by one hour. Remember that in the night between
1742 # today and Monday the 'ora legale' will come in force again." That makes it
1743 # clear that in Rome the change was on Monday, 3 April 1944 at 2 am.
1745 # From Paul Eggert (2021-10-05):
1746 # Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
1747 # for the Kingdom of Italy. This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
1748 # Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
1749 # to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
1750 # was effectively controlled by Germany. Using C-Eur is consistent
1751 # with Treindl's comment about Rome in April 1944, as the "Rule Italy"
1752 # lines during German occupation do not affect Europe/Rome
1753 # (though they do affect Europe/Malta).
1755 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1756 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 24:00 1:00 S
1757 Rule Italy 1916 1917 - Sep 30 24:00 0 -
1758 Rule Italy 1917 only - Mar 31 24:00 1:00 S
1759 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 9 24:00 1:00 S
1760 Rule Italy 1918 only - Oct 6 24:00 0 -
1761 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 1 24:00 1:00 S
1762 Rule Italy 1919 only - Oct 4 24:00 0 -
1763 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 S
1764 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
1765 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 14 24:00 1:00 S
1766 Rule Italy 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
1767 Rule Italy 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1768 Rule Italy 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
1769 Rule Italy 1944 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1770 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
1771 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1772 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 1:00 0 -
1773 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1774 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1775 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1776 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1777 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1778 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1779 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1780 Rule Italy 1966 only - Sep 24 24:00 0 -
1781 Rule Italy 1967 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00s 0 -
1782 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1783 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1784 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1785 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1786 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1787 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1788 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1789 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1790 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00s 1:00 S
1791 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1792 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1793 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1794 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1795 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1796 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1797 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1798 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Dec 12
1799 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
1800 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1943 Sep 10
1801 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jun 4
1802 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1806 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1809 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1810 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1814 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1816 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1817 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1818 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1819 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1821 # Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1822 # according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1823 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1824 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1825 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1827 # Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1828 # according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1829 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1830 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1831 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1832 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1834 # Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1835 # according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1836 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1837 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1838 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1839 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1840 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1841 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1842 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1843 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1845 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1846 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1847 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1849 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1850 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1851 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1852 # 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1853 # in Latvian for subscribers only).
1855 # From RFE/RL Newsline
1856 # http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
1857 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1858 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1859 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1860 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1861 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1862 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1863 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1864 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1865 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1866 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1867 # appears that they will not do so....
1869 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1870 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1871 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1873 # Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1874 # Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1877 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1878 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880
1879 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT
1880 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST
1881 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1882 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1883 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11
1884 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1886 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1887 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1888 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1889 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1890 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1891 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1896 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1897 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1899 # From Alois Treindl (2019-07-04):
1900 # I was able to access the online archive of the Vaduz paper Vaterland ...
1901 # I could confirm from the paper that Liechtenstein did in fact follow
1902 # the same DST in 1941 and 1942 as Switzerland did.
1904 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1909 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1910 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1912 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1913 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1914 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1916 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1917 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1918 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1920 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1921 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1922 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1923 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1924 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1925 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1926 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1927 # already done by Estonia.
1929 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1930 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1931 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1933 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1934 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1935 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1936 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1937 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1938 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1939 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1942 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1943 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1944 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1945 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1946 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1947 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1948 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1949 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1950 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1951 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1952 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1953 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1954 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1955 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1956 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1960 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1961 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1962 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1963 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1964 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1965 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1966 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1967 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1968 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1969 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1970 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1971 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1972 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1973 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1974 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1975 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1976 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1977 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1978 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1979 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1980 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1981 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1982 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1983 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1984 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1985 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1986 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1987 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1988 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1989 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1990 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1991 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1992 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1996 # See Europe/Belgrade.
2000 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
2001 # Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
2003 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2004 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
2005 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
2006 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2007 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
2008 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
2009 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
2010 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2011 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2012 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
2013 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
2014 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
2019 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2020 # the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
2021 # http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
2022 # ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
2023 # time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
2024 # plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
2025 # adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
2026 # time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
2027 # reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
2029 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2030 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
2031 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
2032 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
2033 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
2034 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
2035 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
2036 # But [two people] separately reported via
2037 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
2038 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
2040 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
2041 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
2042 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
2043 # to the Winter Time).
2045 # News (in Russian):
2046 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
2047 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
2049 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
2050 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
2052 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
2053 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
2054 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
2056 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
2058 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
2059 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
2060 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
2061 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
2062 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
2063 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
2064 # News from Moldova (in russian):
2065 # https://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
2067 # From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
2068 # http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
2069 # From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
2070 # The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
2071 # 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time. Also,
2072 # https://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
2073 # says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
2074 # Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
2076 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2077 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
2078 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
2080 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2081 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
2082 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
2083 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2084 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
2085 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
2086 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
2087 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 May 6 2:00
2088 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
2089 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2090 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
2095 # From Michael Deckers (2020-06-12):
2096 # In the "Journal de Monaco" of 1892-05-24, online at
2097 # https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/b1c67c12c5af11b41ea888fb048e4fe8.pdf
2099 # [In virtue of a Sovereign Ordinance of the May 13 of the current [year],
2100 # legal time in the Principality will be set to, from the date of June 1,
2101 # 1892 onwards, to the meridian of Paris, as in France.]
2102 # In the "Journal de Monaco" of 1911-03-28, online at
2103 # https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/de74ffb7db53d4f599059fe8f0ed482a.pdf
2104 # we read an ordinance of 1911-03-16: ...
2105 # [Legal time in the Principality will be set, from the date of promulgation
2106 # of the present ordinance, to legal time in France.... Consequently, legal
2107 # time will be retarded by 9 minutes and 21 seconds.]
2109 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2110 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1892 Jun 1
2111 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 29 # Paris Mean Time
2112 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
2113 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
2117 # See Europe/Belgrade.
2121 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
2122 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
2124 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
2125 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
2126 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
2127 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
2128 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
2129 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
2130 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
2131 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
2132 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
2135 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
2136 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
2137 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
2140 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
2141 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
2142 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
2143 # actually followed.
2145 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
2146 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
2147 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
2148 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
2149 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
2151 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
2152 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
2153 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
2154 # Amsterdam mean time.
2156 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
2157 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
2159 # From Paul Eggert (2021-05-09):
2160 # I invented the abbreviations AMT for Amsterdam Mean Time and NST for
2161 # Netherlands Summer Time, used in the Netherlands from 1835 to 1937.
2163 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2164 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
2165 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
2166 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
2167 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
2168 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2169 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
2170 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
2171 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
2172 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2173 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
2174 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2175 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
2176 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
2177 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
2178 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
2179 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
2180 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
2181 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
2182 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
2183 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2184 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
2185 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2187 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13, but the .13 is omitted
2188 # below because the current format requires STDOFF to be an integer.
2189 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2190 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
2191 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
2192 0:20 Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16 0:00
2193 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
2194 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
2198 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
2200 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2201 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
2202 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2203 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
2204 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
2205 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
2206 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
2207 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
2208 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2209 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
2210 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
2211 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
2212 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
2215 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
2217 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
2218 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
2219 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
2220 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
2221 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
2222 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
2223 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
2224 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
2225 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
2226 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
2227 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
2228 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
2229 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
2230 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
2231 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
2232 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
2233 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
2234 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
2236 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
2238 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
2239 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
2240 # keeping Berlin time.
2242 # <https://www.jan-mayen.no/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
2243 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
2244 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
2245 # frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
2246 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
2247 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
2248 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
2250 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
2251 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
2252 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
2253 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
2254 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
2255 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
2256 # http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
2257 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
2258 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
2260 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
2261 # for these regions.
2262 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
2266 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
2267 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
2269 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2270 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2271 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2272 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
2273 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2274 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
2275 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2276 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
2277 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2278 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
2279 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
2280 # https://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
2281 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
2282 # He also gives these further references:
2283 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
2284 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
2285 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
2286 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
2287 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
2288 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2289 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
2290 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
2291 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
2292 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2293 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
2294 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
2295 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
2296 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
2297 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2298 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2299 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2300 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2301 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2302 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2303 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
2304 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
2305 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2306 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
2307 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
2312 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2313 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2314 # https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2315 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2316 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett....
2318 # From Michael Deckers (2018-02-15):
2319 # article 5 [of the 1911 decree; Deckers's translation] ...:
2320 # These dispositions shall enter into force at the instant at which,
2321 # according to the 2nd article, the civil day January 1, 1912 begins,
2322 # all clocks therefore having to be advanced or set back correspondingly ...
2324 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2325 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2326 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2328 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2329 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2330 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2332 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2333 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2334 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
2335 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2336 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2337 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2338 # harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2340 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2341 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2342 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2343 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2344 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
2345 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2346 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
2347 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2348 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2349 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
2350 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2351 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
2352 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2353 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2354 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2355 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2356 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2357 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2358 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2359 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2360 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2361 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2362 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2363 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
2364 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
2365 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2366 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2367 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2368 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
2369 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2370 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2371 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
2372 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
2373 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2374 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2375 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2376 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2377 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2378 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2379 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2380 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2381 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2382 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2383 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2384 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2385 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2386 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2387 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2388 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2389 # Whitman says DST was not observed in 1950; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2390 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2391 Rule Port 1947 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2392 Rule Port 1947 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2393 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2394 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2395 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2396 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2397 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2398 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2399 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2400 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2402 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2403 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2404 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 0:00u # Lisbon MT
2405 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2406 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2407 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2408 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2409 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2411 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2412 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2413 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 2:00u # Horta MT
2414 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2415 -2:00 Port +00 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2416 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2417 -2:00 Port +00 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2418 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2419 -2:00 Port +00 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2420 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2421 -2:00 Port +00 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2422 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2423 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2424 -1:00 W-Eur -01/+00 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2425 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2427 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2428 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2429 -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 1:00u # Funchal MT
2430 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2431 -1:00 Port +01 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2432 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2433 -1:00 Port +01 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2434 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2435 -1:00 Port +01 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2436 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2437 -1:00 Port +01 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2438 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2439 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2444 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2445 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2446 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2447 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2448 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2449 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2451 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2452 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2453 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2454 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2455 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2456 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2457 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2458 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2459 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2460 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2461 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2462 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2463 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2464 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2465 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2466 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2467 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2473 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2474 # Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
2475 # (Government document
2476 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2478 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2479 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2480 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2481 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2483 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2484 # Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2485 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2486 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2488 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2489 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2490 # changed in September 2011:
2493 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2494 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2495 # 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2498 # https://rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2499 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2500 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2501 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2502 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2503 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2506 # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2507 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
2508 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2509 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2511 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2512 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2513 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2515 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2516 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2517 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2518 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2521 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2523 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2525 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2526 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2527 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2528 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2529 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
2530 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2531 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2532 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2533 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2534 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2535 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2537 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2538 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2539 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2540 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2541 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2542 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will look like this:
2543 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2545 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2546 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2547 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2548 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2549 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2551 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2552 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2553 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2554 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2555 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2557 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2558 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2559 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2560 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2561 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2563 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2564 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2565 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2566 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2568 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2569 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2570 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2571 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2572 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2573 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2575 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2576 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2577 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2578 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2579 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2580 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2581 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2582 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2584 # From Marat Nigametzianov (2018-07-16):
2585 # this is link to order from 1956 about timezone in USSR
2586 # http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2011/11/novyie-granitsyi-chasovyih-poyasov-v-sssr/
2588 # From Paul Eggert (2018-07-16):
2589 # Perhaps someone could translate the above-mentioned link and use it
2590 # to correct our data for the ex-Soviet Union. It cites the following:
2591 # «Поясное время и новые границы часовых поясов» / сост. П.Н. Долгов,
2592 # отв. ред. Г.Д. Бурдун - М: Комитет стандартов, мер и измерительных
2593 # приборов при Совете Министров СССР, Междуведомственная комиссия
2594 # единой службы времени, 1956 г.
2595 # This book looks like it would be a helpful resource for the Soviet
2596 # Union through 1956. Although a copy was in the Scientific Library
2597 # of Tomsk State University, I have not been able to track down a copy nearby.
2599 # From Stepan Golosunov (2018-07-21):
2600 # http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2015/05/center-reforma-ischisleniya-vremeni-br-na-territorii-sssr-v-1957-godu-center/
2601 # says that the 1956 decision to change time belts' borders was not
2602 # implemented as planned in 1956 and the change happened in 1957.
2603 # There is also the problem that actual time zones were different from
2604 # the official time belts (and from many time belts' maps) as there were
2605 # numerous exceptions to application of time belt rules. For example,
2606 # https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток
2607 # says that by 1962 there were many regions in the 3rd time belt that
2608 # were on Moscow time, referring to a 1962 map. By 1989 number of such
2609 # exceptions grew considerably.
2611 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2612 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2613 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2614 # are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2615 # listing. The region codes listed come from
2616 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2617 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2618 # future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2619 # divisions where available.
2621 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2622 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2623 # 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
2625 # From Paul Eggert (2019-07-25):
2626 # Although Shanks lists 1945-01-01 as the date for transition from
2627 # +01/+02 to +02/+03, more likely this is a placeholder. Guess that
2628 # the transition occurred at 1945-04-10 00:00, which is about when
2629 # Königsberg surrendered to Soviet troops. (Thanks to Alois Treindl.)
2631 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2632 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2634 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2635 # http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
2636 # confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
2637 # (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
2638 # summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
2639 # 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
2641 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2642 # says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
2643 # at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
2644 # Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
2646 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2647 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 10
2648 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1946 Apr 7
2649 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2650 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2651 3:00 - +03 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2655 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
2656 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2657 # Europe/Moscow covers...
2658 # 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
2659 # 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
2660 # 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
2661 # 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2662 # 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
2663 # 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2664 # 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
2665 # 11 RU-KO Komi Republic
2666 # 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
2667 # 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
2668 # 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2669 # 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
2670 # 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
2671 # 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
2672 # 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
2673 # 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
2674 # 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
2675 # 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
2676 # 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
2677 # 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
2678 # 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
2679 # 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
2680 # 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
2681 # 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
2682 # 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
2683 # 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
2684 # 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
2685 # 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
2686 # 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
2687 # 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
2688 # 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2689 # 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
2690 # 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
2691 # 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
2692 # 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
2693 # 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
2694 # 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
2695 # 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
2696 # 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
2697 # 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
2698 # 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
2699 # 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
2701 # 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
2702 # 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2704 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2705 # The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919. Decree No. 59
2706 # (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
2707 # zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
2708 # specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
2709 # No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
2710 # later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
2711 # taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
2712 # (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)
2714 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2715 # 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
2716 # Wikipedia refers to
2717 # http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
2718 # http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
2720 # The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
2721 # magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
2722 # the Trud newspaper from February 1982. The first link provides the
2723 # same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
2724 # time belt changes map).
2726 # The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
2727 # introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
2728 # border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
2729 # Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
2730 # according to the provided map (colored one). In addition to that
2731 # "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
2732 # belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
2733 # 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage. (Komi ASSR was
2734 # supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
2735 # hour difference.) Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
2738 # The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
2739 # and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
2740 # moving to summer time on 1982-04-01. Namely: Dagestan,
2741 # Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
2742 # Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
2743 # krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
2744 # Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
2745 # Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
2746 # district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. As a result Evenk Autonomous
2747 # Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
2748 # up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
2751 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2752 # attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
2753 # of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982. 1980-925.txt also adds
2754 # Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
2755 # district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. Probably erroneously.
2757 # The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
2758 # Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
2761 # The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
2762 # Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
2763 # Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
2764 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2765 # implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
2766 # Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
2770 # All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
2771 # 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
2772 # change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
2774 # There were some exceptions, though.
2775 # Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
2776 # Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
2777 # change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2778 # lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2780 # And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2781 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2782 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2783 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2784 # https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2785 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2786 # 2 days before the switch.
2788 # From Alois Treindl (2022-02-15):
2789 # the Russian wikipedia page
2790 # https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток
2791 # contains the sentence (in Google translation) "In the autumn of
2792 # 1981, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Ryazan,
2793 # Lipetsk, Voronezh, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar and regions to the east
2794 # of those named (about 30 in total) parted ways with Moscow time.
2795 # However, the convenience of common time with Moscow turned out to be
2796 # decisive - in 1982, these regions again switched to Moscow time."
2797 # Shanks International atlas has similar information, and also the
2798 # Russian book Zaitsev A., Kutalev D. A new astrologer's reference
2799 # book. Coordinates of cities and time corrections, - The World of
2800 # Urania, 2012 (Russian: Зайцев А., Куталёв Д., Новый справочник
2801 # астролога. Координаты городов и временные поправки).
2802 # To me it seems that an extra zone is needed, which starts with LMT
2803 # util 1919, later follows Moscow since 1930, but deviates from it
2804 # between 1 October 1981 until 1 April 1982.
2807 # From Paul Eggert (2022-02-15):
2808 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2809 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
2810 # should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2813 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2814 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2815 # Observatory (coordinates: 55° 45' 29.70", 37° 34' 05.30")....
2816 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2817 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2818 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2819 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2820 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2821 # coordinates: 59° 46' 18.70", 30° 19' 40.70") so 30° 19' 40.70" >
2822 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2825 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2826 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2827 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2828 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2829 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2831 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2832 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2833 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2834 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2835 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2836 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2837 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2838 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2839 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2840 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2844 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
2845 # Europe/Simferopol covers Crimea.
2847 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2848 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2849 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2851 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2852 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2853 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2854 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 20
2855 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2857 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2858 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2859 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2860 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2861 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2862 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2864 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2865 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2866 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 0:00s
2867 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2868 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2869 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2870 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2871 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2872 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2873 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2874 # https://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2875 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2876 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2877 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2878 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2879 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2880 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2884 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2885 # Europe/Astrakhan covers:
2886 # 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
2888 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2890 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
2891 # On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
2892 # Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
2893 # This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
2894 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2895 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
2897 Zone Europe/Astrakhan 3:12:12 - LMT 1924 May
2898 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2899 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2900 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2901 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2902 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2903 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2904 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2907 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2908 # Europe/Volgograd covers:
2909 # 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
2910 # The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
2912 # From Alexander Fetisov (2018-09-20):
2913 # Volgograd region in southern Russia (Europe/Volgograd) change
2914 # timezone from UTC+3 to UTC+4 from 28oct2018.
2915 # http://sozd.parliament.gov.ru/bill/452878-7
2917 # From Stepan Golosunov (2018-10-11):
2918 # The law has been published today on
2919 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201810110037
2921 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2020-11-27):
2922 # The State Duma approved (Nov 24, 2020) the transition of the Volgograd
2923 # region to the Moscow time zone....
2924 # https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/1012130-7
2926 # From Stepan Golosunov (2020-12-05):
2927 # Currently proposed text for the second reading (expected on December 8) ...
2928 # changes the date to December 27. https://v1.ru/text/gorod/2020/12/04/69601031/
2930 # From Stepan Golosunov (2020-12-22):
2931 # The law was published today on
2932 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202012220002
2934 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2935 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2936 4:00 - +04 1961 Nov 11
2937 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
2938 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2939 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2940 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2941 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2942 3:00 - +03 2018 Oct 28 2:00s
2943 4:00 - +04 2020 Dec 27 2:00s
2946 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2947 # Europe/Saratov covers:
2948 # 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast
2950 # From Yuri Konotopov (2016-11-11):
2951 # Dec 4, 2016 02:00 UTC+3.... Saratov Region's local time will be ... UTC+4.
2952 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-11):
2953 # ... Byalokoz listed Saratov on 03:04:18.
2954 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-22):
2955 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201611220031
2957 Zone Europe/Saratov 3:04:18 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2958 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2959 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
2960 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2961 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2962 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2963 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2964 3:00 - +03 2016 Dec 4 2:00s
2967 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2968 # Europe/Kirov covers:
2969 # 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
2970 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2972 Zone Europe/Kirov 3:18:48 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2973 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2974 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2975 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2976 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2977 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2978 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2981 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2982 # Europe/Samara covers...
2983 # 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
2984 # 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast
2986 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2987 # Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
2988 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2990 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2991 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2992 4:00 - +04 1935 Jan 27
2993 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2994 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2995 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2996 3:00 - +03 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2997 4:00 Russia +04/+05 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2998 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3001 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
3002 # Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
3003 # 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast
3005 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
3007 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
3008 # Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
3009 # Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
3010 # 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
3011 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
3012 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
3014 Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk 3:13:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
3015 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
3016 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
3017 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3018 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3019 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3020 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3021 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
3024 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3025 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
3026 # 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of
3027 # 90 RU-PER Perm Krai
3028 # 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast
3029 # 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast
3030 # 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast
3031 # 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast
3032 # 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast
3033 # 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
3034 # 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
3036 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
3037 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
3039 # Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
3040 # Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
3041 # Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
3042 # The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
3044 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3
3045 3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
3046 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
3047 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3048 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3049 5:00 Russia +05/+06 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3050 6:00 - +06 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3054 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3055 # Asia/Omsk covers...
3056 # 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast
3058 # Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
3060 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
3061 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
3062 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3063 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3064 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3065 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3068 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
3069 # Asia/Barnaul covers:
3070 # 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
3071 # 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
3073 # Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
3075 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
3076 # Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
3077 # http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
3078 # suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
3081 # https://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
3082 # has some historical data for Altai Krai:
3083 # before 1957: west part on UT+6, east on UT+7
3086 # http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
3087 # confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
3089 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
3090 # Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
3091 # by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
3092 # Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
3093 # Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
3094 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
3095 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
3096 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
3098 Zone Asia/Barnaul 5:35:00 - LMT 1919 Dec 10
3099 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
3100 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3101 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3102 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1995 May 28
3103 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3104 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3105 6:00 - +06 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
3108 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
3109 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
3110 # 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast
3112 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
3113 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
3114 # moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
3115 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
3116 # The law was signed yesterday and published today on
3117 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
3119 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
3120 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
3121 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3122 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3123 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
3124 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3125 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3126 6:00 - +06 2016 Jul 24 2:00s
3129 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
3130 # Asia/Tomsk covers:
3131 # 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast
3133 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
3134 # Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
3136 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
3137 # Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
3139 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
3140 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
3141 # (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
3142 # / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
3143 # Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
3144 # GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
3145 # belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
3146 # with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
3147 # 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
3149 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
3150 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
3151 # This bill was approved in the first reading today. It moves Tomsk oblast
3152 # from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
3153 # 2:00. The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
3154 # the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
3155 # and published to become a law. Minor changes in the text are to be expected
3156 # before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
3159 # Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
3160 # the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
3161 # http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
3162 # http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
3163 # I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
3164 # bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
3165 # approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
3166 # published as a law around 2016-04-26.
3168 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
3169 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
3171 Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:51 - LMT 1919 Dec 22
3172 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
3173 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3174 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3175 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2002 May 1 3:00
3176 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3177 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3178 6:00 - +06 2016 May 29 2:00s
3182 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3183 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
3184 # 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast
3186 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
3187 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
3189 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
3190 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
3192 # This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
3193 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
3194 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
3196 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
3197 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
3198 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
3199 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
3200 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
3202 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
3203 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
3205 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3206 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
3207 # realigning itself with KRAT.
3209 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - LMT 1924 May 1
3210 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
3211 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3212 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3213 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3214 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3217 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3218 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
3219 # 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
3220 # 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
3221 # 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
3223 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
3224 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
3226 # Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
3228 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
3229 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
3230 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3231 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3232 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3233 8:00 - +08 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3237 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3238 # Asia/Irkutsk covers...
3239 # 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
3240 # 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast
3242 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
3243 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
3245 # Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
3246 # Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
3249 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:05 - LMT 1880
3250 6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
3251 7:00 - +07 1930 Jun 21
3252 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3253 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3254 8:00 Russia +08/+09 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3255 9:00 - +09 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3259 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3260 # Asia/Chita covers...
3261 # 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
3263 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
3264 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
3266 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
3267 # [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
3268 # Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9. Effective date will
3269 # be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
3270 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
3272 Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3273 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3274 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3275 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3276 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3277 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3278 8:00 - +08 2016 Mar 27 2:00
3282 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3283 # Asia/Yakutsk covers...
3284 # 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
3286 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3287 # 14-02 **** Aldansky District
3288 # 14-04 **** Amginsky District
3289 # 14-05 **** Anabarsky District
3290 # 14-06 **** Bulunsky District
3291 # 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District
3292 # 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District
3293 # 14-11 **** Gorny District
3294 # 14-12 **** Zhigansky District
3295 # 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District
3296 # 14-14 **** Lensky District
3297 # 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District
3298 # 14-16 **** Mirninsky District
3299 # 14-18 **** Namsky District
3300 # 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District
3301 # 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District
3302 # 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District
3303 # 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District
3304 # 14-26 **** Suntarsky District
3305 # 14-27 **** Tattinsky District
3306 # 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District
3307 # 14-32 **** Khangalassky District
3308 # 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District
3309 # 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
3311 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3312 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
3313 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
3314 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
3316 # Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
3318 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3319 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3320 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3321 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3322 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3323 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3327 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3328 # Asia/Vladivostok covers...
3329 # 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
3330 # 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai
3331 # 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast
3333 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3334 # 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District
3335 # 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District
3337 # Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
3338 # Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
3341 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
3342 9:00 - +09 1930 Jun 21
3343 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3344 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3345 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3346 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3350 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3351 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3352 # 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
3353 # 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District
3355 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3356 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
3359 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
3360 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
3361 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
3362 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
3364 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3365 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3366 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3367 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3368 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2004
3369 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3370 11:00 - +11 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3371 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3375 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3376 # Asia/Sakhalin covers...
3377 # 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
3378 # ...with the exception of:
3379 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3381 # From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
3382 # Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3384 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
3386 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
3387 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
3388 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 25
3389 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T
3390 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3391 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
3392 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3393 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3394 10:00 - +10 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
3398 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3399 # Asia/Magadan covers...
3400 # 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast
3402 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3403 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
3404 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
3405 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
3406 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will
3407 # need their own zone.
3409 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
3410 # ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3411 # will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
3413 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
3414 # ... signed by the President today ...
3415 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
3417 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
3418 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
3419 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3420 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3421 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3422 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3423 10:00 - +10 2016 Apr 24 2:00s
3427 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3428 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3429 # 14-01 **** Abyysky District
3430 # 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District
3431 # 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District
3432 # 14-17 **** Momsky District
3433 # 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District
3434 # 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District
3436 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
3437 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3439 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
3440 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
3441 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
3442 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
3443 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
3444 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
3446 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3447 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
3448 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
3449 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
3451 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
3452 # districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
3453 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
3455 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
3456 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
3457 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
3459 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
3460 # fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
3461 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
3462 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
3463 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
3464 # in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
3465 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
3466 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
3468 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
3469 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21
3470 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3471 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3472 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3473 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3477 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3478 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3479 # 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
3481 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3482 # Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
3483 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
3485 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3486 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
3487 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
3488 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
3489 # UTC+12 since at least then, too.
3491 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3492 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3493 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1981 Apr 1
3494 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3495 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3496 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3497 12:00 - +12 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3498 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3502 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3503 # Asia/Kamchatka covers...
3504 # 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
3506 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
3507 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
3509 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
3510 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
3511 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
3512 11:00 - +11 1930 Jun 21
3513 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3514 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3515 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3516 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3520 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3521 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
3522 # 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
3524 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
3525 12:00 - +12 1930 Jun 21
3526 13:00 Russia +13/+14 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
3527 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3528 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3529 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3530 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3538 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3539 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
3540 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
3541 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
3542 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
3543 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
3544 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
3545 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
3546 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
3547 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
3549 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
3550 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
3551 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
3552 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # North Macedonia
3553 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
3556 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
3559 # See Europe/Belgrade.
3563 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-14):
3565 # The source for Europe/Madrid before 2013 is:
3566 # Planesas P. La hora oficial en España y sus cambios.
3567 # Anuario del Observatorio Astronómico de Madrid (2013, in Spanish).
3568 # http://astronomia.ign.es/rknowsys-theme/images/webAstro/paginas/documentos/Anuario/lahoraoficialenespana.pdf
3569 # As this source says that historical time in the Canaries is obscure,
3570 # and it does not discuss Ceuta, stick with Shanks for now for that data.
3572 # In the 1918 and 1919 fallback transitions in Spain, the clock for
3573 # the hour-longer day officially kept going after midnight, so that
3574 # the repeated instances of that day's 00:00 hour were 24 hours apart,
3575 # with a fallback transition from the second occurrence of 00:59... to
3576 # the next day's 00:00. Our data format cannot represent this
3577 # directly, and instead repeats the first hour of the next day, with a
3578 # fallback transition from the next day's 00:59... to 00:00.
3580 # From Michael Deckers (2016-12-15):
3581 # The Royal Decree of 1900-07-26 quoted by Planesas, online at
3582 # https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1900/209/A00383-00384.pdf
3583 # says in its article 5 (my translation):
3584 # These dispositions will enter into force beginning with the
3585 # instant at which, according to the time indicated in article 1,
3586 # the 1st day of January of 1901 will begin.
3588 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3589 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S
3590 Rule Spain 1918 1919 - Oct 6 24:00s 0 -
3591 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 6 23:00 1:00 S
3592 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00 1:00 S
3593 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 24:00s 0 -
3594 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
3595 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
3596 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
3597 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
3598 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
3599 # Republican Spain during the civil war; it controlled Madrid until 1939-03-28.
3600 Rule Spain 1937 only - Jun 16 23:00 1:00 S
3601 Rule Spain 1937 only - Oct 2 24:00s 0 -
3602 Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3603 Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr 30 23:00 2:00 M
3604 Rule Spain 1938 only - Oct 2 24:00 1:00 S
3605 # The following rules are for unified Spain again.
3607 # Planesas does not say what happened in Madrid between its fall on
3608 # 1939-03-28 and the Nationalist spring-forward transition on
3609 # 1939-04-15. For lack of better info, assume Madrid's clocks did not
3610 # change during that period.
3612 # The first rule is commented out, as it is redundant for Republican Spain.
3613 #Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S
3614 Rule Spain 1939 only - Oct 7 24:00s 0 -
3615 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 23:00 1:00 S
3616 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 1:00 0 -
3617 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
3618 Rule Spain 1943 1944 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
3619 Rule Spain 1945 1946 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3620 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
3621 Rule Spain 1949 only - Oct 2 1:00 0 -
3622 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=12 23:00 1:00 S
3623 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
3624 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
3625 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3626 Rule Spain 1977 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3627 Rule Spain 1978 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
3628 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
3629 # Nationalist Spain during the civil war
3630 #Rule NatSpain 1937 only - May 22 23:00 1:00 S
3631 #Rule NatSpain 1937 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
3632 #Rule NatSpain 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00 1:00 S
3633 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978,
3634 # except with "S" letters.
3635 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
3636 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3637 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
3638 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3639 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3640 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3641 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3642 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3643 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
3644 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3645 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:45:16
3646 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1940 Mar 16 23:00
3647 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
3649 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:38:44
3650 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
3651 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
3653 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
3654 0:00 - WET 1967 # Help zishrink.awk.
3655 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
3658 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3659 -1:00 - -01 1946 Sep 30 1:00
3660 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
3661 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u
3663 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3664 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3668 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
3670 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
3671 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
3672 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
3673 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
3674 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
3676 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18° 03' 30"
3677 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
3678 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
3680 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
3681 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
3682 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
3683 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
3684 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
3685 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
3686 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
3687 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
3689 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
3690 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
3691 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
3692 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
3694 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
3695 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
3696 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
3697 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
3698 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
3703 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
3704 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
3705 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
3706 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
3707 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
3708 # hour before the event took place.
3710 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
3712 # An extra-special abbreviation style is SET for Swedish Time (svensk
3713 # normaltid) 1879-1899, 3° west of the Stockholm Observatory.
3715 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3716 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
3717 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
3718 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
3719 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00
3725 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
3726 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
3727 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
3728 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3729 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
3730 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
3731 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
3732 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
3733 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
3734 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
3736 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
3737 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
3739 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
3740 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
3742 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
3743 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
3744 # federal law collection)...
3746 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
3747 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
3749 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
3750 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
3752 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
3753 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
3754 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
3755 # other years are made.
3757 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
3758 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
3759 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
3760 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
3762 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3763 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3764 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3765 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3767 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3768 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3769 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3771 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3773 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3774 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3775 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3776 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3777 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3778 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3780 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3781 # The Federal regulations say
3782 # https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3783 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7° 26' 22.50".
3784 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3786 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3787 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3788 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3789 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3790 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3791 # hour before the beginning of service.
3793 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3794 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3796 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3797 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3799 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3800 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3801 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3803 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3804 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
3805 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3806 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3807 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3808 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3809 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3810 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3811 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
3812 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3813 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3815 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3816 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3817 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3818 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3819 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3820 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3821 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
3826 # From Alois Treindl (2019-08-12):
3827 # http://www.astrolojidergisi.com/yazsaati.htm has researched the time zone
3828 # history of Turkey, based on newspaper archives and official documents.
3829 # From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28):
3830 # That source (Oya Vulaş, "Türkiye'de Yaz Saati Uygulamaları")
3831 # is used for 1940/1972, where it seems more reliable than our other
3834 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2019-08-12):
3835 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/14539.pdf#page=24
3836 # 1973-06-03 01:00 -> 02:00, 1973-11-04 02:00 -> 01:00
3838 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/14829.pdf#page=1
3839 # 1974-03-31 02:00 -> 03:00, 1974-11-03 02:00 -> 01:00
3841 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15161.pdf#page=1
3842 # 1975-03-22 02:00 -> 03:00, 1975-11-02 02:00 -> 01:00
3844 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15535_1.pdf#page=1
3845 # 1976-03-21 02:00 -> 03:00, 1976-10-31 02:00 -> 01:00
3847 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15778.pdf#page=5
3848 # 1977-04-03 02:00 -> 03:00, 1977-10-16 02:00 -> 01:00,
3849 # 1978-04-02 02:00 -> 03:00 (not applied, see below)
3850 # 1978-10-15 02:00 -> 01:00 (not applied, see below)
3851 # 1979-04-01 02:00 -> 03:00 (not applied, see below)
3852 # 1979-10-14 02:00 -> 01:00 (not applied, see below)
3854 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/16245.pdf#page=17
3855 # This cancels the previous decision, and repeats it only for 1978.
3856 # 1978-04-02 02:00 -> 03:00, 1978-10-15 02:00 -> 01:00
3857 # (not applied due to standard TZ change below)
3859 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/16331.pdf#page=3
3860 # This decision changes the default longitude for Turkish time zone from 30
3861 # degrees East to 45 degrees East. This means a standard TZ change, from +2
3862 # to +3. This is published & applied on 1978-06-29. At that time, Turkey was
3863 # already on summer time (already on 45E). Hence, this new law just meant an
3864 # "continuous summer time". Note that this was reversed in a few years.
3866 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18119_1.pdf#page=1
3867 # 1983-07-31 02:00 -> 03:00 (note that this jumps TZ to +4)
3868 # 1983-10-02 02:00 -> 01:00 (back to +3)
3870 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18561.pdf (page 1 and 34)
3871 # At this time, Turkey is still on +3 with no spring-forward on early
3872 # 1984. This decision is published on 10/31/1984. Page 1 declares
3873 # the decision of reverting the "default longitude change". So the
3874 # standard time should go back to +3 (30E). And page 34 explains when
3875 # that will happen: 1984-11-01 02:00 -> 01:00. You can think of this
3876 # as "end of continuous summer time, change of standard time zone".
3878 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18713.pdf#page=1
3879 # 1985-04-20 01:00 -> 02:00, 1985-09-28 02:00 -> 01:00
3881 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
3882 # 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
3884 # 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
3885 # Here are official papers:
3886 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf#page=2 for 1986
3887 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf#page=4 for 1987
3888 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf#page=15 for 1988
3889 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf#page=6 for 1989
3890 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf#page=1 for 1990 - 1992
3891 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf#page=15 for 1993 - 1995
3892 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf#page=1 for overriding 1994
3893 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf#page=1 for 1996, 1997
3894 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf#page=10 for 1998 - 2000
3895 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2 - for 2001
3896 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2 - for 2002-2006
3897 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
3898 # Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for timestamps after 1985.
3900 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3901 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3902 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3903 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3904 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3905 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3906 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3907 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3908 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3910 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3911 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3912 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3913 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3914 # https://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3916 # https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-bir-gun-ileri-alindi-17230464
3918 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3919 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3920 # Turkish Local election....
3921 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3922 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3923 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3924 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3925 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3926 # change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3927 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3928 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3929 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
3930 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3931 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3932 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3934 # From Fatih (2015-09-29):
3935 # It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
3936 # Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
3937 # http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
3939 # From BBC News (2015-10-25):
3940 # Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
3941 # government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
3942 # Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
3943 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
3945 # From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
3946 # Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
3947 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
3949 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
3950 # The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
3951 # It takes effect today, which is not much notice.
3953 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2017-10-28):
3954 # Turkey will go back to Daylight Saving Time starting 2018-10.
3955 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/10/20171028-5.pdf
3957 # From Even Scharning (2017-11-08):
3958 # ... today it was announced that the DST will become "continuous":
3959 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/son-dakika-yaz-saati-uygulamasi-surekli-hale-geldi-40637482
3960 # From Paul Eggert (2017-11-08):
3961 # Although Google Translate misfires on that source, it looks like
3962 # Turkey reversed last month's decision, and so will stay at +03.
3964 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3965 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3966 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3967 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
3968 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
3969 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
3970 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
3971 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3972 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3973 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3974 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3975 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
3976 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3977 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3978 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
3979 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 6 0:00 0 -
3980 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
3981 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
3982 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3983 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3984 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3985 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3986 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
3987 Rule Turkey 1947 1951 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3988 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
3989 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 S
3990 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
3991 # DST for 15 months; unusual but we'll let it pass.
3992 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
3993 Rule Turkey 1963 only - Oct 30 0:00 0 -
3994 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
3995 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3996 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
3997 Rule Turkey 1973 1976 - Oct Sun>=31 2:00 0 -
3998 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3999 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 22 2:00 1:00 S
4000 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Mar 21 2:00 1:00 S
4001 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
4002 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
4003 Rule Turkey 1978 only - Jun 29 0:00 0 -
4004 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 2:00 1:00 S
4005 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 2:00 0 -
4006 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 1:00s 1:00 S
4007 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 1:00s 0 -
4008 Rule Turkey 1986 1993 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
4009 Rule Turkey 1986 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
4010 Rule Turkey 1994 only - Mar 20 1:00s 1:00 S
4011 Rule Turkey 1995 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
4012 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
4013 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
4014 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
4015 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
4016 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Jun 29
4017 3:00 Turkey +03/+04 1984 Nov 1 2:00
4018 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
4019 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
4020 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
4021 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
4022 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
4023 2:00 EU EE%sT 2015 Oct 25 1:00u
4024 2:00 1:00 EEST 2015 Nov 8 1:00u
4025 2:00 EU EE%sT 2016 Sep 7
4027 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
4031 # From Alois Triendl (2014-03-01):
4032 # REGULATION A N O V A on March 20, 1992 N 139 ... means that from
4033 # 1992 on, Ukraine had DST with begin time at 02:00 am, on last Sunday
4034 # in March, and end time 03:00 am, last Sunday in September....
4035 # CABINET OF MINISTERS OF UKRAINE RESOLUTION on May 13, 1996 N 509
4036 # "On the order of computation time on the territory of Ukraine" ....
4037 # As this cabinet decision is from May 1996, it seems likely that the
4038 # transition in March 1996, which predates it, was still at 2:00 am
4039 # and not at 3:00 as would have been under EU rules.
4040 # This is why I have set the change to EU rules into May 1996,
4041 # so that the change in March is stil covered by the Ukraine rule.
4042 # The next change in October 1996 happened under EU rules....
4043 # TZ database holds three other zones for Ukraine.... I have not yet
4044 # worked out the consequences for these three zones, as we (me and my
4045 # US colleague David Cochrane) are still trying to get more
4046 # information upon these local deviations from Kiev rules.
4048 # From Paul Eggert (2022-02-08):
4049 # For now, assume that Ukraine's other three zones followed the same rules,
4050 # except that Crimea switched to Moscow time in 1994 as described elsewhere.
4052 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
4053 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
4054 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
4055 # regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
4056 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
4057 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
4058 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
4060 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
4061 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
4062 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
4064 # Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
4065 # approval from 266 deputies.
4067 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
4068 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
4070 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
4071 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
4073 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
4074 # https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
4076 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
4077 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
4078 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
4079 # time this year after all.
4081 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
4082 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
4083 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
4084 # to Russia) was reverted today:
4085 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
4087 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
4088 # The law documents themselves are at
4089 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
4091 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
4092 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
4093 # 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
4094 # 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
4095 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
4096 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
4098 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
4099 # "summer time" was still in action):
4100 # 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
4101 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
4102 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
4104 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
4105 # 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
4107 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
4108 # 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST
4109 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
4110 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
4111 # This is an answer.
4113 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
4114 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
4115 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
4116 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
4117 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
4119 # From Paul Eggert (2018-10-03):
4120 # As is usual in tzdb, Ukrainian zones use the most common English spellings.
4121 # For example, tzdb uses Europe/Kiev, as "Kiev" is the most common spelling in
4122 # English for Ukraine's capital, even though it is certainly wrong as a
4123 # transliteration of the Ukrainian "Київ". This is similar to tzdb's use of
4124 # Europe/Prague, which is certainly wrong as a transliteration of the Czech
4125 # "Praha". ("Kiev" came from old Slavic via Russian to English, and "Prague"
4126 # came from old Slavic via French to English, so the two cases have something
4127 # in common.) Admittedly English-language spelling of Ukrainian names is
4128 # controversial, and some day "Kyiv" may become substantially more popular in
4129 # English; in the meantime, stick with the traditional English "Kiev" as that
4130 # means less disruption for our users.
4132 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
4133 # This represents most of Ukraine. See above for the spelling of "Kiev".
4134 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
4135 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
4136 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
4137 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
4138 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
4139 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
4140 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
4141 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1996 May 13
4143 # Transcarpathia used CET 1990/1991.
4144 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
4145 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
4146 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
4148 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
4149 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
4150 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
4151 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
4152 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
4153 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
4154 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 20
4155 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1996 May 13
4157 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
4158 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
4159 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
4160 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
4161 # portable Posix file names.
4162 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
4163 2:20 - +0220 1924 May 2
4164 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
4165 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
4166 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
4167 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
4168 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1992 Mar 20
4169 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1996 May 13
4175 ###############################################################################
4177 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
4178 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
4179 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
4181 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
4182 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
4183 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
4184 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
4185 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
4186 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
4189 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
4193 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
4194 # most European countries started DST. Before that year, only
4195 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
4196 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
4197 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
4199 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
4200 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
4201 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
4202 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
4204 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
4205 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
4207 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
4208 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
4212 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
4213 # From: Dik T. Winter
4216 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
4217 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
4218 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
4220 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
4221 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
4222 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
4223 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
4224 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
4225 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
4228 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
4229 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
4230 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
4231 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
4232 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
4233 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
4234 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
4235 # in advance of normal time.
4238 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
4241 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
4243 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
4244 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
4246 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
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