1 .\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1991, 1993
2 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
4 .\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
5 .\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
7 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
8 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
10 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
11 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
12 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
13 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
14 .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
15 .\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
16 .\" must display the following acknowledgement:
17 .\" This product includes software developed by the University of
18 .\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
19 .\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
20 .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
21 .\" without specific prior written permission.
23 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
24 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
25 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
26 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
27 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
28 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
29 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
30 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
31 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
32 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
35 .\" @(#)tail.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
36 .\" $FreeBSD: src/usr.bin/tail/tail.1,v 1.5.2.4 2002/07/15 07:46:27 keramida Exp $
37 .\" $DragonFly: src/usr.bin/tail/tail.1,v 1.3 2007/07/30 22:11:33 swildner Exp $
44 .Nd display the last part of a file
61 utility displays the contents of
63 or, by default, its standard input, to the standard output.
65 The display begins at a byte, line or 512-byte block location in the
67 Numbers having a leading plus (``+'') sign are relative to the beginning
68 of the input, for example,
70 starts the display at the second
72 Numbers having a leading minus (``-'') sign or no explicit sign are
73 relative to the end of the input, for example,
75 displays the last two lines of the input.
76 The default starting location is
78 or the last 10 lines of the input.
80 The options are as follows:
95 to not stop when end of file is reached, but rather to wait for additional
96 data to be appended to the input.
99 option is ignored if the standard input is a pipe, but not if it is a FIFO.
107 will also check to see if the file being followed has been renamed or rotated.
108 The file is closed and reopened when
110 detects that the filename being read from has a new inode number.
113 option is ignored if reading from standard input rather than a file.
121 option causes the input to be displayed in reverse order, by line.
122 Additionally, this option changes the meaning of the
130 option is specified, these options specify the number of bytes, lines
131 or 512-byte blocks to display, instead of the bytes, lines or blocks
132 from the beginning or end of the input from which to begin the display.
135 option is to display all of the input.
138 If more than a single file is specified, each file is preceded by a
139 header consisting of the string
143 is the name of the file.
153 utility is expected to be a superset of the
161 options are extensions to that standard.
163 The historic command line syntax of
165 is supported by this implementation.
166 The only difference between this implementation and historic versions
169 once the command line syntax translation has been done, is that the
176 option, i.e. ``-r -c 4'' displays the last 4 characters of the last line
177 of the input, while the historic tail (using the historic syntax ``-4cr'')
180 option and display the last 4 lines of the input.
184 command appeared in PWB