1 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
4 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
7 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
9 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-20):
11 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
12 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
13 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
14 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
16 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
17 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
18 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
19 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
20 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
21 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
23 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
24 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
25 # I found in the UCLA library.
27 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
28 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
29 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
31 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
32 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
34 # European-style abbreviations are commonly used along the Mediterranean.
35 # For sub-Saharan Africa abbreviations were less standardized.
36 # Previous editions of this database used WAT, CAT, SAT, and EAT
37 # for UT +00 through +03, respectively,
38 # but in 1997 Mark R V Murray reported that
39 # 'SAST' is the official abbreviation for +02 in the country of South Africa,
40 # 'CAT' is commonly used for +02 in countries north of South Africa, and
41 # 'WAT' is probably the best name for +01, as the common phrase for
42 # the area that includes Nigeria is "West Africa".
44 # To summarize, the following abbreviations seemed to have some currency:
45 # +00 GMT Greenwich Mean Time
46 # +02 CAT Central Africa Time
47 # +02 SAST South Africa Standard Time
48 # and Murray suggested the following abbreviation:
49 # +01 WAT West Africa Time
50 # Murray's suggestion seems to have caught on in news reports and the like.
51 # I vaguely recall 'WAT' also being used for -01 in the past but
52 # cannot now come up with solid citations.
54 # I invented the following abbreviations; corrections are welcome!
55 # +02 WAST West Africa Summer Time
56 # +03 CAST Central Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
57 # +03 SAST South Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
58 # +03 EAT East Africa Time
59 # 'EAT' also seems to have caught on; the others are rare but are paired
60 # with better-attested non-DST abbreviations.
63 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
64 Rule Algeria 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
65 Rule Algeria 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
66 Rule Algeria 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
67 Rule Algeria 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
68 Rule Algeria 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
69 Rule Algeria 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
70 Rule Algeria 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
71 Rule Algeria 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
72 Rule Algeria 1921 only - Jun 21 23:00s 0 -
73 Rule Algeria 1939 only - Sep 11 23:00s 1:00 S
74 Rule Algeria 1939 only - Nov 19 1:00 0 -
75 Rule Algeria 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00 1:00 S
76 Rule Algeria 1944 only - Oct 8 2:00 0 -
77 Rule Algeria 1945 only - Sep 16 1:00 0 -
78 Rule Algeria 1971 only - Apr 25 23:00s 1:00 S
79 Rule Algeria 1971 only - Sep 26 23:00s 0 -
80 Rule Algeria 1977 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
81 Rule Algeria 1977 only - Oct 21 0:00 0 -
82 Rule Algeria 1978 only - Mar 24 1:00 1:00 S
83 Rule Algeria 1978 only - Sep 22 3:00 0 -
84 Rule Algeria 1980 only - Apr 25 0:00 1:00 S
85 Rule Algeria 1980 only - Oct 31 2:00 0 -
86 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
87 # more precise 0:09:21.
88 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
89 Zone Africa/Algiers 0:12:12 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
90 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
91 0:00 Algeria WE%sT 1940 Feb 25 2:00
92 1:00 Algeria CE%sT 1946 Oct 7
93 0:00 - WET 1956 Jan 29
94 1:00 - CET 1963 Apr 14
95 0:00 Algeria WE%sT 1977 Oct 21
96 1:00 Algeria CE%sT 1979 Oct 26
97 0:00 Algeria WE%sT 1981 May
108 # See Africa/Abidjan.
116 # Cape Verde / Cabo Verde
118 # Shanks gives 1907 for the transition to +02.
119 # Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
120 # https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
121 # merely made it official?
123 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
124 Zone Atlantic/Cape_Verde -1:34:04 - LMT 1907 # Praia
126 -2:00 1:00 -01 1945 Oct 15
127 -2:00 - -02 1975 Nov 25 2:00
130 # Central African Republic
134 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
135 Zone Africa/Ndjamena 1:00:12 - LMT 1912 # N'Djamena
136 1:00 - WAT 1979 Oct 14
137 1:00 1:00 WAST 1980 Mar 8
141 # See Africa/Nairobi.
143 # Democratic Republic of the Congo
144 # See Africa/Lagos for the western part and Africa/Maputo for the eastern.
146 # Republic of the Congo
149 # Côte d'Ivoire / Ivory Coast
150 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
151 Zone Africa/Abidjan -0:16:08 - LMT 1912
153 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Bamako # Mali
154 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Banjul # Gambia
155 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Conakry # Guinea
156 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Dakar # Senegal
157 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Freetown # Sierra Leone
158 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Lome # Togo
159 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Nouakchott # Mauritania
160 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Ouagadougou # Burkina Faso
161 Link Africa/Abidjan Atlantic/St_Helena # St Helena
164 # See Africa/Nairobi.
166 ###############################################################################
170 # Milne says Cairo used 2:05:08.9, the local mean time of the Abbasizeh
171 # observatory; round to nearest. Milne also says that the official time for
172 # Egypt was mean noon at the Great Pyramid, 2:04:30.5, but apparently this
173 # did not apply to Cairo, Alexandria, or Port Said.
175 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
176 Rule Egypt 1940 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
177 Rule Egypt 1940 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
178 Rule Egypt 1941 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
179 Rule Egypt 1941 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 -
180 Rule Egypt 1942 1944 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
181 Rule Egypt 1942 only - Oct 27 0:00 0 -
182 Rule Egypt 1943 1945 - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
183 Rule Egypt 1945 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 S
184 Rule Egypt 1957 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
185 Rule Egypt 1957 1958 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
186 Rule Egypt 1958 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
187 Rule Egypt 1959 1981 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
188 Rule Egypt 1959 1965 - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
189 Rule Egypt 1966 1994 - Oct 1 3:00 0 -
190 Rule Egypt 1982 only - Jul 25 1:00 1:00 S
191 Rule Egypt 1983 only - Jul 12 1:00 1:00 S
192 Rule Egypt 1984 1988 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
193 Rule Egypt 1989 only - May 6 1:00 1:00 S
194 Rule Egypt 1990 1994 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
195 # IATA (after 1990) says transitions are at 0:00.
196 # Go with IATA starting in 1995, except correct 1995 entry from 09-30 to 09-29.
198 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-04-20):
199 # "...Egypt's interim cabinet decided on Wednesday to cancel daylight
200 # saving time after a poll posted on its website showed the majority of
201 # Egyptians would approve the cancellation."
203 # Egypt to cancel daylight saving time
204 # http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/407168
206 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt04.html
207 Rule Egypt 1995 2010 - Apr lastFri 0:00s 1:00 S
208 Rule Egypt 1995 2005 - Sep lastThu 24:00 0 -
209 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-19):
210 # The Egyptian Gazette, issue 41,090 (2006-09-18), page 1, reports:
211 # Egypt will turn back clocks by one hour at the midnight of Thursday
212 # after observing the daylight saving time since May.
213 # http://news.gom.com.eg/gazette/pdf/2006/09/18/01.pdf
214 Rule Egypt 2006 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
215 # From Dirk Losch (2007-08-14):
216 # I received a mail from an airline which says that the daylight
217 # saving time in Egypt will end in the night of 2007-09-06 to 2007-09-07.
218 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-08-15): [The following agree:]
219 # http://www.nentjes.info/Bill/bill5.htm
220 # https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=53
221 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-09-04): The official information...:
222 # http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/EgyptOnline/Miscellaneous/000002/0207000000000000001580.htm
223 Rule Egypt 2007 only - Sep Thu>=1 24:00 0 -
224 # From Abdelrahman Hassan (2007-09-06):
225 # Due to the Hijri (lunar Islamic calendar) year being 11 days shorter
226 # than the year of the Gregorian calendar, Ramadan shifts earlier each
227 # year. This year it will be observed September 13 (September is quite
228 # hot in Egypt), and the idea is to make fasting easier for workers by
229 # shifting business hours one hour out of daytime heat. Consequently,
230 # unless discontinued, next DST may end Thursday 28 August 2008.
231 # From Paul Eggert (2007-08-17):
232 # For lack of better info, assume the new rule is last Thursday in August.
234 # From Petr Machata (2009-04-06):
235 # The following appeared in Red Hat bugzilla[1] (edited):
237 # > $ zdump -v /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo | grep 2009
238 # > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo Thu Apr 23 21:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =
240 # > 23:59:59 2009 EET isdst=0 gmtoff=7200
241 # > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo Thu Apr 23 22:00:00 2009 UTC = Fri =
243 # > 01:00:00 2009 EEST isdst=1 gmtoff=10800
244 # > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo Thu Aug 27 20:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =
246 # > 23:59:59 2009 EEST isdst=1 gmtoff=10800
247 # > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo Thu Aug 27 21:00:00 2009 UTC = Thu =
249 # > 23:00:00 2009 EET isdst=0 gmtoff=7200
251 # > end date should be Thu Sep 24 2009 (Last Thursday in September at 23:59=
253 # > http://support.microsoft.com/kb/958729/
255 # timeanddate[2] and another site I've found[3] also support that.
257 # [1] https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=492263
258 # [2] https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/clockchange.html?n=53
259 # [3] https://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/egypt/
261 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-20):
262 # In 2009 (and for the next several years), Ramadan ends before the fourth
263 # Thursday in September; Egypt is expected to revert to the last Thursday
266 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-11):
267 # We have been able to confirm the August change with the Egyptian Cabinet
268 # Information and Decision Support Center:
269 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-dst-ends-2009.html
271 # The Middle East News Agency
272 # https://www.mena.org.eg/index.aspx
273 # also reports "Egypt starts winter time on August 21"
274 # today in article numbered "71, 11/08/2009 12:25 GMT."
275 # Only the title above is available without a subscription to their service,
276 # and can be found by searching for "winter" in their search engine
279 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-07-20):
280 # According to News from Egypt - Al-Masry Al-Youm Egypt's cabinet has
281 # decided that Daylight Saving Time will not be used in Egypt during
284 # Arabic translation:
285 # "Clocks to go back during Ramadan - and then forward again"
286 # http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/clocks-go-back-during-ramadan-and-then-forward-again
287 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt02.html
289 # From Ahmad El-Dardiry (2014-05-07):
290 # Egypt is to change back to Daylight system on May 15
291 # http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/100735/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-government-to-reapply-daylight-saving-time-.aspx
293 # From Gunther Vermier (2014-05-13):
294 # our Egypt office confirms that the change will be at 15 May "midnight" (24:00)
296 # From Imed Chihi (2014-06-04):
297 # We have finally "located" a precise official reference about the DST changes
298 # in Egypt. The Ministers Cabinet decision is explained at
299 # http://www.cabinet.gov.eg/Media/CabinetMeetingsDetails.aspx?id=347 ...
300 # [T]his (Arabic) site is not accessible outside Egypt, but the page ...
301 # translates into: "With regard to daylight saving time, it is scheduled to
302 # take effect at exactly twelve o'clock this evening, Thursday, 15 MAY 2014,
303 # to be suspended by twelve o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 26 JUN 2014,
304 # and re-established again at the end of the month of Ramadan, at twelve
305 # o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 31 JUL 2014." This statement has been
306 # reproduced by other (more accessible) sites[, e.g.,]...
307 # http://elgornal.net/news/news.aspx?id=4699258
309 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-04):
310 # Sarah El Deeb and Lee Keath of AP report that the Egyptian government says
311 # the change is because of blackouts in Cairo, even though Ahram Online (cited
312 # above) says DST had no affect on electricity consumption. There is
313 # no information about when DST will end this fall. See:
314 # http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/el-sissi-pushes-egyptians-line-23614833
316 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-04-08):
317 # Egypt will start DST on midnight after Thursday, April 30, 2015.
318 # This is based on a law (no 35) from May 15, 2014 saying it starts the last
319 # Thursday of April.... Clocks will still be turned back for Ramadan, but
320 # dates not yet announced....
321 # http://almogaz.com/news/weird-news/2015/04/05/1947105 ...
322 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-starts-dst-2015.html
324 # From Ahmed Nazmy (2015-04-20):
325 # Egypt's ministers cabinet just announced ... that it will cancel DST at
328 # From Tim Parenti (2015-04-20):
329 # http://english.ahram.org.eg/WriterArticles/NewsContentP/1/128195/Egypt/No-daylight-saving-this-summer-Egypts-prime-minist.aspx
330 # "Egypt's cabinet agreed on Monday not to switch clocks for daylight saving
331 # time this summer, and carry out studies on the possibility of canceling the
332 # practice altogether in future years."
334 # From Paul Eggert (2015-04-24):
335 # Yesterday the office of Egyptian President El-Sisi announced his
336 # decision to abandon DST permanently. See Ahram Online 2015-04-24.
337 # http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/128509/Egypt/Politics-/Sisi-cancels-daylight-saving-time-in-Egypt.aspx
339 # From Steffen Thorsen (2016-04-29):
340 # Egypt will have DST from July 7 until the end of October....
341 # http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/204655/Egypt/Daylight-savings-time-returning-to-Egypt-on--July.aspx
342 # From Mina Samuel (2016-07-04):
343 # Egyptian government took the decision to cancel the DST,
345 Rule Egypt 2008 only - Aug lastThu 24:00 0 -
346 Rule Egypt 2009 only - Aug 20 24:00 0 -
347 Rule Egypt 2010 only - Aug 10 24:00 0 -
348 Rule Egypt 2010 only - Sep 9 24:00 1:00 S
349 Rule Egypt 2010 only - Sep lastThu 24:00 0 -
350 Rule Egypt 2014 only - May 15 24:00 1:00 S
351 Rule Egypt 2014 only - Jun 26 24:00 0 -
352 Rule Egypt 2014 only - Jul 31 24:00 1:00 S
353 Rule Egypt 2014 only - Sep lastThu 24:00 0 -
355 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
356 Zone Africa/Cairo 2:05:09 - LMT 1900 Oct
364 # See Africa/Nairobi.
370 # See Africa/Abidjan.
373 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
374 # Whitman says DST was observed from 1931 to "the present";
375 # Shanks & Pottenger say 1936 to 1942;
376 # and September 1 to January 1 is given by:
377 # Scott Keltie J, Epstein M (eds), The Statesman's Year-Book,
378 # 57th ed. Macmillan, London (1920), OCLC 609408015, pp xxviii.
379 # For lack of better info, assume DST was observed from 1920 to 1942.
380 Rule Ghana 1920 1942 - Sep 1 0:00 0:20 GHST
381 Rule Ghana 1920 1942 - Dec 31 0:00 0 GMT
382 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
383 Zone Africa/Accra -0:00:52 - LMT 1918
387 # See Africa/Abidjan.
391 # Shanks gives 1911-05-26 for the transition to WAT,
392 # evidently confusing the date of the Portuguese decree
393 # https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
394 # with the date that it took effect, namely 1912-01-01.
396 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
397 Zone Africa/Bissau -1:02:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
402 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
403 Zone Africa/Nairobi 2:27:16 - LMT 1928 Jul
408 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Addis_Ababa # Ethiopia
409 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Asmara # Eritrea
410 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Dar_es_Salaam # Tanzania
411 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Djibouti
412 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Kampala # Uganda
413 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Mogadishu # Somalia
414 Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Antananarivo # Madagascar
415 Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Comoro
416 Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Mayotte
419 # See Africa/Johannesburg.
423 # From Paul Eggert (2017-03-02):
425 # The Nautical Almanac for the Year 1970, p 264, is the source for -0:44:30.
427 # In 1972 Liberia was the last country to switch from a UT offset
428 # that was not a multiple of 15 or 20 minutes. The 1972 change was on
429 # 1972-01-07, according to an entry dated 1972-01-04 on p 330 of:
430 # Presidential Papers: First year of the administration of
431 # President William R. Tolbert, Jr., July 23, 1971-July 31, 1972.
432 # Monrovia: Executive Mansion.
434 # Use the abbreviation "MMT" before 1972, as the more-accurate numeric
435 # abbreviation "-004430" would be one byte over the POSIX limit.
437 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
438 Zone Africa/Monrovia -0:43:08 - LMT 1882
439 -0:43:08 - MMT 1919 Mar # Monrovia Mean Time
440 -0:44:30 - MMT 1972 Jan 7 # approximately MMT
443 ###############################################################################
447 # From Even Scharning (2012-11-10):
448 # Libya set their time one hour back at 02:00 on Saturday November 10.
449 # https://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/
450 # Here is an official source [in Arabic]: http://ls.ly/fb6Yc
452 # Steffen Thorsen forwarded a translation (2012-11-10) in
453 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-November/018451.html
455 # From Tim Parenti (2012-11-11):
456 # Treat the 2012-11-10 change as a zone change from UTC+2 to UTC+1.
457 # The DST rules planned for 2013 and onward roughly mirror those of Europe
458 # (either two days before them or five days after them, so as to fall on
459 # lastFri instead of lastSun).
461 # From Even Scharning (2013-10-25):
462 # The scheduled end of DST in Libya on Friday, October 25, 2013 was
463 # cancelled yesterday....
464 # https://www.libyaherald.com/2013/10/24/correction-no-time-change-tomorrow/
466 # From Paul Eggert (2013-10-25):
467 # For now, assume they're reverting to the pre-2012 rules of permanent UT +02.
469 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
470 Rule Libya 1951 only - Oct 14 2:00 1:00 S
471 Rule Libya 1952 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
472 Rule Libya 1953 only - Oct 9 2:00 1:00 S
473 Rule Libya 1954 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
474 Rule Libya 1955 only - Sep 30 0:00 1:00 S
475 Rule Libya 1956 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
476 Rule Libya 1982 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
477 Rule Libya 1982 1985 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
478 Rule Libya 1985 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
479 Rule Libya 1986 only - Apr 4 0:00 1:00 S
480 Rule Libya 1986 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
481 Rule Libya 1987 1989 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
482 Rule Libya 1987 1989 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
483 Rule Libya 1997 only - Apr 4 0:00 1:00 S
484 Rule Libya 1997 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
485 Rule Libya 2013 only - Mar lastFri 1:00 1:00 S
486 Rule Libya 2013 only - Oct lastFri 2:00 0 -
487 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
488 Zone Africa/Tripoli 0:52:44 - LMT 1920
489 1:00 Libya CE%sT 1959
491 1:00 Libya CE%sT 1990 May 4
492 # The 1996 and 1997 entries are from Shanks & Pottenger;
493 # the IATA SSIM data entries contain some obvious errors.
494 2:00 - EET 1996 Sep 30
495 1:00 Libya CE%sT 1997 Oct 4
496 2:00 - EET 2012 Nov 10 2:00
497 1:00 Libya CE%sT 2013 Oct 25 2:00
501 # See Africa/Nairobi.
508 # See Africa/Abidjan.
512 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-06-25):
513 # Mauritius plans to observe DST from 2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31 on a trial
515 # It seems that Mauritius observed daylight saving time from 1982-10-10 to
516 # 1983-03-20 as well, but that was not successful....
517 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-daylight-saving-time.html
519 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-06-25):
520 # http://economicdevelopment.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=0a7cee8b5d69a110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
522 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-06-30):
523 # The www.timeanddate.com article cited by Steffen Thorsen notes that "A
524 # final decision has yet to be made on the times that daylight saving
525 # would begin and end on these dates." As a place holder, use midnight.
527 # From Paul Eggert (2008-06-30):
528 # Follow Thorsen on DST in 1982/1983, instead of Shanks & Pottenger.
530 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-07-10):
532 # http://www.lexpress.mu/display_article.php?news_id=111216
533 # (in French), Mauritius will start and end their DST a few days earlier
534 # than previously announced (2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31). The new start
535 # date is 2008-10-26 at 02:00 and the new end date is 2009-03-27 (no time
536 # given, but it is probably at either 2 or 3 wall clock time).
538 # A little strange though, since the article says that they moved the date
539 # to align itself with Europe and USA which also change time on that date,
540 # but that means they have not paid attention to what happened in
541 # USA/Canada last year (DST ends first Sunday in November). I also wonder
542 # why that they end on a Friday, instead of aligning with Europe which
543 # changes two days later.
545 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-07-11):
546 # Seems that English language article "The revival of daylight saving
547 # time: Energy conservation?"- No. 16578 (07/11/2008) was originally
548 # published on Monday, June 30, 2008...
550 # I guess that article in French "Le gouvernement avance l'introduction
551 # de l'heure d'été" stating that DST in Mauritius starting on October 26
552 # and ending on March 27, 2009 is the most recent one....
553 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_mauritius02.html
555 # From Riad M. Hossen Ally (2008-08-03):
556 # The Government of Mauritius weblink
557 # http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/pmosite/menuitem.4ca0efdee47462e7440a600248a521ca/?content_id=4728ca68b2a5b110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
558 # Cabinet Decision of July 18th, 2008 states as follows:
560 # 4. ...Cabinet has agreed to the introduction into the National Assembly
561 # of the Time Bill which provides for the introduction of summer time in
562 # Mauritius. The summer time period which will be of one hour ahead of
563 # the standard time, will be aligned with that in Europe and the United
564 # States of America. It will start at two o'clock in the morning on the
565 # last Sunday of October and will end at two o'clock in the morning on
566 # the last Sunday of March the following year. The summer time for the
567 # year 2008-2009 will, therefore, be effective as from 26 October 2008
568 # and end on 29 March 2009.
570 # From Ed Maste (2008-10-07):
571 # THE TIME BILL (No. XXVII of 2008) Explanatory Memorandum states the
572 # beginning / ending of summer time is 2 o'clock standard time in the
573 # morning of the last Sunday of October / last Sunday of March.
574 # http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/assemblysite/file/bill2708.pdf
576 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-05):
577 # According to several sources, Mauritius will not continue to observe
578 # DST the coming summer...
580 # Some sources, in French:
581 # http://www.defimedia.info/news/946/Rashid-Beebeejaun-:-%C2%AB-L%E2%80%99heure-d%E2%80%99%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ne-sera-pas-appliqu%C3%A9e-cette-ann%C3%A9e-%C2%BB
582 # http://lexpress.mu/Story/3398~Beebeejaun---Les-objectifs-d-%C3%A9conomie-d-%C3%A9nergie-de-l-heure-d-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ont-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-atteints-
585 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat.html
587 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-07-11):
588 # The "mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat" wrapup includes this:
589 # "The trial ended on March 29, 2009, when the clocks moved back by one hour
590 # at 2am (or 02:00) local time..."
592 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
593 Rule Mauritius 1982 only - Oct 10 0:00 1:00 S
594 Rule Mauritius 1983 only - Mar 21 0:00 0 -
595 Rule Mauritius 2008 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
596 Rule Mauritius 2009 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
597 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
598 Zone Indian/Mauritius 3:50:00 - LMT 1907 # Port Louis
599 4:00 Mauritius +04/+05
600 # Agalega Is, Rodriguez
601 # no information; probably like Indian/Mauritius
604 # See Africa/Nairobi.
607 # See the 'europe' file for Spanish Morocco (Africa/Ceuta).
609 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
610 # Here is an article that Morocco plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time between
611 # 1 June, 2008 and 27 September, 2008.
613 # "... Morocco is to save energy by adjusting its clock during summer so it will
614 # be one hour ahead of GMT between 1 June and 27 September, according to
615 # Communication Minister and Government Spokesman, Khalid Naciri...."
617 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco01.html
618 # http://en.afrik.com/news11892.html
620 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
621 # The Morocco time change can be confirmed on Morocco web site Maghreb Arabe
623 # http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/box3/morocco_shifts_to_da/view
625 # Morocco shifts to daylight time on June 1st through September 27, Govt.
628 # From Patrice Scattolin (2008-05-09):
629 # According to this article:
630 # https://www.avmaroc.com/actualite/heure-dete-comment-a127896.html
631 # (and republished here: <http://www.actu.ma/heure-dete-comment_i127896_0.html>)
632 # the changes occur at midnight:
634 # Saturday night May 31st at midnight (which in French is to be
635 # interpreted as the night between Saturday and Sunday)
636 # Sunday night the 28th at midnight
638 # Seeing that the 28th is Monday, I am guessing that she intends to say
639 # the midnight of the 28th which is the midnight between Sunday and
640 # Monday, which jives with other sources that say that it's inclusive
641 # June 1st to Sept 27th.
643 # The decision was taken by decree *2-08-224 *but I can't find the decree
644 # published on the web.
646 # It's also confirmed here:
647 # http://www.maroc.ma/NR/exeres/FACF141F-D910-44B0-B7FA-6E03733425D1.htm
648 # on a government portal as being between June 1st and Sept 27th (not yet
649 # posted in English).
651 # The following Google query will generate many relevant hits:
652 # https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Conseil+de+gouvernement+maroc+heure+avance&btnG=Search
654 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-27):
655 # Morocco will change the clocks back on the midnight between August 31
656 # and September 1. They originally planned to observe DST to near the end
659 # One article about it (in French):
660 # http://www.menara.ma/fr/Actualites/Maroc/Societe/ci.retour_a_l_heure_gmt_a_partir_du_dimanche_31_aout_a_minuit_officiel_.default
662 # We have some further details posted here:
663 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-ends-dst-early-2008.html
665 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-17):
666 # Morocco will observe DST from 2009-06-01 00:00 to 2009-08-21 00:00 according
667 # to many sources, such as
668 # http://news.marweb.com/morocco/entertainment/morocco-daylight-saving.html
669 # http://www.medi1sat.ma/fr/depeche.aspx?idp=2312
673 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2009.html
675 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
676 # Here is a link to official document from Royaume du Maroc Premier Ministre,
677 # Ministère de la Modernisation des Secteurs Publics
679 # Under Article 1 of Royal Decree No. 455-67 of Act 23 safar 1387 (2 June 1967)
680 # concerning the amendment of the legal time, the Ministry of Modernization of
681 # Public Sectors announced that the official time in the Kingdom will be
682 # advanced 60 minutes from Sunday 31 May 2009 at midnight.
684 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/francais/Actualites_fr/PDF_Actualites_Fr/HeureEte_FR.pdf
685 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco03.html
687 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-04-13):
688 # Several news media in Morocco report that the Ministry of Modernization
689 # of Public Sectors has announced that Morocco will have DST from
690 # 2010-05-02 to 2010-08-08.
693 # http://www.lavieeco.com/actualites/4099-le-maroc-passera-a-l-heure-d-ete-gmt1-le-2-mai.html
696 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2010.html
698 # From Dan Abitol (2011-03-30):
699 # ...Rules for Africa/Casablanca are the following (24h format)
700 # The 3rd April 2011 at 00:00:00, [it] will be 3rd April 01:00:00
701 # The 31st July 2011 at 00:59:59, [it] will be 31st July 00:00:00
702 # ...Official links of change in morocco
703 # The change was broadcast on the FM Radio
704 # I ve called ANRT (telecom regulations in Morocco) at
706 # http://www.anrt.net.ma/fr/
708 # http://www.map.ma/fr/sections/accueil/l_heure_legale_au_ma/view
709 # is the official publication to look at.
710 # They said that the decision was already taken.
712 # More articles in the press
713 # https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/5058/secret-l-heure-d-ete-maroc-leve.html
714 # http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Express/Article.asp?id=148923
715 # http://www.lavieeco.com/actualite/Le-Maroc-passe-sur-GMT%2B1-a-partir-de-dim
717 # From Petr Machata (2011-03-30):
718 # They have it written in English here:
719 # http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/home/morocco_to_spring_fo/view
721 # It says there that "Morocco will resume its standard time on July 31,
722 # 2011 at midnight." Now they don't say whether they mean midnight of
723 # wall clock time (i.e. 11pm UTC), but that's what I would assume. It has
724 # also been like that in the past.
726 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-03-09):
727 # According to Infomédiaire web site from Morocco (infomediaire.ma),
728 # on March 9, 2012, (in French) Heure légale:
729 # Le Maroc adopte officiellement l'heure d'été
730 # http://www.infomediaire.ma/news/maroc/heure-l%C3%A9gale-le-maroc-adopte-officiellement-lheure-d%C3%A9t%C3%A9
731 # Governing Council adopted draft decree, that Morocco DST starts on
732 # the last Sunday of March (March 25, 2012) and ends on
733 # last Sunday of September (September 30, 2012)
734 # except the month of Ramadan.
736 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco06.html
738 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-10):
739 # The infomediaire.ma source indicates that the system is to be in
740 # effect every year. It gives 03H00 as the "fall back" time of day;
741 # it lacks a "spring forward" time of day; assume 2:00 XXX.
742 # Wait on specifying the Ramadan exception for details about
743 # start date, start time of day, end date, and end time of day XXX.
745 # From Christophe Tropamer (2012-03-16):
746 # Seen Morocco change again:
747 # http://www.le2uminutes.com/actualite.php
748 # "...à partir du dernier dimanche d'avril et non fins mars,
749 # comme annoncé précédemment."
751 # From Milamber Space Network (2012-07-17):
752 # The official return to GMT is announced by the Moroccan government:
753 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=288 [in French]
755 # Google translation, lightly edited:
756 # Back to the standard time of the Kingdom (GMT)
757 # Pursuant to Decree No. 2-12-126 issued on 26 Jumada (I) 1433 (April 18,
758 # 2012) and in accordance with the order of Mr. President of the
759 # Government No. 3-47-12 issued on 24 Sha'ban (11 July 2012), the Ministry
760 # of Public Service and Administration Modernization announces the return
761 # of the legal time of the Kingdom (GMT) from Friday, July 20, 2012 until
762 # Monday, August 20, 2012. So the time will be delayed by 60 minutes from
763 # 3:00 am Friday, July 20, 2012 and will again be advanced by 60 minutes
764 # August 20, 2012 from 2:00 am.
766 # From Paul Eggert (2013-03-06):
767 # Morocco's daylight-saving transitions due to Ramadan seem to be
768 # announced a bit in advance. On 2012-07-11 the Moroccan government
769 # announced that year's Ramadan daylight-saving transitions would be
770 # 2012-07-20 and 2012-08-20; see
771 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=288
773 # From Andrew Paprocki (2013-07-02):
774 # Morocco announced that the year's Ramadan daylight-savings
775 # transitions would be 2013-07-07 and 2013-08-10; see:
776 # http://www.maroc.ma/en/news/morocco-suspends-daylight-saving-time-july-7-aug10
778 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-28):
779 # Morocco extends DST by one month, on very short notice, just 1 day
780 # before it was going to end. There is a new decree (2.13.781) for
781 # this, where DST from now on goes from last Sunday of March at 02:00
782 # to last Sunday of October at 03:00, similar to EU rules. Official
784 # http://www.maroc.gov.ma/fr/actualites/lhoraire-dete-gmt1-maintenu-jusquau-27-octobre-2013
785 # Another source (specifying the time for start and end in the decree):
786 # http://www.lemag.ma/Heure-d-ete-au-Maroc-jusqu-au-27-octobre_a75620.html
788 # From Sebastien Willemijns (2014-03-18):
789 # http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2014/3/18/maroc-heure-dete-avancez-tous-horloges-247891.asp
791 # From Milamber Space Network (2014-06-05):
792 # The Moroccan government has recently announced that the country will return
793 # to standard time at 03:00 on Saturday, June 28, 2014 local time.... DST
794 # will resume again at 02:00 on Saturday, August 2, 2014....
795 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=586
797 # From Milamber (2015-06-08):
798 # (Google Translation) The hour will thus be delayed 60 minutes
799 # Sunday, June 14 at 3:00, the ministry said in a statement, adding
800 # that the time will be advanced again 60 minutes Sunday, July 19,
801 # 2015 at 2:00. The move comes under 2.12.126 Decree of 26 Jumada I
802 # 1433 (18 April 2012) and the decision of the Head of Government of
803 # 16 N. 3-29-15 Chaaban 1435 (4 June 2015).
805 # https://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/
807 # From Milamber (2015-06-09):
808 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=863
810 # From Michael Deckers (2015-06-09):
811 # [The gov.ma announcement] would (probably) make the switch on 2015-07-19 go
812 # from 03:00 to 04:00 rather than from 02:00 to 03:00, as in the patch....
813 # I think the patch is correct and the quoted text is wrong; the text in
814 # <https://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/> agrees
817 # From Paul Eggert (2015-06-08):
818 # For now, guess that later spring and fall transitions will use 2015's rules,
819 # and guess that Morocco will switch to standard time at 03:00 the last
820 # Sunday before Ramadan, and back to DST at 02:00 the first Sunday after
821 # Ramadan. To implement this, transition dates for 2016 through 2037 were
822 # determined by running the following program under GNU Emacs 24.3, with the
823 # results integrated by hand into the table below.
824 # (let ((islamic-year 1437))
825 # (require 'cal-islam)
826 # (while (< islamic-year 1460)
827 # (let ((a (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 9 1 islamic-year)))
828 # (b (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 10 1 islamic-year)))
830 # (while (/= sunday (mod (setq a (1- a)) 7)))
831 # (while (/= sunday (mod b 7))
833 # (setq a (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute a))
834 # (setq b (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute b))
837 # (concat "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 3:00\t0\t-\n"
838 # "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 2:00\t1:00\tS\n")
839 # (car (cdr (cdr a))) (calendar-month-name (car a) t) (car (cdr a))
840 # (car (cdr (cdr b))) (calendar-month-name (car b) t) (car (cdr b)))))
841 # (setq islamic-year (+ 1 islamic-year))))
843 # RULE NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
845 Rule Morocco 1939 only - Sep 12 0:00 1:00 S
846 Rule Morocco 1939 only - Nov 19 0:00 0 -
847 Rule Morocco 1940 only - Feb 25 0:00 1:00 S
848 Rule Morocco 1945 only - Nov 18 0:00 0 -
849 Rule Morocco 1950 only - Jun 11 0:00 1:00 S
850 Rule Morocco 1950 only - Oct 29 0:00 0 -
851 Rule Morocco 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
852 Rule Morocco 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
853 Rule Morocco 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
854 Rule Morocco 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
855 Rule Morocco 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
856 Rule Morocco 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
857 Rule Morocco 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
858 Rule Morocco 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
859 Rule Morocco 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
860 Rule Morocco 2008 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
861 Rule Morocco 2008 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
862 Rule Morocco 2009 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
863 Rule Morocco 2009 only - Aug 21 0:00 0 -
864 Rule Morocco 2010 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
865 Rule Morocco 2010 only - Aug 8 0:00 0 -
866 Rule Morocco 2011 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
867 Rule Morocco 2011 only - Jul 31 0:00 0 -
868 Rule Morocco 2012 2013 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
869 Rule Morocco 2012 only - Jul 20 3:00 0 -
870 Rule Morocco 2012 only - Aug 20 2:00 1:00 S
871 Rule Morocco 2012 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
872 Rule Morocco 2013 only - Jul 7 3:00 0 -
873 Rule Morocco 2013 only - Aug 10 2:00 1:00 S
874 Rule Morocco 2013 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
875 Rule Morocco 2014 2021 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
876 Rule Morocco 2014 only - Jun 28 3:00 0 -
877 Rule Morocco 2014 only - Aug 2 2:00 1:00 S
878 Rule Morocco 2015 only - Jun 14 3:00 0 -
879 Rule Morocco 2015 only - Jul 19 2:00 1:00 S
880 Rule Morocco 2016 only - Jun 5 3:00 0 -
881 Rule Morocco 2016 only - Jul 10 2:00 1:00 S
882 Rule Morocco 2017 only - May 21 3:00 0 -
883 Rule Morocco 2017 only - Jul 2 2:00 1:00 S
884 Rule Morocco 2018 only - May 13 3:00 0 -
885 Rule Morocco 2018 only - Jun 17 2:00 1:00 S
886 Rule Morocco 2019 only - May 5 3:00 0 -
887 Rule Morocco 2019 only - Jun 9 2:00 1:00 S
888 Rule Morocco 2020 only - Apr 19 3:00 0 -
889 Rule Morocco 2020 only - May 24 2:00 1:00 S
890 Rule Morocco 2021 only - Apr 11 3:00 0 -
891 Rule Morocco 2021 only - May 16 2:00 1:00 S
892 Rule Morocco 2022 only - May 8 2:00 1:00 S
893 Rule Morocco 2023 only - Apr 23 2:00 1:00 S
894 Rule Morocco 2024 only - Apr 14 2:00 1:00 S
895 Rule Morocco 2025 only - Apr 6 2:00 1:00 S
896 Rule Morocco 2026 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
897 Rule Morocco 2036 only - Oct 19 3:00 0 -
898 Rule Morocco 2037 only - Oct 4 3:00 0 -
900 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
901 Zone Africa/Casablanca -0:30:20 - LMT 1913 Oct 26
902 0:00 Morocco WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
908 # From Gwillim Law (2013-10-22):
909 # A correspondent who is usually well informed about time zone matters
910 # ... says that Western Sahara observes daylight saving time, just as
913 # From Paul Eggert (2013-10-23):
914 # Assume that this has been true since Western Sahara switched to GMT,
915 # since most of it was then controlled by Morocco.
917 Zone Africa/El_Aaiun -0:52:48 - LMT 1934 Jan # El Aaiún
918 -1:00 - -01 1976 Apr 14
923 # Shanks gives 1903-03-01 for the transition to CAT.
924 # Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
925 # https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
926 # merely made it official?
928 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
929 Zone Africa/Maputo 2:10:20 - LMT 1903 Mar
931 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Blantyre # Malawi
932 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Bujumbura # Burundi
933 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Gaborone # Botswana
934 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Harare # Zimbabwe
935 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Kigali # Rwanda
936 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lubumbashi # E Dem. Rep. of Congo
937 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lusaka # Zambia
942 # From Arthur David Olson (2017-08-09):
943 # The text of the "Namibia Time Act, 1994" is available online at
944 # www.lac.org.na/laws/1994/811.pdf
945 # and includes this nugget:
946 # Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (2) of section 1, the
947 # first winter period after the commencement of this Act shall
948 # commence at OOhOO on Monday 21 March 1994 and shall end at 02h00 on
949 # Sunday 4 September 1994.
951 # From Petronella Sibeene (2007-03-30):
952 # http://allafrica.com/stories/200703300178.html
953 # While the entire country changes its time, Katima Mulilo and other
954 # settlements in Caprivi unofficially will not because the sun there
955 # rises and sets earlier compared to other regions. Chief of
956 # Forecasting Riaan van Zyl explained that the far eastern parts of
957 # the country are close to 40 minutes earlier in sunrise than the rest
960 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-22):
961 # Although the Zambezi Region (formerly known as Caprivi) informally
962 # observes Botswana time, we have no details about historical practice.
963 # In the meantime people there can use Africa/Gaborone.
964 # See: Immanuel S. The Namibian. 2017-02-23.
965 # https://www.namibian.com.na/51480/read/Time-change-divides-lawmakers
967 # From Steffen Thorsen (2017-08-09):
968 # Namibia is going to change their time zone to what is now their DST:
969 # https://www.newera.com.na/2017/02/23/namibias-winter-time-might-be-repealed/
970 # This video is from the government decision:
971 # https://www.nbc.na/news/na-passes-namibia-time-bill-repealing-1994-namibia-time-act.8665
972 # We have made the assumption so far that they will change their time zone at
973 # the same time they would normally start DST, the first Sunday in September:
974 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/namibia-new-time-zone.html
976 # RULE NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
977 Rule Namibia 1994 only - Mar 21 0:00 0 -
978 Rule Namibia 1994 2016 - Sep Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
979 Rule Namibia 1995 2017 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
980 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
981 Zone Africa/Windhoek 1:08:24 - LMT 1892 Feb 8
982 1:30 - +0130 1903 Mar
983 2:00 - SAST 1942 Sep 20 2:00
984 2:00 1:00 SAST 1943 Mar 21 2:00
985 2:00 - SAST 1990 Mar 21 # independence
986 2:00 - CAT 1994 Mar 21 0:00
987 1:00 Namibia WA%sT 2017 Sep 3 2:00
994 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
995 Zone Africa/Lagos 0:13:36 - LMT 1919 Sep
997 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Bangui # Central African Republic
998 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Brazzaville # Rep. of the Congo
999 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Douala # Cameroon
1000 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Kinshasa # Dem. Rep. of the Congo (west)
1001 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Libreville # Gabon
1002 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Luanda # Angola
1003 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Malabo # Equatorial Guinea
1004 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Niamey # Niger
1005 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Porto-Novo # Benin
1008 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1009 Zone Indian/Reunion 3:41:52 - LMT 1911 Jun # Saint-Denis
1012 # Crozet Islands also observes Réunion time; see the 'antarctica' file.
1014 # Scattered Islands (Îles Éparses) administered from Réunion are as follows.
1015 # The following information about them is taken from
1016 # Îles Éparses (<http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/domtom/ile.htm>, 1997-07-22,
1017 # in French; no longer available as of 1999-08-17).
1018 # We have no info about their time zone histories.
1020 # Bassas da India - uninhabited
1021 # Europa Island - inhabited from 1905 to 1910 by two families
1022 # Glorioso Is - inhabited until at least 1958
1023 # Juan de Nova - uninhabited
1024 # Tromelin - inhabited until at least 1958
1027 # See Africa/Maputo.
1030 # See Africa/Abidjan.
1031 # The other parts of the St Helena territory are similar:
1032 # Tristan da Cunha: on GMT, say Whitman and the CIA
1033 # Ascension: on GMT, say the USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA
1034 # Gough (scientific station since 1955; sealers wintered previously):
1035 # on GMT, says the CIA
1036 # Inaccessible, Nightingale: uninhabited
1038 # São Tomé and Príncipe
1040 # From Steffen Thorsen (2018-01-08):
1041 # Multiple sources tell that São Tomé changed from UTC to UTC+1 as
1042 # they entered the year 2018.
1043 # From Michael Deckers (2018-01-08):
1044 # the switch is from 01:00 to 02:00 ... [Decree No. 25/2017]
1045 # http://www.mnec.gov.st/index.php/publicacoes/documentos/file/90-decreto-lei-n-25-2017
1047 Zone Africa/Sao_Tome 0:26:56 - LMT 1884
1048 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 # Lisbon Mean Time
1049 0:00 - GMT 2018 Jan 1 01:00
1053 # See Africa/Abidjan.
1056 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1057 Zone Indian/Mahe 3:41:48 - LMT 1906 Jun # Victoria
1059 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-30):
1060 # Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches, originally dependencies of the
1061 # Seychelles, were transferred to the British Indian Ocean Territory
1062 # in 1965 and returned to Seychelles control in 1976. We don't know
1063 # whether this affected their time zone, so omit this for now.
1064 # Possibly the islands were uninhabited.
1067 # See Africa/Abidjan.
1070 # See Africa/Nairobi.
1073 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1074 Rule SA 1942 1943 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 -
1075 Rule SA 1943 1944 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1076 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1077 Zone Africa/Johannesburg 1:52:00 - LMT 1892 Feb 8
1078 1:30 - SAST 1903 Mar
1080 Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Maseru # Lesotho
1081 Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Mbabane # Swaziland
1083 # Marion and Prince Edward Is
1084 # scientific station since 1947
1089 # From <http://www.sunanews.net/sn13jane.html>
1090 # Sudan News Agency (2000-01-13),
1091 # also reported by Michaël De Beukelaer-Dossche via Steffen Thorsen:
1092 # Clocks will be moved ahead for 60 minutes all over the Sudan as of noon
1093 # Saturday.... This was announced Thursday by Caretaker State Minister for
1094 # Manpower Abdul-Rahman Nur-Eddin.
1096 # From Ahmed Atyya, National Telecommunications Corp. (NTC), Sudan (2017-10-17):
1097 # ... the Republic of Sudan is going to change the time zone from (GMT+3:00)
1098 # to (GMT+ 2:00) starting from Wednesday 1 November 2017.
1100 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
1101 # A scanned copy (in Arabic) of Cabinet Resolution No. 352 for the
1102 # year 2017 can be found as an attachment in email today from Yahia
1103 # Abdalla of NTC, archived at:
1104 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2017-October/025333.html
1106 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1107 Rule Sudan 1970 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1108 Rule Sudan 1970 1985 - Oct 15 0:00 0 -
1109 Rule Sudan 1971 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
1110 Rule Sudan 1972 1985 - Apr lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
1111 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1112 Zone Africa/Khartoum 2:10:08 - LMT 1931
1113 2:00 Sudan CA%sT 2000 Jan 15 12:00
1114 3:00 - EAT 2017 Nov 1
1118 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1119 Zone Africa/Juba 2:06:28 - LMT 1931
1120 2:00 Sudan CA%sT 2000 Jan 15 12:00
1124 # See Africa/Johannesburg.
1127 # See Africa/Nairobi.
1130 # See Africa/Abidjan.
1134 # From Gwillim Law (2005-04-30):
1135 # My correspondent, Risto Nykänen, has alerted me to another adoption of DST,
1136 # this time in Tunisia. According to Yahoo France News
1137 # <http://fr.news.yahoo.com/050426/5/4dumk.html>, in a story attributed to AP
1138 # and dated 2005-04-26, "Tunisia has decided to advance its official time by
1139 # one hour, starting on Sunday, May 1. Henceforth, Tunisian time will be
1140 # UTC+2 instead of UTC+1. The change will take place at 23:00 UTC next
1141 # Saturday." (My translation)
1143 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-02):
1144 # La Presse, the first national daily newspaper ...
1145 # http://www.lapresse.tn/archives/archives280405/actualites/lheure.html
1146 # ... DST for 2005: on: Sun May 1 0h standard time, off: Fri Sept. 30,
1149 # From Atef Loukil (2006-03-28):
1150 # The daylight saving time will be the same each year:
1151 # Beginning : the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1152 # Ending : the last Sunday of October at 03:00 ...
1153 # http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1188&Itemid=50
1155 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-16):
1156 # According to several news sources, Tunisia will not observe DST this year.
1158 # http://www.elbashayer.com/?page=viewn&nid=42546
1159 # https://www.babnet.net/kiwidetail-15295.asp
1161 # We have also confirmed this with the US embassy in Tunisia.
1162 # We have a wrap-up about this on the following page:
1163 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/tunisia-cancels-dst-2009.html
1165 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
1166 # Here is a link to Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency
1168 # Standard time to be kept the whole year long (tap.info.tn):
1171 # http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26813&Itemid=157
1174 # http://www.tap.info.tn/ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=61240&Itemid=1
1176 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-03-18):
1177 # The Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency notice contains this: "This measure is
1178 # due to the fact that the fasting month of Ramadan coincides with the period
1179 # concerned by summer time. Therefore, the standard time will be kept
1180 # unchanged the whole year long." So foregoing DST seems to be an exception
1181 # (albeit one that may be repeated in the future).
1183 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-27):
1184 # According to some news reports Tunis confirmed not to use DST in 2010
1187 # "The Tunisian government has decided to abandon DST, which was scheduled on
1189 # Tunisian authorities had suspended the DST for the first time last year also
1190 # coincided with the month of Ramadan..."
1193 # http://www.moheet.com/show_news.aspx?nid=358861&pg=1
1194 # http://www.almadenahnews.com/newss/news.php?c=118&id=38036
1195 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_tunis02.html
1197 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1198 Rule Tunisia 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1199 Rule Tunisia 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1200 Rule Tunisia 1940 only - Feb 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1201 Rule Tunisia 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 0 -
1202 Rule Tunisia 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 1:00 S
1203 Rule Tunisia 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1204 Rule Tunisia 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
1205 Rule Tunisia 1943 only - Apr 17 2:00 0 -
1206 Rule Tunisia 1943 only - Apr 25 2:00 1:00 S
1207 Rule Tunisia 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1208 Rule Tunisia 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00 1:00 S
1209 Rule Tunisia 1944 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1210 Rule Tunisia 1945 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 -
1211 Rule Tunisia 1977 only - Apr 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1212 Rule Tunisia 1977 only - Sep 24 0:00s 0 -
1213 Rule Tunisia 1978 only - May 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1214 Rule Tunisia 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1215 Rule Tunisia 1988 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1216 Rule Tunisia 1988 1990 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1217 Rule Tunisia 1989 only - Mar 26 0:00s 1:00 S
1218 Rule Tunisia 1990 only - May 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1219 Rule Tunisia 2005 only - May 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1220 Rule Tunisia 2005 only - Sep 30 1:00s 0 -
1221 Rule Tunisia 2006 2008 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1222 Rule Tunisia 2006 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1224 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1225 # more precise 0:09:21.
1226 # Shanks & Pottenger say the 1911 switch was on Mar 9; go with Howse's Mar 11.
1227 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1228 Zone Africa/Tunis 0:40:44 - LMT 1881 May 12
1229 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1233 # See Africa/Nairobi.
1237 # See Africa/Maputo.
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