3 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
4 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
6 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
8 # Notes are at the end of this file
10 ###############################################################################
14 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
16 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
17 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 -
18 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 -
19 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 -
20 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 -
21 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 -
22 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
23 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 -
24 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
25 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
26 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
28 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
30 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
35 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
36 Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
37 Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
38 Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
39 Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
40 Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 -
41 Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
42 Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 -
43 Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
44 Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
45 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
48 Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec
49 8:45 Aus CWST 1943 Jul
54 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
55 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
56 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
57 # Queensland ceased to.
59 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
60 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
61 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
62 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
65 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
66 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
67 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
68 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
69 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
70 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
71 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
72 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
75 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
81 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
82 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
83 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
84 Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
85 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
86 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
87 Rule AS 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
88 Rule AS 1990 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
89 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
90 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
91 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
92 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
93 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
94 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
95 Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
96 Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
97 Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
98 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
99 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
106 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
107 # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml>
108 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
110 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
111 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
112 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
113 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
114 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 -
115 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
116 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
117 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
118 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
119 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
120 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
121 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 -
122 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
123 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
124 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
125 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
126 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
127 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
128 Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
129 Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
130 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
131 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
132 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
133 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
136 Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep
137 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
138 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
139 10:00 Aus EST 1971 Jul
143 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
144 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
145 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
146 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
147 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
148 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
149 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
150 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
151 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
152 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
153 Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
154 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
155 Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
156 Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
157 Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
158 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
159 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
164 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
165 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
166 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
167 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
168 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
169 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
170 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
171 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
172 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
173 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
174 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
175 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
176 Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
177 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
178 Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
179 Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
180 Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
181 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
182 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
185 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
186 10:00 - EST 1896 Aug 23
193 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
194 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
195 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
196 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
197 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
198 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
199 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
200 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
201 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
202 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
203 Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
204 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
205 Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
206 Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
207 Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 -
208 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
212 # Australian miscellany
214 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
215 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
219 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
223 # permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
224 # sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
225 # like Australia/Hobart
228 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
229 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
230 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
233 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
234 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
235 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
236 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
237 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
238 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
239 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
240 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
244 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
245 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
246 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
247 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
248 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
251 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
252 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
253 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
254 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
255 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
256 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
259 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
260 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
261 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time
262 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
263 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time
264 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
265 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time
266 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
270 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
271 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
272 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
273 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
274 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
277 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
278 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
279 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time
280 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
281 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
284 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
285 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time
290 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
291 Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
293 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
294 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23
295 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
298 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
299 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
300 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
302 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
304 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
308 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
309 Zone Pacific/Truk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
310 10:00 - TRUT # Truk Time
311 Zone Pacific/Ponape 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
312 11:00 - PONT # Ponape Time
313 Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
314 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
319 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
320 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
321 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
322 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15
327 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
328 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
329 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
330 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
331 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
332 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
333 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
334 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13
338 ###############################################################################
342 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
343 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
344 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
345 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
346 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
347 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
348 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
349 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
350 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
351 # convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
352 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
353 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
354 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
355 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S
356 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
357 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
358 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
359 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
360 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
361 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D
362 Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
363 Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
364 Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
365 Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
366 Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
367 Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
368 Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
369 Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
370 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
371 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
372 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
374 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1957 Jan 1
379 # uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
380 # and scientific personnel have wintered
383 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
384 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
385 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
386 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
388 ###############################################################################
392 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
393 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
394 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time
395 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1
399 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
400 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
401 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
402 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time
405 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
406 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
407 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
410 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
411 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
412 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
413 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
416 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
417 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
418 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00
419 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
422 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
424 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
425 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
426 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
427 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
431 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-12-06):
432 # The Samoa government (Western Samoa) may implement DST on the first Sunday of
433 # October 2009 (October 4, 2009) until the last Sunday of March 2010 (March 28,
436 # "Selected Committee reports to Cabinet on Daylight Saving Time",
437 # Government of Samoa:
438 # <a href="http://www.govt.ws/pr_article.cfm?pr_id=560">
439 # http://www.govt.ws/pr_article.cfm?pr_id=560
442 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_samoa01.html">
443 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_samoa01.html
446 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-27):
447 # Samoa's parliament passed the Daylight Saving Bill 2009, and will start
448 # daylight saving time on the first Sunday of October 2009 and end on the
449 # last Sunday of March 2010. We hope that the full text will be published
450 # soon, but we believe that the bill is only valid for 2009-2010. Samoa's
451 # Daylight Saving Act 2009 will be enforced as soon as the Head of State
452 # executes a proclamation publicizing this Act.
454 # Some background information here, which will be updated once we have
456 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html">
457 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
460 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
462 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
463 -11:00 - WST 2009 Oct 4
464 -11:00 1:00 WSDT 2010 Mar 28
468 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
469 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
470 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
471 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time
474 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
475 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
476 -10:00 - TKT # Tokelau Time
479 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
480 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
481 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
482 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
483 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
484 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
485 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
486 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
491 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
492 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
493 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
496 # US minor outlying islands
499 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
500 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
501 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
502 # uninhabited thereafter.
503 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UTC-10:30) in 1937;
504 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
505 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
506 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
507 # until they were abandoned after the war.
510 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
511 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
512 # uninhabited thereafter.
513 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
516 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
517 Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST
524 # From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
525 # [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
526 # published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
527 # reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly
528 # "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
529 # flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone
530 # designations that I've never seen before:....
531 # Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
532 # " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A "
534 Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
535 -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3
536 -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2
537 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
538 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
539 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
542 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
545 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
546 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
547 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
551 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
552 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
553 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
554 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
555 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
556 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
557 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
558 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
559 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
560 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
563 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
564 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
565 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
567 ###############################################################################
571 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
572 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
573 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
575 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
576 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
577 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
578 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
580 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
581 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
582 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
583 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
584 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
586 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
587 # entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
589 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
590 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
591 # I found in the UCLA library.
593 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
594 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
596 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
597 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
598 # Corrections are welcome!
600 # LMT Local Mean Time
601 # 8:00 WST WST Western Australia
602 # 8:45 CWST CWST Central Western Australia*
604 # 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
605 # 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
606 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
607 # 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
608 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
609 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
610 # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
613 # - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
615 # See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
616 # See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
618 ###############################################################################
622 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
623 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml">
624 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
625 # </a> summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
627 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
628 # <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving">
629 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
630 # </a> covers New South Wales in particular.
632 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
633 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
634 # It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
635 # and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
636 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
637 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
638 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
639 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
640 # the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
642 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
643 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
644 # or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
645 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
646 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
647 # prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
648 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
650 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
651 # Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
652 # CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
653 # WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
654 # EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
656 # From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01):
657 # I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones:
658 # <http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia-13time>
659 # And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations:
660 # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml>
662 # From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
663 # versus "AEST" etc.:
665 # I see the following points of dispute:
667 # * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
669 # Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
670 # Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
671 # operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
672 # (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
673 # Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
674 # In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
675 # abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
676 # think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
678 # On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
679 # abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
680 # particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
681 # time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
683 # * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
685 # Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
686 # many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
687 # which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
690 # Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
691 # refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
694 # * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
695 # Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
696 # the word "Australian"?
698 # My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
699 # common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
700 # popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
701 # often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
702 # following count of page hits:
704 # 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
705 # 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
706 # 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
707 # 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
709 # Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
710 # particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
711 # say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
712 # Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
714 # For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
715 # ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
716 # many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
717 # are the hit counts anyway:
719 # 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
720 # 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
721 # 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
722 # 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
724 # 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
725 # 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
726 # 176 "ACST" and domain:au
727 # 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
729 # 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
730 # 68 "AWST" and domain:au
732 # This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
733 # practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
734 # the ambiguities involved.
736 # * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
738 # If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
739 # against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
740 # saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
741 # understood in Australia.
743 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
744 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
745 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
746 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
747 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
748 # and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
749 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
751 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
753 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
754 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
755 # relevant entries in this database.
757 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
758 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
759 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
762 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
763 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
766 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">
767 # Standard Time Act, 1898
770 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
771 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
772 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
773 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
774 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
776 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
777 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
778 # to extend DST together in 2006.
779 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
780 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
781 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
782 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
783 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
786 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html.
790 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
791 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
793 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
795 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
797 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
798 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
799 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
803 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
804 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
806 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
807 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
808 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
809 # # before reaching parliament.
811 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
813 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
814 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
815 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
816 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
818 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
819 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
820 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
822 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
823 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
824 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
826 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
829 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
830 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
831 # it matches what was used in the past.
833 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
834 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
835 # </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
836 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
839 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
840 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
843 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
845 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
846 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
847 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
848 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
850 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
851 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
854 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
855 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
856 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
857 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
859 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
860 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
861 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
864 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
865 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
866 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
868 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
869 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
872 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
873 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
875 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
876 # from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
877 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
878 # <http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf>
880 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
881 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
882 # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
883 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
884 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
885 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
886 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
887 # Australia and Western Australia....
889 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
890 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
891 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
892 # <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>.
894 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
895 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
896 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
897 # coast of the continent.
899 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
900 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
901 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
902 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
903 # the largest population centre in this zone....
905 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
906 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
907 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
908 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
911 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
912 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
913 # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
914 # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
916 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
917 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
918 # introduction of standard time in 1895.
921 # southeast Australia
923 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
924 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
925 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
926 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
931 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
932 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
933 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
934 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
936 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
937 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
940 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
942 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
943 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
944 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
945 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
947 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
948 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
949 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
950 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
952 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
953 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
954 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
955 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
958 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
959 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
960 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
961 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
963 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
964 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
965 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
966 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
968 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
969 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
970 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
971 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
973 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
974 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
978 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
979 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
980 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
983 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
984 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
985 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
986 # (but nothing new about that).
988 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
989 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
990 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
991 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
992 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
993 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
995 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
996 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
998 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
999 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1003 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1004 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1005 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1008 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1009 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1010 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
1011 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1012 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1013 # in Melbourne, Australia.
1015 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1016 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1017 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1018 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1019 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1022 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1023 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1024 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
1025 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1027 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1028 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1030 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1031 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1035 # From Arthur David Olson:
1036 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1037 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1039 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1040 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
1041 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1042 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1043 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
1044 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
1046 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1047 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1048 # October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
1049 # <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
1050 # Two months more daylight saving
1052 # Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
1054 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1055 # See the following official NSW source:
1056 # <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
1057 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1060 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1061 # daylight saving next year. See:
1062 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
1063 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1064 # </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1066 # Victoria will following NSW. See:
1067 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
1068 # Vic to extend daylight saving
1069 # </a> (1999-07-28).
1071 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1072 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
1073 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
1074 # </a> (1999-07-19).
1076 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1077 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
1078 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1079 # </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1080 # ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1081 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1082 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1083 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1084 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
1086 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1087 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
1088 # Broken Hill to be behind the times
1089 # </a> (1999-07-21).
1091 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1092 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1093 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1095 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1096 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1097 # towns to use Queensland time.
1099 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1100 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1104 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1105 # `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1107 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1108 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1111 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1112 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1113 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1114 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1115 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1116 # # presently available.
1117 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1119 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1120 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1121 # [followed by other Rules]
1125 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1126 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1128 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1129 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1131 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1132 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1133 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1134 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1135 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1136 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1137 # instead of only 30 minutes. Dependant on the wishes of residents
1138 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1139 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1140 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1142 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1143 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1144 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1145 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1146 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1147 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1149 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1150 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1151 # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1153 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1154 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1156 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1157 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1158 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1159 # summer (southern hemisphere).
1162 # <a href="http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf">
1163 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1165 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1166 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1167 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1168 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1169 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1170 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1171 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1173 # We have a wrap-up here:
1174 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html">
1175 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1177 ###############################################################################
1181 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1182 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1183 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1184 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1185 # source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1187 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1188 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1189 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1190 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1193 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1194 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1195 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1196 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1198 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1199 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1201 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1202 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1203 # rather than the October 1 value.
1205 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1206 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1207 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1208 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1209 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1210 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1212 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1213 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1214 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1215 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1217 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1218 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1219 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1221 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1222 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1223 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1224 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1225 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1227 ###############################################################################
1232 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1233 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1234 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1236 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1237 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1238 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1239 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1241 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1242 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1244 # From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
1245 # The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1246 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it
1247 # also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
1248 # islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
1251 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1252 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1256 # Johnston data is from usno1995.
1261 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1262 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1263 # ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
1264 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1269 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1270 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1271 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1272 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1273 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1276 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1278 # Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1279 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
1280 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1281 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1284 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1285 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1286 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1287 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1292 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1293 # ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
1294 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
1296 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
1297 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1299 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1300 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1301 # <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
1302 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
1304 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1305 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1310 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1311 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1312 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1313 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1314 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1315 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1316 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1317 # air at 6am your time.
1319 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1320 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1321 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1322 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1327 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1328 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1329 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1331 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1332 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1333 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1335 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1336 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1337 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1339 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1340 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1343 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1344 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1345 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1346 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1351 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1352 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1353 # ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1354 # ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
1355 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
1360 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1361 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
1362 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
1363 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1365 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1366 # <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">
1367 # How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
1370 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1371 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1372 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1373 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1374 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1375 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1377 # Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1378 # Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1379 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1381 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1382 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1383 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1384 # minutes we have lost?"
1386 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1387 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1388 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1390 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1391 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1393 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1394 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
1395 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1396 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1397 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1400 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1401 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1403 # I was given this link by John Letts:
1404 # <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
1405 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1408 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1409 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1410 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1411 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1413 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1414 # According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html">
1415 # http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
1417 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1418 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1419 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1420 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1421 # set back an hour on the closing date."
1422 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1424 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1425 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1426 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1428 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1429 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1430 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1431 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1432 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1433 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1434 # (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
1436 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1437 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1439 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1440 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1441 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1442 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1445 # From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1446 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1451 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1452 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1454 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the
1455 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1456 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1457 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1458 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1461 # http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
1463 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1464 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1466 ###############################################################################
1468 # The International Date Line
1470 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1472 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1473 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1474 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1475 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1477 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1478 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1479 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1480 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1481 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1482 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1483 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1484 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1485 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1486 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1487 # correct date is ambiguous.
1489 # From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1490 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1491 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1492 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1493 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1494 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1495 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1496 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1497 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1498 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1499 # entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were
1500 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1501 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
1503 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1506 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1507 # <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187>
1508 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1509 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
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