1 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
4 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
7 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
9 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
11 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
12 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
13 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
14 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
16 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
17 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
18 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
19 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
20 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
21 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
23 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
24 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
26 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
27 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
29 # Other sources occasionally used include:
31 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
32 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
33 # which I found in the UCLA library.
35 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
36 # <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
39 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
40 # <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
41 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
42 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
43 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
45 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
46 # This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
47 # http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
48 # The full Russian citation is:
49 # Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
50 # введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
51 # июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
52 # Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
53 # http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
55 # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
56 # History of Summer Time
57 # <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
58 # (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
61 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
62 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
63 # Corrections are welcome!
66 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
67 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
68 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
69 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
70 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
71 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
72 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
73 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
74 # 1:00 BST British Standard (1968-1971)
75 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
76 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
77 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
78 # 3:00 FET Further-eastern Europe (2011-2014)*
79 # 3:00 MSK MSD MSM* Minsk, Moscow
81 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
82 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
83 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
84 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
85 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
86 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
87 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
88 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
89 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
90 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
91 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
93 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
94 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
96 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
97 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
98 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
99 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
103 ###############################################################################
105 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
107 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
109 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
110 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
111 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
114 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
115 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
116 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
117 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
118 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
119 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
120 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
122 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
123 # position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
124 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
126 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
128 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
130 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
131 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
132 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
133 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
134 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
135 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
136 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
137 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
138 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
139 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
140 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
141 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
142 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
143 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
144 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
145 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
146 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
147 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
148 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
149 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
151 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
152 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
153 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
155 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
156 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
157 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
158 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
159 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
160 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
161 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
162 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
163 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
164 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
165 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
166 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
167 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
168 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
170 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
171 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
172 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
173 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
174 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
175 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
176 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
177 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
178 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
179 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
180 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
181 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
182 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
183 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
184 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
186 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
187 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
188 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
189 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
190 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
191 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
192 # -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
193 # republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
194 # http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf
196 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
197 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
198 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
199 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
200 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
201 # The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
202 # Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
203 # ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
205 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
206 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
207 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
209 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
210 # From: Jonathan Leffler
211 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
212 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
213 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
215 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
216 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
217 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
218 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
219 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
221 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
222 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
223 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
224 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
226 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
227 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
228 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
229 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
230 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
231 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
232 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
233 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
235 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
236 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
237 # which is to be introduced in May....
238 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
239 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
241 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
242 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
243 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
246 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
247 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
248 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
249 # and extending this list, which can be found in
250 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
252 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
254 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
255 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
256 # http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
257 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
259 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
261 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
263 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
265 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
266 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
267 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
268 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
269 # It actually just had one transition.
270 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
271 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
272 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
273 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
274 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
276 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
277 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
278 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
279 # conform with Great Britain.
280 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
282 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
283 # we'll ignore it for now.
284 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
287 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
288 # Shanks & Pottenger.
289 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
290 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
291 # to London. For example:
293 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
294 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
296 # "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
297 # was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
298 # would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'. She claimed
299 # Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
300 # -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
301 # Irish Times 2014-10-27.
302 # http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
304 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
305 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
306 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
308 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
310 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
311 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
313 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
314 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
315 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
317 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
318 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
319 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
321 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
322 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
324 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
325 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
326 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
328 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
329 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
330 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
333 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
334 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
335 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
336 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
337 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
338 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
339 # and Frethun run in CT.
340 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
341 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
342 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
343 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
344 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
345 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
347 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
348 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
349 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
350 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
351 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
352 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
353 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
355 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
356 # Summer Time Act, 1916
357 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
358 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
359 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
360 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
361 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
362 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
363 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
364 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
365 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
366 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
367 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
368 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
369 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
370 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
371 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
372 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
373 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
374 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
375 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
376 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
377 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
378 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
379 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
380 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
381 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
382 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
383 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
384 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
385 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
386 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
387 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
388 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
389 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
390 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
391 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
392 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
393 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
394 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
395 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
396 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
397 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
398 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
399 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
400 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
401 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
402 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
403 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
404 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
405 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
406 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
407 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
408 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
409 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
410 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
411 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
412 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
413 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
414 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
415 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
416 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
417 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
418 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
419 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
420 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
421 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
422 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
423 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
424 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
425 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
426 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
427 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
428 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
429 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
430 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
431 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
432 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
433 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
434 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
435 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
436 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
437 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
438 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
439 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
440 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
441 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
442 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
443 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
444 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
445 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
446 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
447 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
449 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
450 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
451 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
452 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
453 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
454 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
455 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
456 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
457 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
458 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
459 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
460 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
461 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
462 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
463 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
465 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
467 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
468 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
469 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
470 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
473 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
474 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
475 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
477 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
478 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
479 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
480 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
481 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
482 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
483 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
484 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
485 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
486 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
487 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
488 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
489 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
492 ###############################################################################
496 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
497 # Common Market, etc.
499 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
500 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
501 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
502 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
503 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
504 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
505 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
506 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
507 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
508 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
509 # http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
511 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
512 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
513 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
514 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
515 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
516 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
517 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
519 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
520 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
521 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
522 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
523 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
524 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
525 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
526 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
527 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
528 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
529 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
530 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
531 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
532 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
534 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
535 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
536 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
537 # tz database itself, as seen below:
539 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
540 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
542 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
543 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
545 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
546 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
548 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
549 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
550 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
552 # The rule line to be changed is:
554 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
556 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
557 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
558 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
559 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
562 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
563 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
565 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
567 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
569 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
570 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
571 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
572 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
573 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
574 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
575 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
576 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
578 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
579 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
580 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
581 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
582 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
583 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
584 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
586 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
587 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
588 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
589 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
590 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
591 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
592 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 MSD
593 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK
594 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
595 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 MSM # Midsummer
596 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
597 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
598 # Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
599 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
600 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
601 # Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
602 # Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
603 Rule Russia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
604 Rule Russia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
606 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
607 # As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
609 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
610 # Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
611 # Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
612 # Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
614 # I did not find full texts of these acts. For the 1989 one we have
615 # title at http://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
616 # "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
617 # Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
618 # Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
619 # And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
620 # contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
621 # of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
622 # oblasts. Since last Sunday of March 1989:
623 # a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
624 # second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
625 # b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
626 # rules (Moscow time)
627 # c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
629 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
630 # Unamended version of the act of the
631 # Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
632 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
633 # says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
634 # of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
635 # at 3 hours. It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
637 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
638 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
639 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
640 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
642 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
643 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
645 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
646 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
648 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
649 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
652 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
654 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
655 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
656 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
657 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
658 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
660 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
661 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
663 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
664 # The official German names ... are
666 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
667 # Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
669 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
670 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
671 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
673 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
674 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
676 # D-38023 Braunschweig
677 # phone: +49 531 592-0
679 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
680 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
681 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
683 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
684 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
688 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
689 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
690 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
691 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
692 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
693 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
694 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
695 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
696 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
697 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
698 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
699 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
700 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
701 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
702 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
703 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
704 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
705 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
706 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
707 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
708 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
709 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
710 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
711 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
712 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
713 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
714 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
715 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
716 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
717 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
721 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
722 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
723 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
724 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
729 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
731 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
732 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
733 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
734 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
735 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
736 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
738 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
739 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
740 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
741 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
742 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
743 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
744 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
745 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
746 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
747 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
748 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
749 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
750 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
751 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
752 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
754 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
759 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
760 # http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
761 # (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
762 # 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
763 # on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
764 # (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
766 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
767 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
768 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
770 # Sources (Russian language):
771 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
772 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
773 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
775 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
776 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
777 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
778 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-08):
779 # Hence Belarus can share time zone abbreviations with Moscow again.
781 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
782 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
783 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
784 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
785 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
786 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
787 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
788 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
789 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
790 3:00 - FET 2014 Oct 26 1:00s
795 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
796 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
797 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
798 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
799 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
801 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
802 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
803 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
804 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
805 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
807 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
808 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
809 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
810 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
811 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
812 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
813 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
814 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
815 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
816 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
817 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
818 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
819 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
820 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
821 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
822 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
823 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
824 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
825 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
826 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
827 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
828 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
829 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
830 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
831 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
832 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
833 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
834 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
835 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
836 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
837 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
838 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
839 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
840 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
841 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
842 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
843 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
844 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
845 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
846 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
847 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
848 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
849 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
850 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
851 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
852 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
853 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
854 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
857 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
858 # See Europe/Belgrade.
862 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
863 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
864 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
865 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
867 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
868 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
869 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
870 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
871 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
872 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
873 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
874 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
875 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
876 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
877 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
878 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
879 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
880 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 3:00
881 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
882 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
886 # See Europe/Belgrade.
889 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
892 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
893 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
894 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
895 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
896 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
897 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
898 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
899 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
900 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
901 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
902 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
903 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
904 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
906 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
908 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
910 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
911 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
912 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
913 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
914 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
916 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
917 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
919 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
920 # in subsequent decrees with the law
921 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
923 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
924 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
925 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
926 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
927 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
928 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
929 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
930 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
931 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
932 # was suspended on that night):
933 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
935 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
936 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
937 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
939 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
940 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
941 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
943 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
944 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
945 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
946 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
947 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
948 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
949 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
950 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
951 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
952 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
953 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
954 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
956 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
957 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
958 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
959 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
960 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
961 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
963 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
967 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
968 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
969 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
970 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
972 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
973 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
974 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
975 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
976 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
977 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
979 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
980 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
981 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
983 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
984 # is according to the following time line:
986 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
987 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
991 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
994 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
996 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
997 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
998 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
999 # info from earlier correspondence.]
1001 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
1002 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
1003 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
1005 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
1006 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
1007 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
1008 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
1009 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
1010 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
1011 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
1013 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
1014 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
1016 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
1017 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
1018 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
1020 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
1021 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
1022 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
1023 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be
1024 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
1026 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
1027 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
1030 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1031 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
1032 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
1033 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
1034 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1035 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1036 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1038 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
1039 # "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
1040 # "National Park" by Executive Order:
1041 # http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
1042 # It is their only National Park.
1044 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1045 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1046 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
1047 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1048 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1049 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1050 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
1052 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1053 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1054 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1057 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1058 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1059 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
1061 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1062 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1064 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1069 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1070 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1072 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1073 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1074 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1075 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1077 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1078 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1079 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1080 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1081 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1082 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1083 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1084 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1085 # summer time next spring."
1087 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1088 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1089 # http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1090 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1091 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1093 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1094 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1095 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1097 # From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1098 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1099 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1100 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1101 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1102 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1103 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1106 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1107 # Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1108 # No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1109 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1111 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1112 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1113 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1115 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1116 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1118 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1119 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1120 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1121 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1122 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1123 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1124 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1125 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1126 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1127 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1128 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1129 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Oct 31 4:00
1130 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1135 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1136 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1137 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1139 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1141 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1142 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1143 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1144 # according to the central European standards.
1146 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1147 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1149 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1151 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1152 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1154 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1155 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1157 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1160 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1161 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1162 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1163 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1164 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1165 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1166 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1167 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1169 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1170 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1172 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1173 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1174 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1175 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1176 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1178 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1181 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1182 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1183 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1184 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1188 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1193 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1195 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1196 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1198 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1201 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1202 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1206 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1207 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1208 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1209 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1210 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1211 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1212 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1213 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1214 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1215 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1216 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1217 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1218 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1219 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1220 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1221 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1222 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1223 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1224 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1225 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1226 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1227 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1228 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1229 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1230 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1231 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1232 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1233 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1234 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1235 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1236 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1237 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1238 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1239 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1240 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1241 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1242 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1243 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1244 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1245 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1246 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1247 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1248 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1249 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1250 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1251 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1252 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1253 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1254 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1255 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1256 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1257 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1258 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1259 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1260 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1261 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1262 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1263 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1264 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1265 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1266 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1267 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1268 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1269 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1270 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1271 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1272 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1273 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1274 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1275 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1276 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1277 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1278 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1279 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1280 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1285 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1286 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1287 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1288 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1290 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1291 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1292 # http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1293 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1295 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1296 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1297 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1298 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1299 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1302 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1303 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1304 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1305 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1306 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1307 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1309 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1310 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1311 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1312 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1313 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1315 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1316 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1317 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1319 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1320 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1321 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1322 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1323 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1326 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1327 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1328 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1329 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1330 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1331 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1333 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1334 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1336 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1337 # Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1339 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1342 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1343 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1344 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1347 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1348 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1349 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1354 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1355 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1356 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1357 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1358 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1359 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1360 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1361 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1362 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1363 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1364 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1365 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1366 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1367 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1368 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1369 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1370 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1371 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1372 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1373 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1374 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1375 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1376 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1377 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1378 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1379 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1380 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1381 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1382 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1383 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1384 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1385 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1389 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1390 # Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1391 # Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1392 # National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1393 # http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1394 # This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1395 # & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1396 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1397 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1398 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1399 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1400 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 -
1401 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1402 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1403 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1404 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1405 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1406 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1407 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1408 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1409 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1410 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1411 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1412 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1413 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1414 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1415 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1416 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1417 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1418 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8
1419 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1420 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1425 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1426 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1429 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1432 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1433 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1434 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1435 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1437 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1438 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1439 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1440 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1443 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1444 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1445 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1446 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1447 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1448 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1449 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1450 # might mean something else (???).
1452 # From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
1453 # The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
1454 # http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
1456 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1457 Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1458 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1459 Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1460 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 S
1461 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
1462 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1463 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
1464 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1465 Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
1466 Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 S
1467 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1468 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1469 Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1470 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1471 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1472 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1473 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1474 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1475 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1476 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1477 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
1478 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1483 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1484 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1485 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1486 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1487 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1488 # so record only the time in Rome.
1490 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1491 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1493 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1494 # http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html
1495 # ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1496 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1498 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1499 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1500 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1501 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1502 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1503 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1504 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1505 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1506 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1507 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1508 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1509 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1510 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1511 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1512 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1513 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1515 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1516 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1517 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1518 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1519 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1520 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1521 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1522 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1523 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1524 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1525 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1526 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1527 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1528 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1529 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1530 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1531 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1532 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1533 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1534 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1535 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1536 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1537 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1538 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1539 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1540 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1541 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1542 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1543 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1544 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1545 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1546 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1547 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1548 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1549 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1550 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1551 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1552 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1553 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1554 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1555 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1556 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1557 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1560 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1561 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1565 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1567 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1568 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1569 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1570 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1572 # Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1573 # according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1574 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1575 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1576 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1578 # Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1579 # according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1580 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1581 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1582 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1583 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1585 # Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1586 # according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1587 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1588 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1589 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1590 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1591 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1592 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1593 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1594 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1596 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1597 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1598 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1600 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1601 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1602 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1603 # 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1604 # in Latvian for subscribers only).
1606 # From RFE/RL Newsline
1607 # http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
1608 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1609 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1610 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1611 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1612 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1613 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1614 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1615 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1616 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1617 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1618 # appears that they will not do so....
1620 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1621 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1622 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1624 # Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1625 # Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1628 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1629 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880
1630 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT
1631 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST
1632 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1633 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1634 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11
1635 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1637 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1638 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1639 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1640 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1641 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1642 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1647 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1648 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1650 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1651 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1652 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1653 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1654 # ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1655 # introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
1656 # central European time was in force throughout the year.
1657 # From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1658 # regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1660 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1665 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1666 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1668 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1669 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1670 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1672 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1673 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1674 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1676 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1677 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1678 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1679 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1680 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1681 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1682 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1683 # already done by Estonia.
1685 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1686 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1687 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1689 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1690 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1691 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1692 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1693 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1694 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1695 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1698 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1699 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1700 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1701 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1702 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1703 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1704 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1705 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1706 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1707 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1708 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1709 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1710 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1711 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1712 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1716 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1717 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1718 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1719 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1720 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1721 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1722 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1723 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1724 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1725 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1726 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1727 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1728 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1729 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1730 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1731 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1732 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1733 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1734 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1735 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1736 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1737 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1738 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1739 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1740 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1741 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1742 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1743 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1744 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1745 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1746 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1747 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1748 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1752 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1755 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1756 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1757 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1758 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1759 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1760 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1761 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1762 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1763 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1764 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1765 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1766 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1767 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1768 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1773 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
1774 # the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
1775 # http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
1776 # ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
1777 # time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
1778 # plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
1779 # adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
1780 # time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
1781 # reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
1783 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1784 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1785 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1786 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1787 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1788 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1789 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1790 # But [two people] separately reported via
1791 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1792 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1794 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1795 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1796 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1797 # to the Winter Time).
1799 # News (in Russian):
1800 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1801 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1803 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1804 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1806 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1807 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1808 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1810 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1812 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1813 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1814 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1815 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1816 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1817 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1818 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1819 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1821 # From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
1822 # http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
1823 # From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
1824 # The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
1825 # 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time. Also,
1826 # http://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
1827 # says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
1828 # Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
1830 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1831 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1832 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
1834 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1835 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1836 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1837 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1838 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1839 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1840 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1841 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 May 6 2:00
1842 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1843 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1844 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1848 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1849 # more precise 0:09:21.
1850 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1851 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1852 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1853 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1854 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1858 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1862 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1863 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1865 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1866 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1867 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1868 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1869 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1870 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1871 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1872 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1873 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1876 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1877 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1878 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1881 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1882 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1883 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1884 # actually followed.
1886 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1887 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1888 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1889 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1890 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1892 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1893 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1894 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1895 # Amsterdam mean time.
1897 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
1898 # http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm
1900 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1901 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1902 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1903 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1904 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1905 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1906 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1907 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1908 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1909 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1910 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1911 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1912 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1913 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1914 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1915 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1916 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1917 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1918 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1919 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1920 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1921 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1922 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1924 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1925 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1926 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1927 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1928 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1929 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1930 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1931 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1935 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1937 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1938 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1939 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1940 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1941 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1942 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1943 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1944 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1945 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1946 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1947 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1948 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1949 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1952 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1954 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1955 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1956 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1957 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1958 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1959 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1960 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
1961 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
1962 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1963 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1964 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1965 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
1966 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1967 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
1968 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1969 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1970 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1971 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1973 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
1975 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1976 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1977 # keeping Berlin time.
1979 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1980 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1981 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1982 # frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1983 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1984 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1985 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1987 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1988 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1989 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1990 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1991 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1992 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1993 # http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
1994 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1995 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1997 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
1998 # for these regions.
1999 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
2003 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
2004 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
2006 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2007 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2008 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2009 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
2010 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2011 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
2012 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2013 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
2014 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2015 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
2016 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
2017 # http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
2018 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
2019 # He also gives these further references:
2020 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
2021 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
2022 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
2023 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
2024 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
2025 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2026 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
2027 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
2028 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
2029 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2030 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
2031 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
2032 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
2033 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
2034 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2035 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2036 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2037 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2038 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2039 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2040 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
2041 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
2042 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2043 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
2044 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
2049 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2050 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2051 # http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2052 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2053 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett but disagrees
2054 # with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
2055 # Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
2057 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2058 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2059 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2061 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2062 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2063 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2065 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2066 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2067 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
2068 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2069 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2070 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2071 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2073 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2074 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2075 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2076 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2077 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
2078 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2079 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
2080 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2081 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2082 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
2083 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2084 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
2085 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2086 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2087 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2088 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2089 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2090 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2091 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2092 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2093 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2094 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2095 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2096 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
2097 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
2098 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2099 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2100 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2101 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
2102 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2103 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2104 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
2105 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
2106 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2107 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2108 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2109 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2110 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2111 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2112 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2113 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2114 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2115 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2116 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2117 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2118 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2119 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2120 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2121 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2122 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2123 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2124 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2125 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2126 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2127 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2128 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2129 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2130 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2131 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2132 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2133 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2134 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2135 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2137 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2138 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2139 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2140 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2141 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2142 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2143 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2144 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2146 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2147 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 # Horta Mean Time
2148 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2149 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2150 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2151 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2153 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2154 -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 # Funchal Mean Time
2155 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2156 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2161 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2162 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2163 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2164 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2165 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2166 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2168 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2169 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2170 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2171 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2172 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2173 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2174 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2175 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2176 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2177 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2178 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2179 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2180 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2181 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2182 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2183 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2184 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2190 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2191 # Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
2192 # (Government document
2193 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2195 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2196 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2197 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2198 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2200 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2201 # Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2202 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2203 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2205 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2206 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2207 # changed in September 2011:
2210 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2211 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2212 # 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2215 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2216 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2217 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2218 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2219 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2220 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2223 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2224 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
2225 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2226 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2228 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2229 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2230 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2232 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2233 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2234 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2235 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2238 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2240 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2242 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2243 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2244 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2245 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2246 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
2247 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2248 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2249 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2250 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2251 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2252 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2254 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2255 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2256 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2257 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2258 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2259 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
2260 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2262 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2263 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
2264 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2265 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2266 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2267 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2269 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2270 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2271 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2272 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2273 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2275 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2276 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2277 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2278 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2279 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2281 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2282 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2283 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2284 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2286 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2287 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2288 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2289 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2290 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2291 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2293 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2294 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2295 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2296 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2297 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2298 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2299 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2300 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2302 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2303 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2304 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2305 # are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2306 # listing. The region codes listed come from
2307 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2308 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2309 # future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2310 # divisions where available.
2312 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2315 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2316 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2317 # 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
2319 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2320 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2322 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2323 # http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
2324 # confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
2325 # (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
2326 # summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
2327 # 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
2329 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2330 # says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
2331 # at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
2332 # Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
2334 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2335 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2336 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2337 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2338 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2339 3:00 - FET 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2343 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
2344 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2345 # Europe/Moscow covers...
2346 # 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
2347 # 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
2348 # 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
2349 # 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2350 # 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
2351 # 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2352 # 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
2353 # 11 RU-KO Komi Republic
2354 # 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
2355 # 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
2356 # 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2357 # 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
2358 # 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
2359 # 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
2360 # 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
2361 # 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
2362 # 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
2363 # 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
2364 # 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
2365 # 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
2366 # 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
2367 # 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
2368 # 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
2369 # 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
2370 # 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
2371 # 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
2372 # 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
2373 # 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
2374 # 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
2375 # 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
2376 # 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2377 # 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
2378 # 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
2379 # 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
2380 # 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
2381 # 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
2382 # 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
2383 # 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
2384 # 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
2385 # 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
2386 # 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
2387 # 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
2389 # 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
2390 # 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2392 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2393 # 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
2394 # Wikipedia refers to
2395 # http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
2396 # http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
2398 # The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
2399 # magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
2400 # the Trud newspaper from February 1982. The first link provides the
2401 # same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
2402 # time belt changes map).
2404 # The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
2405 # introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
2406 # border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
2407 # Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
2408 # according to the provided map (colored one). In addition to that
2409 # "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
2410 # belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
2411 # 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage. (Komi ASSR was
2412 # supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
2413 # hour difference.) Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
2416 # The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
2417 # and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
2418 # moving to summer time on 1982-04-01. Namely: Dagestan,
2419 # Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
2420 # Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
2421 # krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
2422 # Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
2423 # Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
2424 # district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. As a result Evenk Autonomous
2425 # Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
2426 # up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
2429 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2430 # attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
2431 # of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982. 1980-925.txt also adds
2432 # Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
2433 # district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okurg. Probably erroneously.
2435 # The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
2436 # Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
2439 # The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
2440 # Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
2441 # Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
2442 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2443 # implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
2444 # Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
2448 # All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
2449 # 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
2450 # change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
2452 # There were some exceptions, though.
2453 # Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
2454 # Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
2455 # change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2456 # lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2458 # And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2459 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2460 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2461 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2462 # http://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2463 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2464 # 2 days before the switch.
2467 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2468 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2469 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
2470 # should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2473 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2474 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2475 # Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
2476 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2477 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2478 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2479 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2480 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2481 # coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
2482 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2485 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2486 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2487 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2488 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2489 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2491 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2492 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2493 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2494 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2495 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2496 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2497 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2498 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2499 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2500 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2504 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2505 # Europe/Simferopol covers...
2506 # ** **** Crimea, Republic of
2507 # ** **** Sevastopol
2509 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2510 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2511 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2513 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2514 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2515 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2517 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2519 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2520 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2521 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2522 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2523 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2524 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2526 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2527 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2528 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 0:00s
2529 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2530 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2531 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2532 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2533 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2534 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2535 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2536 # http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2537 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2538 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2539 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2540 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2541 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2542 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2546 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2547 # Europe/Astrakhan covers:
2548 # 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
2550 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2552 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
2553 # On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
2554 # Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
2555 # This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
2556 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2557 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
2559 Zone Europe/Astrakhan 3:12:12 - LMT 1924 May
2560 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2561 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2562 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2563 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2564 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2565 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2566 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2569 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2570 # Europe/Volgograd covers:
2571 # 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
2572 # 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast
2573 # The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
2575 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2576 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2577 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2578 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2579 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1988 Mar 27 2:00s # Volgograd T
2580 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2581 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2582 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2583 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2586 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2587 # Europe/Kirov covers:
2588 # 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
2589 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2591 Zone Europe/Kirov 3:18:48 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2592 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2593 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2594 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2595 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2596 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2597 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2600 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2601 # Europe/Samara covers...
2602 # 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
2603 # 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast
2605 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2606 # Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
2607 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2609 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2610 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21 # Samara Time
2611 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2612 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2613 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2614 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2615 3:00 - SAMT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2616 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2617 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2620 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2621 # Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
2622 # 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast
2624 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2626 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2627 # Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
2628 # Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
2629 # 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
2630 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2631 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
2633 Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk 3:13:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2634 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2635 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2636 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2637 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2638 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2639 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2640 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2643 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2644 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2645 # 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of
2646 # 90 RU-PER Perm Krai
2647 # 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast
2648 # 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast
2649 # 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast
2650 # 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast
2651 # 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast
2652 # 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2653 # 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2655 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2656 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2658 # Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2659 # Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
2660 # Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
2661 # The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
2663 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3
2664 3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2665 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2666 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2667 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2668 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2669 6:00 - YEKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2673 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2674 # Asia/Omsk covers...
2675 # 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast
2677 # Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
2679 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2680 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk Time
2681 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2682 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2683 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2684 7:00 - OMST 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2687 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
2688 # Asia/Barnaul covers:
2689 # 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
2690 # 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
2692 # Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2694 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2695 # Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
2696 # http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
2697 # suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
2700 # http://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
2701 # has some historical data for Altai Krai:
2702 # before 1957: west part on UTC+6, east on UTC+7
2705 # http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
2706 # confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
2708 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2709 # Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
2710 # by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
2711 # Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
2712 # Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
2713 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2714 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
2715 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
2717 Zone Asia/Barnaul 5:35:00 - LMT 1919 Dec 10
2718 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2719 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2720 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2721 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1995 May 28
2722 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2723 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2724 6:00 - +06 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2727 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2728 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
2729 # 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast
2731 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
2732 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
2733 # moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
2734 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
2735 # The law was signed yesterday and published today on
2736 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
2738 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2739 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2740 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2741 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2742 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2743 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2744 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2745 6:00 - +06 2016 Jul 24 2:00s
2748 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2749 # Asia/Tomsk covers:
2750 # 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast
2752 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
2753 # Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
2755 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2756 # Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
2758 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
2759 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
2760 # (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
2761 # / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
2762 # Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
2763 # GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
2764 # belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
2765 # with time zones in 2011 with different numberings (there was a
2766 # 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
2768 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
2769 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
2770 # This bill was approved in the first reading today. It moves Tomsk oblast
2771 # from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
2772 # 2:00. The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
2773 # the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
2774 # and published to become a law. Minor changes in the text are to be expected
2775 # before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
2778 # Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
2779 # the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
2780 # http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
2781 # http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
2782 # I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
2783 # bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
2784 # approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
2785 # published as a law around 2016-04-26.
2787 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
2788 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
2790 Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:51 - LMT 1919 Dec 22
2791 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2792 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2793 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2794 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2002 May 1 3:00
2795 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2796 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2797 6:00 - +06 2016 May 29 2:00s
2801 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2802 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
2803 # 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast
2805 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2806 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2808 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2809 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2811 # This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
2812 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2813 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2815 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2816 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2817 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2818 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2819 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2821 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2822 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2824 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2825 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
2826 # realigning itself with KRAT.
2828 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - LMT 1924 May 1
2829 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2830 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2831 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2832 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2833 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2836 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2837 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
2838 # 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
2839 # 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
2840 # 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
2842 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
2843 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
2845 # Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
2847 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2848 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2849 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2850 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2851 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2852 8:00 - KRAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2856 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2857 # Asia/Irkutsk covers...
2858 # 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
2859 # 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast
2861 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
2862 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
2864 # Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
2865 # Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
2868 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:05 - LMT 1880
2869 6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2870 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2871 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2872 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2873 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2874 9:00 - IRKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2878 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2879 # Asia/Chita covers...
2880 # 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
2882 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
2883 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
2885 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
2886 # [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
2887 # Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9. Effective date will
2888 # be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
2889 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
2891 Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2892 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2893 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2894 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2895 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2896 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2897 8:00 - IRKT 2016 Mar 27 2:00
2901 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2902 # Asia/Yakutsk covers...
2903 # 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
2905 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2906 # 14-02 **** Aldansky District
2907 # 14-04 **** Amginsky District
2908 # 14-05 **** Anabarsky District
2909 # 14-06 **** Bulunsky District
2910 # 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District
2911 # 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District
2912 # 14-11 **** Gorny District
2913 # 14-12 **** Zhigansky District
2914 # 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District
2915 # 14-14 **** Lensky District
2916 # 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District
2917 # 14-16 **** Mirninsky District
2918 # 14-18 **** Namsky District
2919 # 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District
2920 # 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District
2921 # 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District
2922 # 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District
2923 # 14-26 **** Suntarsky District
2924 # 14-27 **** Tattinsky District
2925 # 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District
2926 # 14-32 **** Khangalassky District
2927 # 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District
2928 # 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
2930 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2931 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
2932 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
2933 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
2935 # Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
2937 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2938 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2939 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2940 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2941 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2942 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2946 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2947 # Asia/Vladivostok covers...
2948 # 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
2949 # 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai
2950 # 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast
2952 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2953 # 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District
2954 # 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District
2956 # Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
2957 # Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
2960 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2961 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2962 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2963 9:00 Russia VLA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2964 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2965 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2969 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2970 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2971 # 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
2972 # 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District
2974 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2975 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
2978 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
2979 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
2980 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
2981 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
2983 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2984 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2985 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2986 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2987 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2004
2988 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2989 11:00 - VLAT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2990 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2994 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2995 # Asia/Sakhalin covers...
2996 # 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
2997 # ...with the exception of:
2998 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3000 # From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
3001 # Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3003 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
3005 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
3006 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
3007 9:00 - JCST 1937 Oct 1
3008 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
3009 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T
3010 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3011 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
3012 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3013 11:00 - SAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3014 10:00 - SAKT 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
3018 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3019 # Asia/Magadan covers...
3020 # 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast
3022 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3023 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
3024 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
3025 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
3026 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will
3027 # need their own zone.
3029 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
3030 # ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3031 # will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
3033 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
3034 # ... signed by the President today ...
3035 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
3037 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
3038 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
3039 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3040 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3041 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3042 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3043 10:00 - MAGT 2016 Apr 24 2:00s
3047 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3048 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3049 # 14-01 **** Abyysky District
3050 # 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District
3051 # 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District
3052 # 14-17 **** Momsky District
3053 # 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District
3054 # 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District
3056 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
3057 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3059 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
3060 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
3061 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
3062 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
3063 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
3064 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
3066 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3067 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
3068 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
3069 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
3071 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
3072 # districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
3073 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
3075 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
3076 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
3077 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
3079 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
3080 # fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
3081 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
3082 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
3083 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
3084 # in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
3085 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
3086 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
3088 # Since Magadan Oblast moves to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26, we cannot keep using MAGT
3089 # as the abbreviation. Use SRET instead.
3091 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
3092 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
3093 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3094 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3095 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3096 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3097 11:00 - SRET # Srednekolymsk Time
3100 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3101 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3102 # 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
3104 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3105 # Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
3106 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
3108 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3109 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
3110 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
3111 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
3112 # UTC+12 since at least then, too.
3114 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3115 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
3116 9:00 Russia YAKT 1981 Apr 1
3117 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3118 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3119 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3120 12:00 - MAGT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3121 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3125 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3126 # Asia/Kamchatka covers...
3127 # 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
3129 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
3130 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
3132 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
3133 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
3134 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
3135 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
3136 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3137 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3138 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3139 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3143 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3144 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
3145 # 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
3147 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
3148 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
3149 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
3150 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3151 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3152 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3153 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3161 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3162 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
3163 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
3164 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
3165 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
3166 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
3167 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
3168 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
3169 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
3170 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
3172 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
3173 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
3174 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
3175 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
3176 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
3179 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
3182 # See Europe/Belgrade.
3185 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3186 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
3187 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3188 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
3189 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
3190 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
3191 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
3192 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3193 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
3194 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3195 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
3196 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
3197 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3198 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
3199 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
3200 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
3201 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
3202 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
3203 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3204 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
3205 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
3206 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
3207 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
3208 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
3209 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3210 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
3211 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
3212 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
3213 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
3214 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
3215 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
3216 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
3217 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
3218 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
3219 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
3220 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
3221 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
3222 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3223 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3224 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
3225 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
3226 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
3227 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3228 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
3229 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3230 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3231 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3232 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3233 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3234 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
3235 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3236 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
3237 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
3238 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
3240 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
3241 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
3242 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
3244 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
3245 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
3248 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3249 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries T
3250 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
3251 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u
3253 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3254 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3258 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
3260 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
3261 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
3262 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
3263 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
3264 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
3266 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
3267 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
3268 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
3270 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
3271 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
3272 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
3273 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
3274 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
3275 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
3276 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
3277 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
3279 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
3280 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
3281 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
3282 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
3284 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
3285 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
3286 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
3287 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
3288 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
3293 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
3294 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
3295 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
3296 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
3297 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
3298 # hour before the event took place.
3300 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
3302 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3303 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
3304 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
3305 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
3306 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00
3312 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
3313 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
3314 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
3315 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3316 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
3317 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
3318 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
3319 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
3320 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
3321 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
3323 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
3324 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
3326 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
3327 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
3329 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
3330 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
3331 # federal law collection)...
3333 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
3334 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
3336 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
3337 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
3339 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
3340 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
3341 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
3342 # other years are made.
3344 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
3345 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
3346 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
3347 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
3349 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3350 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3351 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3352 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3354 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3355 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3356 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3358 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3360 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3361 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3362 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3363 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3364 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3365 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3367 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3368 # The Federal regulations say
3369 # http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3370 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
3371 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3373 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3374 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3375 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3376 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3377 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3378 # hour before the beginning of service.
3380 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3381 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3383 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3384 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3386 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3387 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3388 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3390 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3391 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
3392 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3393 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3394 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3395 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3396 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3397 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3398 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
3399 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3400 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3402 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3403 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3404 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3405 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3406 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3407 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3408 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
3413 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
3414 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
3415 # ... The latest rules are available at:
3416 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
3417 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
3418 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
3419 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
3420 # what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
3421 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
3422 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
3423 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
3424 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
3425 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
3426 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
3427 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
3428 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
3430 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3431 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3432 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3433 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3434 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3435 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3436 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3437 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3438 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3440 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3441 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3442 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3443 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3444 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3446 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
3448 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3449 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3450 # Turkish Local election....
3451 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3452 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3453 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3454 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3455 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3456 # change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3457 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3458 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3459 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
3460 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3461 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3462 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3464 # From Fatih (2015-09-29):
3465 # It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
3466 # Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
3467 # http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
3469 # From BBC News (2015-10-25):
3470 # Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
3471 # government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
3472 # Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
3473 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
3475 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3476 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3477 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3478 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
3479 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
3480 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
3481 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
3482 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3483 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3484 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3485 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3486 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
3487 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3488 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3489 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
3490 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
3491 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
3492 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
3493 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3494 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
3495 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3496 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3497 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
3498 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3499 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3500 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3501 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
3502 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3503 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
3504 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
3505 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
3506 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3507 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
3508 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3509 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
3510 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3511 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
3512 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3513 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
3514 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
3515 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3516 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
3517 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
3518 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
3519 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3520 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3521 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
3522 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
3523 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
3524 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
3525 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
3526 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
3527 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
3528 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3529 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
3530 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
3531 Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3532 Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3533 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3534 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3535 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
3536 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3537 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
3538 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
3539 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
3540 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
3541 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
3542 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
3543 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
3544 2:00 EU EE%sT 2015 Oct 25 1:00u
3545 2:00 1:00 EEST 2015 Nov 8 1:00u
3547 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
3551 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3552 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3553 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3554 # regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3555 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3556 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3557 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3559 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3560 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3561 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3563 # Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3564 # approval from 266 deputies.
3566 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3567 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3569 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3570 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3572 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3573 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3575 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3576 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3577 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3578 # time this year after all.
3580 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3581 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3582 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3583 # to Russia) was reverted today:
3584 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3586 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3587 # The law documents themselves are at
3588 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3590 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3591 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3592 # 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
3593 # 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3594 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3595 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3597 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3598 # "summer time" was still in action):
3599 # 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3600 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3601 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3603 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3604 # 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3606 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3607 # 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST
3608 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3609 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3610 # This is an answer.
3612 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3613 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
3614 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
3615 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3616 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3618 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3619 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
3620 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3621 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
3622 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
3623 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
3624 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3625 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
3626 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
3627 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3628 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
3629 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3631 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3632 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3633 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3634 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
3636 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
3637 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
3638 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
3639 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
3640 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3641 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
3643 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3645 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
3646 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3647 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
3648 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
3649 # portable Posix file names.
3650 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
3651 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
3652 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3653 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
3654 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
3655 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3656 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3662 ###############################################################################
3664 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3665 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3666 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3668 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3669 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3670 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3671 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
3672 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3673 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3676 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3680 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3681 # most European countries started DST. Before that year, only
3682 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3683 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
3684 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3686 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3687 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3688 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3689 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
3691 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3692 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3694 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3695 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3699 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3700 # From: Dik T. Winter
3703 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3704 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3705 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
3707 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3708 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3709 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
3710 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
3711 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3712 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3715 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3716 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3717 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
3718 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
3719 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
3720 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
3721 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
3722 # in advance of normal time.
3725 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
3728 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
3730 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
3731 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
3733 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
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