2 * Copyright (c) 1983, 1989, 1993, 1994
3 * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
5 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
6 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
8 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
9 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
10 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
11 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
12 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
13 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
14 * must display the following acknowledgement:
15 * This product includes software developed by the University of
16 * California, Berkeley and its contributors.
17 * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
18 * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
19 * without specific prior written permission.
21 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
22 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
23 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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27 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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29 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
30 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
33 * @(#) Copyright (c) 1983, 1989, 1993, 1994 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
34 * @(#)newfs.c 8.13 (Berkeley) 5/1/95
35 * $FreeBSD: src/sbin/newfs/newfs.c,v 1.30.2.9 2003/05/13 12:03:55 joerg Exp $
36 * $DragonFly: src/sbin/newfs/newfs.c,v 1.17 2007/06/19 19:18:20 dillon Exp $
40 * newfs: friendly front end to mkfs
42 #include <sys/param.h>
44 #include <sys/diskslice.h>
46 #include <sys/mount.h>
48 #include <vfs/ufs/dir.h>
49 #include <vfs/ufs/dinode.h>
50 #include <vfs/ufs/fs.h>
51 #include <vfs/ufs/ufsmount.h>
66 #include <sys/types.h>
79 struct mntopt mopts[] = {
85 void fatal(const char *fmt, ...) __printflike(1, 2);
87 #define COMPAT /* allow non-labeled disks */
90 * The following two constants set the default block and fragment sizes.
91 * Both constants must be a power of 2 and meet the following constraints:
92 * MINBSIZE <= DESBLKSIZE <= MAXBSIZE
93 * sectorsize <= DESFRAGSIZE <= DESBLKSIZE
94 * DESBLKSIZE / DESFRAGSIZE <= 8
96 #define DFL_FRAGSIZE 2048
97 #define DFL_BLKSIZE 16384
100 * Cylinder groups may have up to many cylinders. The actual
101 * number used depends upon how much information can be stored
102 * on a single cylinder. The default is to use as many as possible
103 * cylinders per group.
105 #define DESCPG 65536 /* desired fs_cpg ("infinity") */
108 * Once upon a time...
109 * ROTDELAY gives the minimum number of milliseconds to initiate
110 * another disk transfer on the same cylinder. It is used in
111 * determining the rotationally optimal layout for disk blocks
112 * within a file; the default of fs_rotdelay is 4ms.
114 * ...but now we make this 0 to disable the rotdelay delay because
115 * modern drives with read/write-behind achieve higher performance
121 * MAXBLKPG determines the maximum number of data blocks which are
122 * placed in a single cylinder group. The default is one indirect
123 * block worth of data blocks.
125 #define MAXBLKPG(bsize) ((bsize) / sizeof(daddr_t))
128 * Each file system has a number of inodes statically allocated.
129 * We allocate one inode slot per NFPI fragments, expecting this
130 * to be far more than we will ever need.
135 * Once upon a time...
136 * For each cylinder we keep track of the availability of blocks at different
137 * rotational positions, so that we can lay out the data to be picked
138 * up with minimum rotational latency. NRPOS is the default number of
139 * rotational positions that we distinguish. With NRPOS of 8 the resolution
140 * of our summary information is 2ms for a typical 3600 rpm drive.
142 * ...but now we make this 1 (which essentially disables the rotational
143 * position table because modern drives with read-ahead and write-behind do
144 * better without the rotational position table.
146 #define NRPOS 1 /* number distinct rotational positions */
149 * About the same time as the above, we knew what went where on the disks.
150 * no longer so, so kill the code which finds the different platters too...
151 * We do this by saying one head, with a lot of sectors on it.
152 * The number of sectors are used to determine the size of a cyl-group.
153 * Kirk suggested one or two meg per "cylinder" so we say two.
155 #define NTRACKS 1 /* number of heads */
156 #define NSECTORS 4096 /* number of sectors */
158 int mfs; /* run as the memory based filesystem */
159 char *mfs_mtpt; /* mount point for mfs */
160 struct stat mfs_mtstat; /* stat prior to mount */
161 int Lflag; /* add a volume label */
162 int Nflag; /* run without writing file system */
163 int Oflag; /* format as an 4.3BSD file system */
164 int Cflag; /* copy underlying filesystem (mfs only) */
165 int Uflag; /* enable soft updates for file system */
166 u_long fssize; /* file system size */
167 int ntracks = NTRACKS; /* # tracks/cylinder */
168 int nsectors = NSECTORS; /* # sectors/track */
169 int nphyssectors; /* # sectors/track including spares */
170 int secpercyl; /* sectors per cylinder */
171 int trackspares = -1; /* spare sectors per track */
172 int cylspares = -1; /* spare sectors per cylinder */
173 int sectorsize; /* bytes/sector */
174 int realsectorsize; /* bytes/sector in hardware */
175 int rpm; /* revolutions/minute of drive */
176 int interleave; /* hardware sector interleave */
177 int trackskew = -1; /* sector 0 skew, per track */
178 int headswitch; /* head switch time, usec */
179 int trackseek; /* track-to-track seek, usec */
180 int fsize = 0; /* fragment size */
181 int bsize = 0; /* block size */
182 int cpg = DESCPG; /* cylinders/cylinder group */
183 int cpgflg; /* cylinders/cylinder group flag was given */
184 int minfree = MINFREE; /* free space threshold */
185 int opt = DEFAULTOPT; /* optimization preference (space or time) */
186 int density; /* number of bytes per inode */
187 int maxcontig = 0; /* max contiguous blocks to allocate */
188 int rotdelay = ROTDELAY; /* rotational delay between blocks */
189 int maxbpg; /* maximum blocks per file in a cyl group */
190 int nrpos = NRPOS; /* # of distinguished rotational positions */
191 int avgfilesize = AVFILESIZ;/* expected average file size */
192 int avgfilesperdir = AFPDIR;/* expected number of files per directory */
193 int bbsize = BBSIZE; /* boot block size */
194 int sbsize = SBSIZE; /* superblock size */
195 int mntflags = MNT_ASYNC; /* flags to be passed to mount */
196 int t_or_u_flag = 0; /* user has specified -t or -u */
197 caddr_t membase; /* start address of memory based filesystem */
199 u_char *volumelabel = NULL; /* volume label for filesystem */
205 char mfsdevname[256];
208 static void usage(void);
209 static void mfsintr(int signo);
212 main(int argc, char **argv)
215 struct disktab geom; /* disk geometry data */
218 int fsi = -1, fso = -1, len, n, vflag;
219 char *s1, *s2, *special;
220 const char *opstring;
226 bzero(&geom, sizeof(geom));
228 if ((progname = strrchr(*argv, '/')))
233 if (strstr(progname, "mfs")) {
239 "L:NCF:T:Ua:b:c:d:e:f:g:h:i:m:o:s:v" :
240 "L:NOS:T:Ua:b:c:d:e:f:g:h:i:k:l:m:n:o:p:r:s:t:u:vx:";
241 while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, opstring)) != -1) {
244 volumelabel = optarg;
246 while (isalnum(volumelabel[++i]))
248 if (volumelabel[i] != '\0')
249 errx(1, "bad volume label. Valid characters are alphanumerics.");
250 if (strlen(volumelabel) >= MAXVOLLEN)
251 errx(1, "bad volume label. Length is longer than %d.",
262 Cflag = 1; /* MFS only */
265 if ((sectorsize = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
266 fatal("%s: bad sector size", optarg);
280 if ((maxcontig = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
281 fatal("%s: bad maximum contiguous blocks",
285 if ((bsize = atoi(optarg)) < MINBSIZE)
286 fatal("%s: bad block size", optarg);
289 if ((cpg = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
290 fatal("%s: bad cylinders/group", optarg);
294 if ((rotdelay = atoi(optarg)) < 0)
295 fatal("%s: bad rotational delay", optarg);
298 if ((maxbpg = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
299 fatal("%s: bad blocks per file in a cylinder group",
303 if ((fsize = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
304 fatal("%s: bad fragment size", optarg);
307 if ((avgfilesize = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
308 fatal("%s: bad average file size", optarg);
311 if ((avgfilesperdir = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
312 fatal("%s: bad average files per dir", optarg);
315 if ((density = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
316 fatal("%s: bad bytes per inode", optarg);
319 if ((trackskew = atoi(optarg)) < 0)
320 fatal("%s: bad track skew", optarg);
323 if ((interleave = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
324 fatal("%s: bad interleave", optarg);
327 if ((minfree = atoi(optarg)) < 0 || minfree > 99)
328 fatal("%s: bad free space %%", optarg);
331 if ((nrpos = atoi(optarg)) < 0)
332 fatal("%s: bad rotational layout count",
339 getmntopts(optarg, mopts, &mntflags, 0);
341 if (strcmp(optarg, "space") == 0)
343 else if (strcmp(optarg, "time") == 0)
346 fatal("%s: unknown optimization preference: use `space' or `time'", optarg);
350 if ((trackspares = atoi(optarg)) < 0)
351 fatal("%s: bad spare sectors per track",
355 if ((rpm = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
356 fatal("%s: bad revolutions/minute", optarg);
360 * Unsigned long but limit to long. On 32 bit a
361 * tad under 2G, on 64 bit the upper bound is more
362 * swap space then operand size.
364 * NOTE: fssize is converted from 512 byte sectors
365 * to filesystem block-sized sectors by mkfs XXX.
367 fssize = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 10);
368 if (fssize == 0 || fssize > LONG_MAX)
369 fatal("%s: bad file system size", optarg);
373 if ((ntracks = atoi(optarg)) < 0)
374 fatal("%s: bad total tracks", optarg);
378 if ((nsectors = atoi(optarg)) < 0)
379 fatal("%s: bad sectors/track", optarg);
385 if ((cylspares = atoi(optarg)) < 0)
386 fatal("%s: bad spare sectors per cylinder",
397 if (argc != 2 && (mfs || argc != 1))
401 /* Copy the NetBSD way of faking up a disk label */
402 if (mfs && !strcmp(special, "swap")) {
404 * it's an MFS, mounted on "swap." fake up a label.
407 fso = -1; /* XXX; normally done below. */
409 geom.d_media_blksize = 512;
411 geom.d_secpertrack = 64;
412 /* geom.d_ncylinders not used */
413 geom.d_secpercyl = 1024;
414 geom.d_media_blocks = 16384;
416 geom.d_interleave = 1;
422 * If we can't stat the device and the path is relative, try
425 if (stat(special, &st) < 0 && special[0] && special[0] != '/')
426 asprintf(&special, "/dev/%s", special);
431 fso = open(special, O_WRONLY);
433 fatal("%s: %s", special, strerror(errno));
435 /* Bail if target special is mounted */
436 n = getmntinfo(&mp, MNT_NOWAIT);
438 fatal("%s: getmntinfo: %s", special, strerror(errno));
440 len = sizeof(_PATH_DEV) - 1;
442 if (strncmp(_PATH_DEV, s1, len) == 0)
446 s2 = mp->f_mntfromname;
447 if (strncmp(_PATH_DEV, s2, len) == 0) {
451 if (strcmp(s1, s2) == 0 || strcmp(s1, &s2[1]) == 0)
452 fatal("%s is mounted on %s",
453 special, mp->f_mntonname);
457 if (mfs && disktype != NULL) {
460 if ((dt = getdisktabbyname(disktype)) == NULL)
461 fatal("%s: unknown disk type", disktype);
464 struct partinfo pinfo;
467 fatal("null special file name");
468 fsi = open(special, O_RDONLY);
470 fatal("%s: %s", special, strerror(errno));
471 if (fstat(fsi, &st) < 0)
472 fatal("%s: %s", special, strerror(errno));
473 if ((st.st_mode & S_IFMT) != S_IFCHR && !mfs && !vflag)
474 printf("%s: %s: not a character-special device\n",
477 if (!mfs && disktype == NULL)
480 if (ioctl(fsi, DIOCGPART, &pinfo) < 0) {
482 fatal("%s: unable to retrieve geometry "
483 "information", argv[0]);
486 * fake up geometry data
488 geom.d_media_blksize = 512;
490 geom.d_secpertrack = 64;
491 geom.d_secpercyl = 1024;
492 geom.d_media_blocks = st.st_size /
493 geom.d_media_blksize;
494 geom.d_media_size = geom.d_media_blocks *
495 geom.d_media_blksize;
496 /* geom.d_ncylinders not used */
499 * extract geometry from pinfo
501 geom.d_media_blksize = pinfo.media_blksize;
502 geom.d_nheads = pinfo.d_nheads;
503 geom.d_secpertrack = pinfo.d_secpertrack;
504 geom.d_secpercyl = pinfo.d_secpercyl;
505 /* geom.d_ncylinders not used */
506 geom.d_media_blocks = pinfo.media_blocks;
507 geom.d_media_size = pinfo.media_size;
509 if (geom.d_media_blocks == 0 || geom.d_media_size == 0) {
510 fatal("%s: is unavailable", argv[0]);
512 printf("%s: media size %6.2fMB\n",
513 argv[0], geom.d_media_size / 1024.0 / 1024.0);
514 if (geom.d_media_size / 512 >= 0x80000000ULL)
515 fatal("%s: media size is too large for newfs to handle",
520 fssize = geom.d_media_blocks;
521 if ((u_long)fssize > geom.d_media_blocks && !mfs) {
522 fatal("%s: maximum file system size is %" PRIu64 " blocks",
523 argv[0], geom.d_media_blocks);
531 ntracks = geom.d_nheads;
533 fatal("%s: no default #tracks", argv[0]);
536 nsectors = geom.d_secpertrack;
538 fatal("%s: no default #sectors/track", argv[0]);
540 if (sectorsize == 0) {
541 sectorsize = geom.d_media_blksize;
543 fatal("%s: no default sector size", argv[0]);
545 if (trackskew == -1) {
546 trackskew = geom.d_trackskew;
550 if (interleave == 0) {
551 interleave = geom.d_interleave;
556 fsize = MAX(DFL_FRAGSIZE, geom.d_media_blksize);
558 bsize = MIN(DFL_BLKSIZE, 8 * fsize);
560 * Maxcontig sets the default for the maximum number of blocks
561 * that may be allocated sequentially. With filesystem clustering
562 * it is possible to allocate contiguous blocks up to the maximum
563 * transfer size permitted by the controller or buffering.
566 maxcontig = MAX(1, MAXPHYS / bsize - 1);
568 density = NFPI * fsize;
569 if (minfree < MINFREE && opt != FS_OPTSPACE) {
570 fprintf(stderr, "Warning: changing optimization to space ");
571 fprintf(stderr, "because minfree is less than %d%%\n", MINFREE);
574 if (trackspares == -1)
576 nphyssectors = nsectors + trackspares;
579 secpercyl = nsectors * ntracks - cylspares;
581 * Only complain if -t or -u have been specified; the default
582 * case (4096 sectors per cylinder) is intended to disagree
583 * with the disklabel.
585 if (t_or_u_flag && (uint32_t)secpercyl != geom.d_secpercyl)
586 fprintf(stderr, "%s (%d) %s (%u)\n",
587 "Warning: calculated sectors per cylinder", secpercyl,
588 "disagrees with disk label", geom.d_secpercyl);
590 maxbpg = MAXBLKPG(bsize);
591 headswitch = geom.d_headswitch;
592 trackseek = geom.d_trkseek;
593 realsectorsize = sectorsize;
594 if (sectorsize != DEV_BSIZE) { /* XXX */
595 int secperblk = sectorsize / DEV_BSIZE;
597 sectorsize = DEV_BSIZE;
598 nsectors *= secperblk;
599 nphyssectors *= secperblk;
600 secpercyl *= secperblk;
606 stat(mfs_mtpt, &mfs_mtstat) < 0 ||
607 !S_ISDIR(mfs_mtstat.st_mode)
609 fatal("mount point not dir: %s", mfs_mtpt);
612 mkfs(special, fsi, fso, (Cflag && mfs) ? argv[1] : NULL);
615 * NOTE: Newfs no longer accesses or attempts to update the
616 * filesystem disklabel.
618 * NOTE: fssize is converted from 512 byte sectors
619 * to filesystem block-sized sectors by mkfs XXX.
626 struct mfs_args args;
628 bzero(&args, sizeof(args));
630 snprintf(mfsdevname, sizeof(mfsdevname), "/dev/mfs%d",
632 args.fspec = mfsdevname;
633 args.export.ex_root = -2;
634 if (mntflags & MNT_RDONLY)
635 args.export.ex_flags = MNT_EXRDONLY;
637 args.export.ex_flags = 0;
639 args.size = fssize * fsize;
641 error = getvfsbyname("mfs", &vfc);
642 if (error && vfsisloadable("mfs")) {
644 fatal("vfsload(mfs)");
645 endvfsent(); /* flush cache */
646 error = getvfsbyname("mfs", &vfc);
649 fatal("mfs filesystem not available");
653 udev = (253 << 8) | (getpid() & 255) |
654 ((getpid() & ~0xFF) << 8);
655 if (mknod(mfsdevname, S_IFCHR | 0700, udev) < 0)
656 printf("Warning: unable to create %s\n", mfsdevname);
658 signal(SIGINT, mfsintr);
659 if (mount(vfc.vfc_name, argv[1], mntflags, &args) < 0)
660 fatal("%s: %s", argv[1], strerror(errno));
661 signal(SIGINT, SIG_DFL);
671 mfsintr(__unused int signo)
674 munmap(membase, fssize * fsize);
684 fatal(const char *fmt, ...)
689 if (fcntl(STDERR_FILENO, F_GETFL) < 0) {
690 openlog(progname, LOG_CONS, LOG_DAEMON);
691 vsyslog(LOG_ERR, fmt, ap);
706 "usage: %s [ -fsoptions ] special-device mount-point\n",
710 "usage: %s [ -fsoptions ] special-device%s\n",
717 fprintf(stderr, "where fsoptions are:\n");
718 fprintf(stderr, "\t-C (mfs) Copy the underlying filesystem to the MFS mount\n");
719 fprintf(stderr, "\t-L volume name\n");
721 "\t-N do not create file system, just print out parameters\n");
722 fprintf(stderr, "\t-O create a 4.3BSD format filesystem\n");
723 fprintf(stderr, "\t-S sector size\n");
725 fprintf(stderr, "\t-T disktype\n");
727 fprintf(stderr, "\t-U enable soft updates\n");
728 fprintf(stderr, "\t-a maximum contiguous blocks\n");
729 fprintf(stderr, "\t-b block size\n");
730 fprintf(stderr, "\t-c cylinders/group\n");
731 fprintf(stderr, "\t-d rotational delay between contiguous blocks\n");
732 fprintf(stderr, "\t-e maximum blocks per file in a cylinder group\n");
733 fprintf(stderr, "\t-f frag size\n");
734 fprintf(stderr, "\t-g average file size\n");
735 fprintf(stderr, "\t-h average files per directory\n");
736 fprintf(stderr, "\t-i number of bytes per inode\n");
737 fprintf(stderr, "\t-k sector 0 skew, per track\n");
738 fprintf(stderr, "\t-l hardware sector interleave\n");
739 fprintf(stderr, "\t-m minimum free space %%\n");
740 fprintf(stderr, "\t-n number of distinguished rotational positions\n");
741 fprintf(stderr, "\t-o optimization preference (`space' or `time')\n");
742 fprintf(stderr, "\t-p spare sectors per track\n");
743 fprintf(stderr, "\t-s file system size (sectors)\n");
744 fprintf(stderr, "\t-r revolutions/minute\n");
745 fprintf(stderr, "\t-t tracks/cylinder\n");
746 fprintf(stderr, "\t-u sectors/track\n");
748 "\t-v do not attempt to determine partition name from device name\n");
749 fprintf(stderr, "\t-x spare sectors per cylinder\n");