3 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
4 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
6 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
7 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
8 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
10 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
11 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
12 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
13 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
15 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
16 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
17 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
18 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
19 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
21 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
22 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
24 # Other sources occasionally used include:
26 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
27 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
28 # which I found in the UCLA library.
30 # <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
31 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
34 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
35 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
36 # History of Summer Time
37 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
40 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
41 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
42 # Corrections are welcome!
45 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
46 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
47 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
48 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
49 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
50 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
51 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
52 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
53 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
54 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
55 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
58 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
59 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
61 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
62 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
63 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
64 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
65 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
66 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
67 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
68 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
69 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
70 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
71 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
73 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
74 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
76 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
77 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
78 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
79 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
83 ###############################################################################
85 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
87 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
89 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
90 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
91 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
94 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
95 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
96 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
97 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
98 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
99 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
100 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
102 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
103 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
104 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
106 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
108 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
110 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
111 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
112 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
113 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
114 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
115 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
116 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
117 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
118 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
119 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
120 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
121 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
122 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
123 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
124 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
125 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
126 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
127 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
128 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
129 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
131 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
132 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
133 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
135 # From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
136 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
137 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
138 # who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
139 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
140 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
141 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
142 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
143 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
144 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
145 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
146 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
147 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
148 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
149 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the...William Willett Memorial Sundial,
150 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
152 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
153 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
154 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
155 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
156 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
157 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
158 # -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
159 # "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
162 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
163 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
164 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
165 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
166 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
168 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
170 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
171 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
173 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
174 # From: Jonathan Leffler
175 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
176 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
177 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
179 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
180 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
181 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
182 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
183 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
185 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
186 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
187 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
188 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
190 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
191 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
192 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
193 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
194 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
195 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
196 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
197 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
199 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
200 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
201 # which is to be introduced in May....
202 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
203 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
205 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
206 # Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
207 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
210 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
211 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
212 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
213 # and extending this list, which can be found in
214 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/
215 # <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
216 # History of legal time in Britain
218 # Rob Crowther (2012-01-04) reports that that URL no longer
219 # exists, and the article can now be found at:
220 # <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
221 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
224 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
226 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
227 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
228 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
229 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
232 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
234 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
236 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
238 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
239 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
240 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
241 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
242 # It actually just had one transition.
243 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
244 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
245 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
246 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
247 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
249 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
250 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
251 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
252 # conform with Great Britain.
253 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
255 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
256 # we'll ignore it for now.
257 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
260 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
261 # Shanks & Pottenger.
262 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
263 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
264 # to London. For example:
266 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
267 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
269 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
270 # Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
271 # various relating to legal time, for example:
273 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
275 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
276 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
278 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
279 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
280 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
282 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
283 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
284 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
286 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
287 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
289 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
290 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
291 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
293 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
294 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
295 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
298 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
299 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
300 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
301 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
302 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
303 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
304 # and Frethun run in CT.
305 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
306 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
307 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
308 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
309 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
310 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
312 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
313 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
314 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
315 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
316 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
317 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
318 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
320 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
321 # Summer Time Act, 1916
322 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
323 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
324 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
325 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
326 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
327 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
328 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
329 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
330 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
331 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
332 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
333 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
334 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
335 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
336 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
337 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
338 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
339 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
340 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
341 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
342 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
343 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
344 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
345 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
346 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
347 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
348 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
349 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
350 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
351 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
352 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
353 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
354 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
355 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
356 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
357 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
358 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
359 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
360 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
361 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
362 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
363 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
364 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
365 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
366 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
367 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
368 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
369 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
370 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
371 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
372 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
373 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
374 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
375 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
376 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
377 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
378 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
379 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
380 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
381 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
382 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
383 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
384 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
385 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
386 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
387 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
388 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
389 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
390 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
391 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
392 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
393 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
394 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
395 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
396 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
397 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
398 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
399 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
400 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
401 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
402 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
403 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
404 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
405 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
406 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
407 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
408 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
409 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
410 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
411 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
412 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
414 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
415 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
416 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
417 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
418 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
419 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
420 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
421 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
422 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
423 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
424 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
425 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
426 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
427 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
428 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
430 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
431 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
432 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
433 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
436 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
437 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
438 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
439 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
440 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
441 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
442 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
443 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
444 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
445 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
446 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
447 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
448 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
449 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
450 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
453 ###############################################################################
457 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
458 # Common Market, etc.
460 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
461 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
462 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
463 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
464 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
465 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
466 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
467 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
468 # <a="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT">
469 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
470 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
473 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
474 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
475 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
476 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
477 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
478 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
479 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
481 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
482 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
483 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
484 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
485 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
486 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
487 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
488 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
489 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
490 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
491 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
492 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
493 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
494 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
496 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
497 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
498 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
499 # tz database itself, as seen below:
501 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
502 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
504 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
505 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
507 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
508 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
510 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
511 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
512 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
514 # The rule line to be changed is:
516 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
518 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
519 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
520 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
521 # affected are apparently these ficticious zones that translates acronyms
524 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
525 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
527 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
529 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
531 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
532 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
533 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
534 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
535 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
536 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
537 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
538 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
540 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
541 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
542 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
543 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
544 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
545 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
546 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
548 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
549 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
550 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
551 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
552 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
553 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
554 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
555 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
556 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
557 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
558 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
559 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
560 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
561 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
562 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
563 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
564 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
565 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
566 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
568 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
569 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
570 Rule Russia 1993 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
571 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
572 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
574 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
575 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
576 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
577 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
579 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
580 # <a href="http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583">
581 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
584 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
585 # <a href="http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html">
586 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
589 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
590 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
593 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
595 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
596 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
597 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
598 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
599 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
601 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
602 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
604 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
605 # The official German names ... are
607 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
608 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
610 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
611 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
612 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
614 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
615 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
617 # D-38023 Braunschweig
618 # phone: +49 531 592-0
620 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
621 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
622 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
624 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
625 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
629 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
630 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
631 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
632 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
633 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
634 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
635 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
636 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
637 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
638 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
639 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
640 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
641 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
642 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
643 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
644 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
645 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
646 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
647 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
648 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
649 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
650 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
651 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
652 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
653 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
654 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
655 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
656 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
657 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
658 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
662 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
663 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
664 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
665 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
670 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
671 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
672 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
673 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
674 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
675 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
677 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
678 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
679 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
680 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
681 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
682 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
683 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
684 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
685 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
686 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
687 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
688 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
689 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
690 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
691 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
693 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
697 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
698 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
699 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
701 # Sources (Russian language):
703 # <a href="http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html">
704 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
707 # <a href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/">
708 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
711 # <a href="http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html">
712 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
714 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
715 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
716 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
717 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
718 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
719 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
720 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
721 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
722 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
723 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
724 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
725 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
726 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
730 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
731 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
732 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
733 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
734 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
736 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
737 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
738 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
739 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
740 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
742 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
743 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
744 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
745 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
746 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
747 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
748 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
749 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
750 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
751 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
752 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
753 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
754 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
755 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
756 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
757 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
758 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
759 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
760 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
761 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
762 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
763 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
764 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
765 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
766 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
767 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
768 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
769 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
770 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
771 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
772 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
773 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
774 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
775 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
776 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
777 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
778 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
779 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
780 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
781 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
782 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
783 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
784 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
785 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
786 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
787 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
788 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
789 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
792 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
797 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
798 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
799 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
800 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
802 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
803 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
804 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
805 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
806 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
807 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
808 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
809 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
810 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
811 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
812 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
813 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
814 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
815 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
816 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
817 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
824 # Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
827 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
828 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
829 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
830 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
831 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
832 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
833 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
834 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
835 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
836 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
837 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
838 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
839 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
842 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
844 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
845 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
846 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
847 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
848 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
850 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
851 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
853 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
854 # in subsequenet decrees with the law
855 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
857 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
858 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
859 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
860 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
861 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
862 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
863 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
864 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
865 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
866 # was suspended on that night):
867 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
869 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
870 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
871 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
873 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
874 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
875 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
877 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
878 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
879 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
880 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
881 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
882 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
883 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
884 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
885 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
886 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
887 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
888 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
890 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
891 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
892 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
893 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
894 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
895 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
897 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
901 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
902 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
903 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
904 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
906 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
907 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
908 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
909 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
910 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
911 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
913 # From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
914 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
915 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
917 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
918 # is according to the following time line:
920 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
921 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
925 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
928 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
930 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
931 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
932 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
933 # info from earlier correspondence.]
935 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
936 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
937 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
939 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
940 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
941 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
942 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
943 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
944 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
945 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
947 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
948 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
950 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
951 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
952 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
954 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
955 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
956 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
957 # this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
958 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
960 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
961 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
964 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
965 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
966 # the 1995 map as like Godthab.
967 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
968 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
969 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
970 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
972 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
973 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
974 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
975 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
976 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
977 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
978 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
980 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
981 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
982 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
985 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
986 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
987 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
989 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
990 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
992 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
996 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
997 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
998 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
999 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1001 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1002 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1003 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1004 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1005 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1006 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1007 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1008 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1009 # summer time next spring.''
1011 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1012 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
1013 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1015 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1016 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
1018 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1019 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1020 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1022 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
1023 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1024 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1025 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1026 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1027 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1028 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1031 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1032 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1033 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1034 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1036 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1037 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1038 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1040 # From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
1041 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1043 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1044 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1045 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1046 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1047 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1048 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1049 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1050 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1051 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1052 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1053 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1054 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1055 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1060 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1061 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1062 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1064 # From Janne Snabb (2010-0715):
1066 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1067 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1068 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1069 # according to the central European standards.
1071 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1072 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1075 # <a href="http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf">
1076 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1079 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1080 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1082 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1084 # <a href="http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401">
1085 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1088 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1091 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1092 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1093 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1094 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1095 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1096 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1097 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1098 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1099 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1103 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1108 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1110 # Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1111 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1113 # Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1116 # Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1117 # Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1121 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1122 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1123 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1124 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1125 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1126 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1127 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1128 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1129 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1130 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1131 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1132 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1133 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1134 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1135 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1136 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1137 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1138 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1139 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1140 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1141 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1142 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1143 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1144 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1145 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1146 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1147 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1148 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1149 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1150 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1151 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1152 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1153 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1154 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1155 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1156 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1157 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1158 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1159 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1160 # Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1161 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1162 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1163 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1164 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1165 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1166 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1167 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1168 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1169 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1170 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1171 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1172 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1173 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1174 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1175 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1176 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1177 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1178 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1179 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1180 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1181 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1182 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1183 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1184 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1185 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1186 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1187 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1188 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1189 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1190 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1191 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1192 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1193 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1194 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1195 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1200 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1201 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1202 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1203 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1205 # From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1206 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1207 # <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1208 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1210 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1211 # <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1212 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1214 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1215 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1216 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1219 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1220 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1221 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1222 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1223 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1224 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1226 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1227 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1228 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1229 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1230 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1232 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1233 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1234 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1236 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1237 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1238 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1239 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1240 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1244 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1245 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1246 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1249 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1250 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1251 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1256 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1257 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1258 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1259 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1260 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1261 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1262 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1263 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1264 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1265 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1266 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1267 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1268 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1269 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1270 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1271 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1272 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1273 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1274 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1275 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1276 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1277 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1278 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1279 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1280 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1281 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1282 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1283 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1284 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1285 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1286 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1287 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1291 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1292 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1293 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1294 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1295 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1296 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1297 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1298 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1299 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1300 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1301 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1302 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1303 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1304 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1305 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1306 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1307 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1308 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1309 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1310 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1311 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1312 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1313 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1314 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1315 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1316 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1317 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1322 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1323 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1326 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1329 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1330 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1331 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1332 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1334 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1335 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1336 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1337 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1340 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1341 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1342 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1343 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1344 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1345 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1346 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1347 # might mean something else (???).
1349 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1350 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1351 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1352 # that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1354 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1355 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1356 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1357 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1358 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1359 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1360 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1361 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1362 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1363 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1364 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1365 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1366 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1367 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1368 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1369 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1370 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1371 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1372 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1373 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1374 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1375 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1376 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1377 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1378 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1383 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1384 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1385 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1386 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1387 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1388 # so record only the time in Rome.
1390 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1391 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1393 # <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1394 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1396 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1397 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1399 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1400 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1401 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1402 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1403 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1404 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1405 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1406 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1407 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1408 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1409 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1410 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1411 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1412 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1413 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1414 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1416 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1417 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1418 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1419 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1420 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1421 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1422 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1423 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1424 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1425 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1426 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1427 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1428 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1429 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1430 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1431 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1432 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1433 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1434 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1435 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1436 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1437 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1438 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1439 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1440 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1441 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1442 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1443 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1444 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1445 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1446 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1447 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1448 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1449 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1450 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1451 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1452 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1453 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1454 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1455 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1456 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1457 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1458 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1461 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1462 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1466 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1468 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1469 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1470 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1471 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1473 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1474 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1475 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1476 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1477 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1479 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1480 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1481 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1482 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1483 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1484 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1486 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1487 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1488 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1489 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1490 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1491 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1492 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1493 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1494 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1495 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1497 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1498 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1499 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1501 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1502 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1503 # <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1504 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1505 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1507 # <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1508 # From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1510 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1511 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1512 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1513 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1514 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1515 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1516 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1517 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1518 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1519 # appears that they will not do so....
1521 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1522 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1523 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1524 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1525 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1526 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1527 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1528 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1529 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1530 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1531 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1533 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1534 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1535 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1536 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1537 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1538 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1542 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1543 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1549 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1550 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1551 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1553 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1554 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1555 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1557 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1558 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1559 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1560 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1561 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1562 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1563 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1564 # already done by Estonia.
1566 # From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1567 # Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1568 # </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1570 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1571 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1572 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1573 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1574 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1575 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1576 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1579 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1580 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1581 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1582 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1583 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1584 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1585 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1586 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1587 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1588 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1589 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1590 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1591 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1592 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1593 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1597 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1598 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1599 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1600 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1601 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1602 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1603 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1604 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1605 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1606 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1607 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1608 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1609 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1610 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1611 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1612 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1613 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1614 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1615 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1616 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1617 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1618 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1619 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1620 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1621 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1622 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1623 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1624 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1625 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1626 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1627 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1628 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1629 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1636 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1637 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1638 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1639 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1640 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1641 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1642 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1643 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1644 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1645 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1646 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1647 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1648 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1649 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1654 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1655 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1656 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1657 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1658 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1659 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1660 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1661 # But [two people] separately reported via
1662 # Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1663 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1665 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1666 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1667 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1668 # to the Winter Time).
1670 # News (in Russian):
1671 # <a href="http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html">
1672 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1675 # <a href="http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html">
1676 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1679 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1680 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1682 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1683 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1684 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1686 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1688 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1689 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1690 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1691 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1692 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1693 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1694 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1695 # <a href="http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html">
1696 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1700 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1701 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1702 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1703 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1704 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1705 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1706 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1707 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1708 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1710 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1711 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1712 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1716 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1717 # more precise 0:09:21.
1718 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1719 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1720 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1721 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1722 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1730 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1731 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1733 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1734 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1735 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1736 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1737 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1738 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1739 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1740 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1741 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1744 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1745 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1746 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1749 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1750 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1751 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1752 # actually followed.
1754 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1755 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1756 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1757 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1758 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1760 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1761 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1762 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1763 # Amsterdam mean time.
1765 # The data before 1945 are taken from
1766 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1768 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1769 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1770 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1771 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1772 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1773 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1774 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1775 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1776 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1777 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1778 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1779 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1780 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1781 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1782 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1783 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1784 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1785 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1786 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1787 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1788 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1789 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1790 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1792 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1793 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1794 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1795 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1796 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1797 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1798 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1799 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1803 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1805 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1806 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1807 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1808 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1809 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1810 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1811 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1812 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1813 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1814 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1815 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1816 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1817 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1820 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1822 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1823 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1824 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1825 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1826 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1827 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1828 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1829 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1830 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1831 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1832 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1833 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1834 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1835 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1836 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1837 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1838 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1839 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1841 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1843 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1844 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1845 # keeping Berlin time.
1847 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1848 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1849 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1850 # frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1851 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1852 # the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1853 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1855 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1856 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1857 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1858 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1859 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1860 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1861 # <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1862 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1863 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1865 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1866 # come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1867 # war years it's probably best just do...the following for now:
1868 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1871 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1872 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1873 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1874 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1875 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1876 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1877 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1878 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1879 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1880 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1881 # Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1882 # <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1883 # Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1884 # He also gives these further references:
1885 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1886 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1887 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1888 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1889 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1890 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1891 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1892 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1893 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1894 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1895 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1896 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1897 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1898 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1899 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1900 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1901 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1902 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1903 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1904 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1905 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1906 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1907 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1908 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1909 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1914 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1915 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1916 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1918 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1919 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1920 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1922 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1923 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1924 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1925 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1926 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1927 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1928 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1930 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1931 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1932 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1933 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1934 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1935 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1936 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1937 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1938 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1939 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1940 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1941 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1942 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1943 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1944 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1945 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1946 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1947 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1948 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1949 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1950 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1951 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1952 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1953 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1954 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1955 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1956 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1957 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1958 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1959 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1960 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1961 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1962 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1963 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1964 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1965 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1966 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1967 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1968 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1969 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1970 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1971 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1972 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1973 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1974 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1975 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1976 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1977 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1978 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1979 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1980 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1981 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1982 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1983 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1984 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1985 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1986 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1987 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1988 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1989 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1990 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1991 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1992 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1993 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1994 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
1995 # Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
1996 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1997 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
1998 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1999 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2000 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2001 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2002 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2004 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2005 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
2006 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2007 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2008 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2009 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2011 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2012 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
2013 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2014 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2019 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2020 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
2021 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2022 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2023 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2024 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2026 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2027 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2028 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2029 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2030 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2031 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2032 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2033 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2034 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2035 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2036 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2037 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2038 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2039 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2040 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2041 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2042 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2047 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2048 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
2049 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2050 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2051 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2052 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2054 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2055 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2056 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2057 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2058 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2060 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2061 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2062 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2063 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2064 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2066 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2067 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2068 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2069 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2071 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2072 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2073 # News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2074 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2075 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
2076 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2078 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2079 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2080 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2081 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2082 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2083 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2084 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2085 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2087 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2089 # Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
2090 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2091 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2092 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2093 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2094 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2095 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
2097 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2098 # Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
2099 # Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
2100 # Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
2101 # Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
2102 # Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
2103 # Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
2104 # Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
2105 # Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
2106 # Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
2107 # Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
2108 # Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2109 # Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
2110 # Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
2111 # Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
2112 # Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
2113 # Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
2114 # Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
2115 # Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
2116 # Yaroslavskaya oblast'
2117 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
2118 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2119 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2120 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2121 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2122 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2123 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2124 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2127 # Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
2128 # Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
2129 # but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
2130 # others? But we have no data.
2131 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2132 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2133 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2134 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2135 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2136 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2137 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2138 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2141 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2142 # Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
2143 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2144 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2145 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2146 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2147 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2148 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2149 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2150 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
2151 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2155 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2156 # Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2157 # Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2158 # Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2159 # Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2160 # Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2161 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2162 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2163 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2164 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2165 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2166 6:00 - YEKT # Yekaterinburg Time
2168 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2169 # Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2170 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2171 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2172 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2173 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2174 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2177 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2178 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2179 # Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2180 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2181 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2182 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2183 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2184 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2185 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2188 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2189 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2191 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2192 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2194 # This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2195 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2196 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2198 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2199 # <a href="http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archiv">
2200 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2202 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2203 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2204 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html">
2205 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2208 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2209 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2211 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2212 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2214 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - NMT 1920 Jan 6
2215 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2216 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2217 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2218 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2219 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2220 7:00 - NOVT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time
2223 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2224 # Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2225 # Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2226 # Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2227 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2228 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2229 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2230 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2231 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2234 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2235 # Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2236 # Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2237 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2238 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2239 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2240 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2241 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2242 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2245 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2246 # Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2247 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2249 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2250 # ...some regions of [Russia] were merged with others since 2005...
2251 # Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.
2252 # YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj.
2254 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2255 # The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2256 # Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2257 # Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2258 # Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,
2259 # Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2260 # Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.
2262 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2263 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2264 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2265 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2266 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2269 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2270 # Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2271 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2273 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2274 # The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
2276 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2277 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2278 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2279 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2280 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2283 # Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2284 # The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2285 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2287 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2288 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2289 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2290 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2291 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2294 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2295 # Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2296 # Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2298 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2299 # The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,
2300 # Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij, Srednekolymskij.
2301 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2302 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2303 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2304 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2305 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2308 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2309 # Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2311 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2312 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2313 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2314 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2315 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2316 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2317 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2320 # Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2321 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2322 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2323 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2324 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2325 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2326 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2327 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2331 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2332 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2333 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2334 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2335 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2336 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2337 # Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2338 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2339 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2340 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2342 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2343 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2344 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2345 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2346 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2349 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2355 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2356 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2357 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2358 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2359 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2360 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2361 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2362 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2363 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2364 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2365 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2366 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2367 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2368 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2369 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2370 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2371 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2372 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2373 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2374 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2375 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2376 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2377 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2378 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2379 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2380 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2381 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2382 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2383 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2384 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2385 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2386 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2387 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2388 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2389 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2390 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2391 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2392 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2393 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2394 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2395 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2396 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2397 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2398 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2399 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2400 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2401 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2402 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2403 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2404 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2405 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2406 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2407 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2408 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2410 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2411 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2412 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2414 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2415 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2418 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2419 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2420 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2421 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2423 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2424 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2428 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2430 # The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2431 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2432 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2433 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2434 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2436 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2437 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2438 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2440 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2441 # forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2442 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2443 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2444 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2445 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2446 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2447 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2449 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2450 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2451 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2452 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2454 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2455 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2456 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2457 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2458 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2463 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2464 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2465 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2466 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2467 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2468 # hour before the event took place.
2470 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2472 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2473 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2474 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2475 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2476 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2482 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2483 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2484 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2485 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2486 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2487 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2488 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2489 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
2490 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2491 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2493 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
2494 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
2496 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
2497 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
2499 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
2500 # government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
2501 # federal law collection)...
2503 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
2504 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
2506 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
2507 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
2509 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
2510 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
2511 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
2512 # other years are made.
2514 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
2515 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
2516 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
2517 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
2519 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
2520 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
2521 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
2522 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
2524 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
2525 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2526 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2528 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
2530 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
2531 # most users of tzdata:
2533 # Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2534 # 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun #Bern Mean Time
2535 # 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2537 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
2538 # the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
2539 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
2540 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
2542 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2543 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2544 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2545 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2546 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2547 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2548 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2553 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2554 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2555 # ... The latest rules are available at -
2556 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2557 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2558 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2559 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
2560 # what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2561 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2562 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2563 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2564 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2565 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2566 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2567 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2568 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2570 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2571 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2572 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2573 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2574 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2575 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2576 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2577 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2578 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2580 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
2582 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
2583 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
2584 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
2586 # <a href="http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872">
2587 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
2590 # <a href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373">
2591 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
2594 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2595 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2596 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2597 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2598 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2599 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2600 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2601 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2602 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2603 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
2604 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2605 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2606 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2607 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2608 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2609 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2610 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2611 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2612 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2613 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
2614 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2615 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2616 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2617 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2618 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2619 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2620 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2621 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2622 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2623 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2624 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2625 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2626 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2627 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2628 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2629 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2630 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2631 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2632 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2633 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2634 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2635 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2636 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2637 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2638 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2639 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2640 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2641 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2642 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2643 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2644 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2645 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2646 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2647 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2648 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2649 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
2650 Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2651 Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2652 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2653 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2654 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2655 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2656 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2657 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2658 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
2659 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
2660 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
2662 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2666 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
2667 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2668 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
2669 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2670 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2671 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2672 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2674 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
2675 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
2676 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
2678 # Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
2679 # approval from 266 deputies.
2681 # Ukraine abolishes transter back to the winter time (in Russian)
2682 # <a href="http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/">
2683 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
2686 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
2687 # <a href="http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html">
2688 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
2691 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
2692 # <a href="http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/">
2693 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
2696 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
2697 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
2698 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
2699 # time this year after all.
2701 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
2702 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukranian time zone
2703 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
2704 # to Russia) was reverted today:
2706 # <a href="http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995">
2707 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
2710 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
2711 # The law documents themselves are at
2713 # <a href="http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484">
2714 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
2718 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2719 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2720 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2721 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
2722 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2723 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2724 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2725 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2726 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2727 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2728 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2730 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2732 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2733 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2734 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
2735 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2737 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2738 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2739 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2740 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2741 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2742 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2744 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2746 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2747 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2748 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
2749 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
2750 # portable Posix file names.
2751 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2752 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2753 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2754 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2755 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2756 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2757 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2759 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2760 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2761 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2762 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2764 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2765 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2766 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2768 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2769 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2770 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2771 # Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2772 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2773 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2775 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2776 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2777 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2778 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2779 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2780 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2781 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2782 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2785 ###############################################################################
2787 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2788 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2789 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2791 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2792 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2793 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2794 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2795 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2796 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2799 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2803 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2804 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2805 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2806 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2807 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2809 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2810 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2811 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2812 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2814 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2815 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2817 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2818 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2822 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2823 # From: Dik T. Winter
2826 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2827 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2828 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2830 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2831 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2832 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2833 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2834 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2835 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2838 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2839 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2840 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2841 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2842 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2843 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2844 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2845 # in advance of normal time.
2848 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2851 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2853 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2854 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2856 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
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