4 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
6 # Notes are at the end of this file
8 ###############################################################################
12 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
14 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
15 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 -
16 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 -
17 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 -
18 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 -
19 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 -
20 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
21 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 -
22 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
23 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
24 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
26 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
28 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
33 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
34 Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
35 Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
36 Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
37 Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
38 Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 -
39 Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
40 Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 -
41 Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
42 Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
43 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
46 Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec
47 8:45 Aus CWST 1943 Jul
52 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
53 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
54 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
55 # Queensland ceased to.
57 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
58 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
59 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
60 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
63 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
64 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
65 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
66 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
67 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
68 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
69 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
70 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
73 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
79 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
80 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
81 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
82 Rule AS 1987 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
83 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
84 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
85 Rule AS 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
86 Rule AS 1990 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
87 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
88 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
89 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
90 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
91 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
92 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
93 Rule AS 2007 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
94 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
95 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
102 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
103 # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml>
104 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
106 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
107 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
108 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
109 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
110 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 -
111 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
112 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
113 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
114 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
115 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
116 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
117 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 -
118 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
119 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
120 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
121 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
122 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
123 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
124 Rule AT 2007 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
125 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
126 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
127 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
128 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
131 Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep
132 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
133 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
134 10:00 Aus EST 1971 Jul
138 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
139 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
140 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
141 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
142 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
143 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
144 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
145 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
146 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
147 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
148 Rule AV 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
149 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
150 Rule AV 2007 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
151 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
152 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
157 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
158 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
159 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
160 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
161 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
162 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
163 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
164 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
165 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
166 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
167 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
168 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
169 Rule AN 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
170 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
171 Rule AN 2007 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
172 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
173 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
176 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
177 10:00 - EST 1896 Aug 23
184 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
185 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
186 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
187 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
188 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
189 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
190 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
191 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
192 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
193 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
194 Rule LH 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
195 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
196 Rule LH 2007 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
197 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
201 # Australian miscellany
203 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
204 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
208 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
212 # permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
213 # sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
214 # like Australia/Hobart
217 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
218 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
219 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
222 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
223 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
224 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
225 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
226 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
227 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
228 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
229 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
233 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
234 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
235 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
236 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
237 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
240 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
241 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
242 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
243 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
244 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
245 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
248 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
249 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
250 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time
251 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
252 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time
253 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
254 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time
255 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
259 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
260 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
261 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
262 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
263 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
266 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
267 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
268 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time
269 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
270 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
273 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
274 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time
279 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
280 Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
282 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
283 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23
284 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
287 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
288 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
289 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
291 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
293 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
297 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
298 Zone Pacific/Truk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
299 10:00 - TRUT # Truk Time
300 Zone Pacific/Ponape 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
301 11:00 - PONT # Ponape Time
302 Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
303 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
308 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
309 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
310 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
311 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15
316 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
317 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
318 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
319 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
320 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
321 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
322 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
323 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13
327 ###############################################################################
331 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
332 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
333 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
334 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
335 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
336 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
337 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
338 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
339 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
340 # convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
341 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
342 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
343 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
344 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S
345 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
346 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
347 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
348 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
349 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
350 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D
351 Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
352 Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
353 Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
354 Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
355 Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
356 Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
357 Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
358 Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
359 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
360 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
361 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
363 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1957 Jan 1
368 # uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
369 # and scientific personnel have wintered
372 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
373 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
374 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
375 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
377 ###############################################################################
381 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
382 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
383 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time
384 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1
388 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
389 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
390 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
391 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time
394 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
395 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
396 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
399 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
400 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
401 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
402 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
405 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
406 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
407 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00
408 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
411 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
413 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
414 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
415 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
416 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
419 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
421 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
422 -11:00 - WST # Samoa Time
425 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
426 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
427 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
428 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time
431 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
432 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
433 -10:00 - TKT # Tokelau Time
436 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
437 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
438 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
439 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
440 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
441 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
442 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
443 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
448 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
449 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
450 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
453 # US minor outlying islands
456 # uninhabited since World War II
457 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Pago_Pago
460 # uninhabited since 1958
461 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
464 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
465 Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST
472 # From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
473 # [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
474 # published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
475 # reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly
476 # "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
477 # flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone
478 # designations that I've never seen before:....
479 # Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
480 # " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A "
482 Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
483 -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3
484 -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2
485 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
486 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
487 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
490 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
493 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
494 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
495 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
499 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
500 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
501 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
502 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
503 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
504 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
505 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
506 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
507 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
508 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
511 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
512 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
513 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
515 ###############################################################################
519 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
520 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
521 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
523 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
524 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
525 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
526 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
528 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
529 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
530 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
531 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
532 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
534 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
535 # entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
537 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
538 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
539 # I found in the UCLA library.
541 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
542 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
544 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
545 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
546 # Corrections are welcome!
548 # LMT Local Mean Time
549 # 8:00 WST WST Western Australia
550 # 8:45 CWST CWST Central Western Australia*
552 # 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
553 # 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
554 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
555 # 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
556 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
557 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
558 # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
561 # - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
563 # See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
564 # See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
566 ###############################################################################
570 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
571 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml">
572 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
573 # </a> summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
575 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
576 # <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving">
577 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
578 # </a> covers New South Wales in particular.
580 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
581 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
582 # It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
583 # and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
584 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
585 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
586 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
587 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
588 # the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
590 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
591 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
592 # or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
593 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
594 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
595 # prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
596 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
598 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
599 # Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
600 # CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
601 # WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
602 # EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
604 # From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01):
605 # I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones:
606 # <http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia-13time>
607 # And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations:
608 # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml>
610 # From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
611 # versus "AEST" etc.:
613 # I see the following points of dispute:
615 # * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
617 # Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
618 # Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
619 # operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
620 # (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
621 # Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
622 # In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
623 # abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
624 # think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
626 # On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
627 # abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
628 # particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
629 # time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
631 # * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
633 # Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
634 # many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
635 # which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
638 # Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
639 # refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
642 # * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
643 # Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
644 # the word "Australian"?
646 # My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
647 # common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
648 # popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
649 # often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
650 # following count of page hits:
652 # 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
653 # 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
654 # 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
655 # 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
657 # Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
658 # particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
659 # say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
660 # Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
662 # For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
663 # ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
664 # many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
665 # are the hit counts anyway:
667 # 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
668 # 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
669 # 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
670 # 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
672 # 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
673 # 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
674 # 176 "ACST" and domain:au
675 # 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
677 # 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
678 # 68 "AWST" and domain:au
680 # This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
681 # practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
682 # the ambiguities involved.
684 # * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
686 # If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
687 # against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
688 # saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
689 # understood in Australia.
691 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
692 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
693 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
694 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
695 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
696 # and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
697 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
699 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
701 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
702 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
703 # relevant entries in this database.
705 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
706 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
707 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
710 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
711 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
714 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">
715 # Standard Time Act, 1898
718 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
719 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
720 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
721 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
722 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
724 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
725 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
726 # to extend DST together in 2006.
727 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
728 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
729 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
730 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
731 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
734 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html.
738 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
739 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
741 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
743 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
745 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
746 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
747 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
751 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
752 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
754 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
755 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
756 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
757 # # before reaching parliament.
759 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
761 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
762 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
763 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
764 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
766 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
767 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
768 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
770 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
771 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
772 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
774 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
777 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
778 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
779 # it matches what was used in the past.
781 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
782 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
783 # </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
784 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
787 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
788 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
791 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
793 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
794 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
795 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
796 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
798 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
799 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
802 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
803 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
804 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
805 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
807 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
808 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
809 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
812 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
813 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
814 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
816 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
817 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
820 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
821 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
823 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
824 # from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
825 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
826 # <http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf>
828 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
829 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
830 # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
831 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
832 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
833 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
834 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
835 # Australia and Western Australia....
837 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
838 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
839 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
840 # <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>.
842 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
843 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
844 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
845 # coast of the continent.
847 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
848 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
849 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
850 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
851 # the largest population centre in this zone....
853 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
854 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
855 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
856 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
859 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
860 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
861 # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
862 # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
864 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
865 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
866 # introduction of standard time in 1895.
869 # South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria
871 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
872 # The rules from version 7.1 follow.
873 # There are lots of differences between these rules and
874 # the Shepherd et al. rules. Since the Shepherd et al. rules
875 # and Bradley White's newspaper article are in agreement on
876 # current DST ending dates, no worries.
878 # Rule Oz 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
879 # Rule Oz 1986 max - Oct Sun>=18 2:00 1:00 -
880 # Rule Oz 1972 only - Feb 27 3:00 0 -
881 # Rule Oz 1973 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
882 # Rule Oz 1987 max - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 -
883 # Zone Australia/Tasmania 10:00 Oz EST
884 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 Oz CST
885 # Zone Australia/Victoria 10:00 Oz EST 1985 Oct lastSun 2:00
886 # 10:00 1:00 EST 1986 Mar Sun>=15 3:00
889 # From Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
890 # I believe that the current start date for DST is "lastSun" in Oct...
891 # that changed Oct 89. That is, we're back to the
892 # original rule, and that rule currently applies in all the states
893 # that have dst, incl Qld. (Certainly it was true in Vic).
894 # The file I'm including says that happened in 1988, I think
895 # that's incorrect, but I'm not 100% certain.
899 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
900 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
901 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
902 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
904 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
905 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
908 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
910 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
911 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
912 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
913 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
915 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
916 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
917 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
918 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
920 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
921 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
922 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
923 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
926 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
927 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
928 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
929 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
931 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
932 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
933 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
934 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
936 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
937 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
938 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
939 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
943 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
944 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
945 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
948 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
949 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
950 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
951 # (but nothing new about that).
953 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
954 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
955 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
956 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
957 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
958 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
960 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
961 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
965 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
966 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
967 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
970 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
971 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
972 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
973 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
974 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
975 # in Melbourne, Australia.
977 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
978 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
979 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
980 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
981 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
984 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
985 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
986 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
987 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
989 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
990 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
994 # From Arthur David Olson:
995 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
996 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
998 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
999 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
1000 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1001 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1002 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
1003 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
1005 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1006 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1007 # October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
1008 # <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
1009 # Two months more daylight saving
1011 # Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
1013 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1014 # See the following official NSW source:
1015 # <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
1016 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1019 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1020 # daylight saving next year. See:
1021 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
1022 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1023 # </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1025 # Victoria will following NSW. See:
1026 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
1027 # Vic to extend daylight saving
1028 # </a> (1999-07-28).
1030 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1031 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
1032 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
1033 # </a> (1999-07-19).
1035 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1036 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
1037 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1038 # </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1039 # ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1040 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1041 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1042 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1043 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
1045 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1046 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
1047 # Broken Hill to be behind the times
1048 # </a> (1999-07-21).
1050 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1051 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1052 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1054 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1055 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1056 # towns to use Queensland time.
1060 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1061 # `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1063 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1064 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1067 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1068 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1069 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1070 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1071 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1072 # # presently available.
1073 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1075 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1076 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1077 # [followed by other Rules]
1081 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1082 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1084 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1085 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1087 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1088 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1089 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1090 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1091 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1092 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1093 # instead of only 30 minutes. Dependant on the wishes of residents
1094 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1095 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1096 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1098 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1099 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1100 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1101 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1102 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1103 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1105 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1106 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1107 # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1109 ###############################################################################
1113 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1114 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1115 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1116 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1117 # source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1119 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1120 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1121 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1122 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1125 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1126 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1127 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1128 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1130 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1131 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1133 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1134 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1135 # rather than the October 1 value.
1137 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1138 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1139 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1140 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1141 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1142 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1144 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1145 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1146 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1147 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1149 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1150 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1151 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1153 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1154 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1155 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1156 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1157 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1159 ###############################################################################
1164 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1165 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1166 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1168 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1169 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1170 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1171 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1173 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1174 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1176 # From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
1177 # The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1178 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it
1179 # also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
1180 # islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
1183 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1184 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1188 # Johnston data is from usno1995.
1193 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1194 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1195 # ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
1196 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1201 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1202 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1203 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1204 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1205 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1208 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1210 # Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1211 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
1212 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1213 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1216 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1217 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1218 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1219 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1224 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1225 # ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
1226 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
1228 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
1229 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1231 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1232 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1233 # <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
1234 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
1236 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1237 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1242 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1243 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1244 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1245 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1246 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1247 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1248 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1249 # air at 6am your time.
1251 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1252 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1253 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1254 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1259 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1260 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1261 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1263 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1264 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1265 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1267 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1268 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1269 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1271 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1272 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1275 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1276 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1277 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1278 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1283 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1284 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1285 # ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1286 # ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
1287 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
1292 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1293 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
1294 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
1295 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1297 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1298 # <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">
1299 # How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
1302 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1303 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1304 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1305 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1306 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1307 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1309 # Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1310 # Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1311 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1313 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1314 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1315 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1316 # minutes we have lost?"
1318 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1319 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1320 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1322 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1323 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1325 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1326 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
1327 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1328 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1329 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1332 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1333 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1335 # I was given this link by John Letts:
1336 # <a hef="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
1337 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1340 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1341 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1342 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1343 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1345 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1346 # According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>
1347 # http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
1349 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1350 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1351 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1352 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1353 # set back an hour on the closing date."
1354 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1356 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1357 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1358 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1360 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1361 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1362 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1363 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1364 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1365 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1366 # (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
1368 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1369 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1371 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1372 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1373 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1374 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1377 # From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1378 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1383 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1384 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1386 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the
1387 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1388 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1389 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1390 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1393 # http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
1395 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1396 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1398 ###############################################################################
1400 # The International Date Line
1402 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1404 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1405 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1406 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1407 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1409 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1410 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1411 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1412 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1413 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1414 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1415 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1416 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1417 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1418 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1419 # correct date is ambiguous.
1421 # From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1422 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1423 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1424 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1425 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1426 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1427 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1428 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1429 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1430 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1431 # entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were
1432 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1433 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
1435 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1438 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1439 # <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187>
1440 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1441 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
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