3 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
4 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
6 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
7 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
8 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
10 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
11 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
12 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
13 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
15 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
16 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
17 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
18 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
19 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
21 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
22 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
24 # Other sources occasionally used include:
26 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
27 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
28 # which I found in the UCLA library.
30 # <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
31 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
34 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
35 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
36 # History of Summer Time
37 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
40 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
41 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
42 # Corrections are welcome!
45 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
46 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
47 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
48 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
49 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
50 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
51 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
52 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
53 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
54 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
55 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
58 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
59 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
61 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
62 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
63 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
64 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
65 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
66 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
67 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
68 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
69 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
70 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
71 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
73 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
74 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
76 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
77 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
78 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
79 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
83 ###############################################################################
85 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
87 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
89 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
90 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
91 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
94 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
95 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
96 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
97 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
98 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
99 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
100 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
102 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
103 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
104 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
106 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
108 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
110 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
111 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
112 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
113 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
114 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
115 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
116 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
117 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
118 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
119 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
120 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
121 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
122 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
123 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
124 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
125 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
126 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
127 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
128 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
129 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
131 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
132 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
133 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
135 # From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
136 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
137 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
138 # who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
139 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
140 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
141 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
142 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
143 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
144 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
145 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
146 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
147 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
148 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
149 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the...William Willett Memorial Sundial,
150 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
152 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
153 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
154 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
155 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
156 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
157 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
158 # -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
159 # "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
162 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
163 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
164 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
165 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
166 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
168 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
170 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
171 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
173 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
174 # From: Jonathan Leffler
175 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
176 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
177 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
179 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
180 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
181 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
182 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
183 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
185 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
186 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
187 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
188 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
190 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
191 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
192 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
193 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
194 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
195 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
196 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
197 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
199 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
200 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
201 # which is to be introduced in May....
202 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
203 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
205 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
206 # Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
207 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
210 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
211 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
212 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
213 # and extending this list, which can be found in
214 # <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
215 # History of legal time in Britain
218 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
220 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
221 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
222 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
223 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
226 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
228 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
230 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
232 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
233 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
234 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
235 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
236 # It actually just had one transition.
237 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
238 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
239 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
240 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
241 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
243 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
244 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
245 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
246 # conform with Great Britain.
247 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
249 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
250 # we'll ignore it for now.
251 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
254 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
255 # Shanks & Pottenger.
256 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
257 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
258 # to London. For example:
260 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
261 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
263 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
264 # Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
265 # various relating to legal time, for example:
267 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
269 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
270 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
272 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
273 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
274 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
276 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
277 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
278 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
280 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
281 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
283 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
284 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
285 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
287 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
288 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
289 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
292 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
293 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
294 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
295 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
296 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
297 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
298 # and Frethun run in CT.
299 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
300 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
301 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
302 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
303 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
304 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
306 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
307 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
308 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
309 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
310 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
311 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
312 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
314 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
315 # Summer Time Act, 1916
316 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
317 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
318 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
319 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
320 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
321 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
322 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
323 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
324 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
325 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
326 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
327 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
328 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
329 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
330 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
331 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
332 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
333 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
334 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
335 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
336 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
337 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
338 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
339 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
340 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
341 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
342 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
343 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
344 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
345 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
346 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
347 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
348 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
349 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
350 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
351 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
352 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
353 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
354 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
355 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
356 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
357 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
358 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
359 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
360 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
361 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
362 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
363 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
364 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
365 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
366 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
367 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
368 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
369 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
370 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
371 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
372 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
373 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
374 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
375 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
376 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
377 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
378 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
379 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
380 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
381 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
382 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
383 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
384 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
385 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
386 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
387 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
388 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
389 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
390 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
391 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
392 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
393 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
394 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
395 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
396 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
397 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
398 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
399 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
400 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
401 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
402 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
403 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
404 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
405 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
406 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
408 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
409 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
410 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
411 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
412 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
413 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
414 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
415 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
416 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
417 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
418 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
419 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
420 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
421 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
422 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
424 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
425 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
426 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
427 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
430 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
431 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
432 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
433 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
434 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
435 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
436 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
437 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
438 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
439 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
440 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
441 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
442 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
443 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
444 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
447 ###############################################################################
451 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
452 # Common Market, etc.
454 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
455 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
456 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
457 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
458 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
459 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
460 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
461 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
462 # <a="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT">
463 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
464 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
467 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
468 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
469 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
470 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
471 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
472 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
473 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
475 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
476 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
477 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
478 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
479 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
480 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
481 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
482 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
483 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
484 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
485 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
486 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
487 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
488 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
490 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
491 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
492 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
493 # tz database itself, as seen below:
495 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
496 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
498 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
499 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
501 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
502 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
504 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
505 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
506 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
508 # The rule line to be changed is:
510 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
512 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
513 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
514 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
515 # affected are apparently these ficticious zones that translates acronyms
518 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
519 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
521 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
523 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
525 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
526 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
527 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
528 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
529 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
530 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
531 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
532 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
534 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
535 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
536 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
537 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
538 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
539 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
540 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
542 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
543 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
544 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
545 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
546 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
547 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
548 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
549 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
550 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
551 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
552 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
553 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
554 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
555 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
556 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
557 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
558 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
559 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
560 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
562 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
563 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
564 Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
565 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
566 Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
568 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
570 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
571 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
572 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
573 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
574 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
576 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
577 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
579 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
580 # The official German names ... are
582 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
583 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
585 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
586 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
587 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
589 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
590 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
592 # D-38023 Braunschweig
593 # phone: +49 531 592-0
595 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
596 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
597 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
599 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
600 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
604 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
605 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
606 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
607 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
608 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
609 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
610 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
611 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
612 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
613 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
614 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
615 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
616 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
617 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
618 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
619 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
620 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
621 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
622 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
623 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
624 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
625 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
626 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
627 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
628 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
629 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
630 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
631 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
632 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
633 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
637 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
638 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
639 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
640 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
645 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
646 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
647 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
648 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
649 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
650 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
652 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
653 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
654 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
655 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
656 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
657 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
658 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
659 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
660 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
661 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
662 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
663 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
664 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
665 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
666 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
668 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
672 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
673 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
674 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
675 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
676 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
677 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
678 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
679 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
680 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
681 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
682 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
687 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
688 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
689 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
690 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
691 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
693 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
694 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
695 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
696 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
697 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
699 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
700 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
701 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
702 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
703 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
704 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
705 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
706 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
707 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
708 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
709 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
710 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
711 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
712 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
713 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
714 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
715 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
716 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
717 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
718 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
719 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
720 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
721 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
722 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
723 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
724 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
725 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
726 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
727 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
728 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
729 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
730 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
731 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
732 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
733 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
734 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
735 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
736 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
737 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
738 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
739 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
740 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
741 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
742 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
743 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
744 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
745 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
746 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
749 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
754 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
755 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
756 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
757 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
759 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
760 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
761 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
762 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
763 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
764 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
765 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
766 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
767 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
768 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
769 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
770 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
771 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
772 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
773 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
774 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
781 # Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
784 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
785 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
786 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
787 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
788 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
789 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
790 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
791 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
792 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
793 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
794 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
795 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
796 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
799 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
801 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
802 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
803 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
804 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
805 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
807 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
808 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
810 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
811 # in subsequenet decrees with the law
812 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
814 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
815 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
816 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
817 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
818 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
819 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
820 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
821 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
822 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
823 # was suspended on that night):
824 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
826 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
827 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
828 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
830 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
831 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
832 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
834 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
835 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
836 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
837 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
838 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
839 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
840 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
841 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
842 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
843 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
844 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
845 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
847 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
848 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
849 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
850 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
851 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
852 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
854 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
858 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
859 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
860 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
861 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
863 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
864 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
865 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
866 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
867 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
868 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
870 # From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
871 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
872 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
874 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
875 # is according to the following time line:
877 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
878 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
882 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
885 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
887 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
888 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
889 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
890 # info from earlier correspondence.]
892 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
893 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
894 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
896 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
897 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
898 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
899 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
900 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
901 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
902 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
904 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
905 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
907 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
908 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
909 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
911 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
912 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
913 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
914 # this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
915 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
917 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
918 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
921 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
922 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
923 # the 1995 map as like Godthab.
924 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
925 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
926 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
927 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
929 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
930 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
931 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
932 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
933 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
934 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
935 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
937 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
938 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
939 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
942 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
943 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
944 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
946 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
947 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
949 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
953 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
954 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
955 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
956 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
958 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
959 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
960 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
961 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
962 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
963 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
964 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
965 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
966 # summer time next spring.''
968 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
969 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
970 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
972 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
973 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
975 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
976 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
977 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
979 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
980 # via Steffen Thorsen:
981 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
982 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
983 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
984 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
985 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
988 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
989 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
990 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
991 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
993 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
994 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
995 # Now we are using again EU rules.
997 # From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
998 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1000 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1001 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1002 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1003 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1004 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1005 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1006 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1007 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1008 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1009 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1010 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1011 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1012 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1017 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1018 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1019 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1021 # From Janne Snabb (2010-0715):
1023 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1024 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1025 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1026 # according to the central European standards.
1028 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1029 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1032 # <a href="http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf">
1033 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1036 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1037 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1039 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1041 # <a href="http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401">
1042 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1045 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1048 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1049 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1050 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1051 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1052 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1053 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1054 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1055 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1056 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1060 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1065 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1067 # Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1068 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1070 # Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1073 # Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1074 # Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1078 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1079 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1080 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1081 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1082 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1083 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1084 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1085 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1086 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1087 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1088 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1089 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1090 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1091 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1092 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1093 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1094 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1095 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1096 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1097 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1098 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1099 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1100 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1101 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1102 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1103 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1104 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1105 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1106 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1107 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1108 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1109 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1110 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1111 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1112 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1113 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1114 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1115 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1116 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1117 # Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
1118 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1119 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1120 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
1121 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1122 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1123 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1124 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1125 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1126 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1127 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1128 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1129 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1130 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1131 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1132 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1133 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1134 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1135 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1136 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1137 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1138 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1139 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1140 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1141 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1142 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1143 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1144 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1145 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1146 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1147 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1148 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1149 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1150 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1151 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1152 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1157 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1158 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1159 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1160 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1162 # From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1163 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1164 # <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1165 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1167 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1168 # <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1169 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1171 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1172 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1173 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1176 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1177 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1178 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1179 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1180 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1181 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1183 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1184 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1185 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1186 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1187 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1189 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1190 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1191 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1193 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1194 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1195 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1196 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1197 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1201 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1202 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1203 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1206 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1207 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1208 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1213 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1214 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1215 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1216 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1217 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1218 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1219 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1220 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1221 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1222 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1223 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1224 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1225 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1226 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1227 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1228 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1229 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1230 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1231 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1232 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1233 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1234 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1235 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1236 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1237 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1238 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1239 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1240 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1241 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1242 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1243 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1244 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1248 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1249 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1250 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1251 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1252 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1253 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1254 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1255 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1256 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1257 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1258 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1259 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1260 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1261 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1262 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1263 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1264 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1265 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1266 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1267 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1268 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1269 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1270 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1271 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1272 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1273 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1274 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1279 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1280 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1283 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1286 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1287 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1288 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1289 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1291 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1292 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1293 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1294 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1297 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1298 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1299 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1300 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1301 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1302 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1303 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1304 # might mean something else (???).
1306 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1307 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1308 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1309 # that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1311 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1312 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1313 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1314 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1315 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1316 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1317 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1318 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1319 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1320 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1321 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1322 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1323 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1324 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1325 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1326 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1327 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1328 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1329 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1330 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1331 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1332 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1333 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1334 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1335 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1340 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1341 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1342 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1343 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1344 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1345 # so record only the time in Rome.
1347 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1348 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1350 # <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1351 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1353 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1354 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1356 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1357 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1358 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1359 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1360 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1361 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1362 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1363 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1364 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1365 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1366 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1367 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1368 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1369 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1370 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1371 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1373 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1374 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1375 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1376 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1377 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1378 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1379 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1380 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1381 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1382 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1383 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1384 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1385 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1386 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1387 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1388 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1389 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1390 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1391 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1392 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1393 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1394 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1395 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1396 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1397 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1398 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1399 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1400 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1401 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1402 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1403 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1404 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1405 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1406 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1407 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1408 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1409 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1410 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1411 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1412 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1413 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1414 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1415 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1418 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1419 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1423 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1425 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1426 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1427 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1428 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1430 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1431 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1432 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1433 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1434 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1436 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1437 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1438 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1439 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1440 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1441 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1443 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1444 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1445 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1446 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1447 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1448 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1449 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1450 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1451 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1452 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1454 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1455 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1456 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1458 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1459 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1460 # <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1461 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1462 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1464 # <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1465 # From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1467 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1468 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1469 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1470 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1471 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1472 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1473 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1474 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1475 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1476 # appears that they will not do so....
1478 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1479 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1480 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1481 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1482 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1483 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1484 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1485 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1486 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1487 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1488 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1490 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1491 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1492 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1493 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1494 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1495 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1499 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1500 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1506 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1507 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1508 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1510 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1511 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1512 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1514 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1515 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1516 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1517 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1518 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1519 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1520 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1521 # already done by Estonia.
1523 # From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1524 # Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1525 # </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1527 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1528 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1529 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1530 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1531 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1532 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1533 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1536 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1537 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1538 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1539 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1540 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1541 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1542 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1543 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1544 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1545 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1546 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1547 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1548 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1549 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1550 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1554 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1555 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1556 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1557 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1558 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1559 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1560 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1561 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1562 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1563 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1564 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1565 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1566 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1567 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1568 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1569 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1570 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1571 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1572 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1573 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1574 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1575 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1576 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1577 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1578 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1579 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1580 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1581 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1582 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1583 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1584 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1585 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1586 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1593 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1594 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1595 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1596 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1597 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1598 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1599 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1600 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1601 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1602 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1603 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1604 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1605 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1606 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1611 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1612 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1613 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1614 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1615 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1616 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1617 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1618 # But [two people] separately reported via
1619 # Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1620 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1622 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1623 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1624 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1625 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1626 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1627 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1628 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1629 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1630 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1632 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1633 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1634 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1638 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1639 # more precise 0:09:21.
1640 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1641 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1642 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1643 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1644 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1652 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1653 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1655 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1656 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1657 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1658 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1659 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1660 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1661 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1662 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1663 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1666 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1667 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1668 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1671 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1672 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1673 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1674 # actually followed.
1676 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1677 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1678 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1679 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1680 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1682 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1683 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1684 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1685 # Amsterdam mean time.
1687 # The data before 1945 are taken from
1688 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1690 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1691 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1692 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1693 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1694 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1695 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1696 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1697 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1698 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1699 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1700 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1701 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1702 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1703 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1704 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1705 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1706 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1707 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1708 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1709 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1710 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1711 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1712 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1714 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1715 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1716 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1717 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1718 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1719 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1720 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1721 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1725 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1727 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1728 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1729 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1730 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1731 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1732 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1733 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1734 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1735 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1736 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1737 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1738 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1739 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1742 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1744 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1745 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1746 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1747 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1748 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1749 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1750 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1751 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1752 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1753 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1754 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1755 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1756 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1757 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1758 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1759 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1760 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1761 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1763 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1765 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1766 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1767 # keeping Berlin time.
1769 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1770 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1771 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1772 # frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1773 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1774 # the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1775 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1777 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1778 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1779 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1780 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1781 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1782 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1783 # <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1784 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1785 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1787 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1788 # come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1789 # war years it's probably best just do...the following for now:
1790 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1793 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1794 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1795 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1796 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1797 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1798 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1799 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1800 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1801 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1802 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1803 # Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1804 # <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1805 # Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1806 # He also gives these further references:
1807 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1808 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1809 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1810 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1811 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1812 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1813 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1814 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1815 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1816 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1817 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1818 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1819 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1820 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1821 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1822 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1823 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1824 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1825 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1826 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1827 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1828 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1829 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1830 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1831 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1836 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1837 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1838 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1840 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1841 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1842 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1844 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1845 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1846 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1847 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1848 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1849 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1850 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1852 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1853 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1854 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1855 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1856 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1857 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1858 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1859 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1860 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1861 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1862 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1863 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1864 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1865 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1866 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1867 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1868 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1869 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1870 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1871 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1872 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1873 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1874 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1875 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1876 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1877 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1878 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1879 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1880 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1881 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1882 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1883 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1884 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1885 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1886 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1887 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1888 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1889 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1890 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1891 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1892 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1893 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1894 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1895 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1896 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1897 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1898 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1899 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1900 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1901 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1902 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1903 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1904 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1905 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1906 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1907 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1908 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1909 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1910 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1911 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1912 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1913 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1914 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1915 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1916 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
1917 # Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
1918 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1919 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
1920 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1921 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1922 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1923 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1924 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1926 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1927 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1928 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1929 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1930 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1931 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1933 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1934 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1935 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1936 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1941 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1942 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1943 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1944 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1945 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1946 # the same year as Bulgaria.
1948 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1949 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1950 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1951 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1952 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1953 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1954 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1955 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1956 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1957 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1958 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1959 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1960 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1961 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1962 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1963 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1964 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1969 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1970 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1971 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1972 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
1973 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
1974 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1976 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
1977 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1978 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1979 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1980 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1982 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
1983 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1984 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1985 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1986 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1988 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
1989 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1990 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1991 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1993 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1994 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1995 # News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1996 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1997 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1998 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2000 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2001 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2002 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2003 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2004 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2005 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2006 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2007 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2009 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2011 # Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
2012 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2013 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2014 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2015 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2018 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2019 # Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
2020 # Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
2021 # Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
2022 # Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
2023 # Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
2024 # Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
2025 # Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
2026 # Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
2027 # Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
2028 # Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
2029 # Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2030 # Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
2031 # Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
2032 # Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
2033 # Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
2034 # Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
2035 # Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
2036 # Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
2037 # Yaroslavskaya oblast'
2038 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
2039 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2040 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2041 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2042 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2043 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2044 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2047 # Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
2048 # Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
2049 # but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
2050 # others? But we have no data.
2051 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2052 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2053 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2054 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2055 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2056 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2057 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2060 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2061 # Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
2062 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2063 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2064 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2065 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2066 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2067 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2068 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2069 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
2073 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2074 # Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2075 # Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2076 # Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2077 # Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2078 # Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2079 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2080 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2081 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2082 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2083 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
2085 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2086 # Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2087 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2088 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2089 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2090 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2093 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2094 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2095 # Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2096 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2097 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2098 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2099 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2100 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2103 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2104 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2106 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2107 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2109 # This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2110 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2111 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2113 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2114 # <a href="http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archiv">
2115 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2117 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2118 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2119 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html">
2120 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2123 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2124 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2126 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2127 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2129 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - NMT 1920 Jan 6
2130 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2131 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2132 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2133 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2134 6:00 Russia NOV%sT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time
2137 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2138 # Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2139 # Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2140 # Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2141 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2142 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2143 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2144 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2147 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2148 # Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2149 # Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2150 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2151 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2152 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2153 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2154 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2157 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2158 # Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2159 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2161 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2162 # ...some regions of RUssia were merged with others since 2005...
2163 # Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.
2164 # YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj.
2166 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2167 # The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2168 # Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2169 # Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2170 # Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,
2171 # Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2172 # Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.
2174 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2175 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2176 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2177 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2180 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2181 # Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2182 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2184 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2185 # The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
2187 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2188 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2189 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2190 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2193 # Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2194 # The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2195 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2197 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2198 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2199 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2200 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2203 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2204 # Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2205 # Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2207 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2208 # The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,
2209 # Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij, Srednekolymskij.
2210 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2211 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2212 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2213 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2216 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2217 # Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2219 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2220 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2221 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2222 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2223 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2224 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2227 # Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2228 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2229 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2230 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2231 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2232 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2233 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2237 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2238 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2239 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2240 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2241 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2242 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2243 # Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2244 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2245 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2246 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2248 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2249 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2250 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2251 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2252 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2255 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2261 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2262 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2263 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2264 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2265 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2266 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2267 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2268 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2269 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2270 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2271 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2272 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2273 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2274 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2275 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2276 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2277 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2278 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2279 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2280 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2281 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2282 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2283 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2284 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2285 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2286 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2287 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2288 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2289 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2290 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2291 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2292 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2293 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2294 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2295 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2296 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2297 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2298 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2299 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2300 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2301 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2302 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2303 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2304 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2305 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2306 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2307 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2308 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2309 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2310 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2311 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2312 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2313 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2314 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2316 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2317 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2318 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2320 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2321 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2324 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2325 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2326 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2327 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2329 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2330 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2334 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2336 # The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2337 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2338 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2339 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2340 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2342 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2343 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2344 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2346 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2347 # forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2348 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2349 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2350 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2351 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2352 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2353 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2355 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2356 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2357 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2358 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2360 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2361 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2362 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2363 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2364 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2369 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2370 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2371 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2372 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2373 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2374 # hour before the event took place.
2376 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2378 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2379 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2380 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2381 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2382 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2388 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2389 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2390 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2391 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2392 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2393 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2394 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2395 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
2396 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2397 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2399 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
2400 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
2402 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
2403 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
2405 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
2406 # government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
2407 # federal law collection)...
2409 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
2410 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
2412 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
2413 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
2415 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
2416 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
2417 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
2418 # other years are made.
2420 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
2421 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
2422 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
2423 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
2425 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
2426 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
2427 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
2428 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
2430 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
2431 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2432 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2434 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
2436 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
2437 # most users of tzdata:
2439 # Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2440 # 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun #Bern Mean Time
2441 # 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2443 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
2444 # the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
2445 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
2446 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
2448 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2449 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2450 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2451 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2452 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2453 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2454 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2459 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2460 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2461 # ... The latest rules are available at -
2462 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2463 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2464 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2465 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
2466 # what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2467 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2468 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2469 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2470 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2471 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2472 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2473 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2474 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2476 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2477 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2478 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2479 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2480 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2481 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2482 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2483 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2484 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2486 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
2488 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
2489 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
2490 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
2492 # <a href="http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872">
2493 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
2496 # <a href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373">
2497 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
2500 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2501 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2502 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2503 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2504 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2505 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2506 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2507 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2508 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2509 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
2510 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2511 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2512 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2513 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2514 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2515 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2516 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2517 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2518 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2519 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
2520 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2521 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2522 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2523 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2524 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2525 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2526 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2527 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2528 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2529 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2530 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2531 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2532 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2533 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2534 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2535 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2536 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2537 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2538 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2539 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2540 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2541 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2542 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2543 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2544 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2545 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2546 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2547 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2548 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2549 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2550 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2551 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2552 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2553 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2554 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2555 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
2556 Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2557 Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2558 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2559 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2560 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2561 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2562 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2563 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2564 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
2565 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
2566 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
2568 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2572 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
2573 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2574 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
2575 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2576 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2577 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2578 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2580 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2581 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2582 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2583 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
2584 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2585 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2586 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2587 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2588 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2589 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2590 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2592 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2594 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2595 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2596 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
2597 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2599 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2600 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2601 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2602 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2603 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2604 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2606 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2608 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2609 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2610 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
2611 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
2612 # portable Posix file names.
2613 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2614 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2615 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2616 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2617 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2618 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2619 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2621 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2622 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2623 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2624 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2626 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2627 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2628 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2630 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2631 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2632 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2633 # Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2634 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2635 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2637 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2638 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2639 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2640 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2641 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2642 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2643 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2644 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2647 ###############################################################################
2649 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2650 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2651 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2653 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2654 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2655 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2656 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2657 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2658 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2661 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2665 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2666 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2667 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2668 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2669 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2671 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2672 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2673 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2674 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2676 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2677 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2679 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2680 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2684 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2685 # From: Dik T. Winter
2688 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2689 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2690 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2692 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2693 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2694 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2695 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2696 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2697 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2700 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2701 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2702 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2703 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2704 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2705 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2706 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2707 # in advance of normal time.
2710 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2713 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2715 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2716 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2718 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
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