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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
33 .\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $
34 .\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.26 2008/09/06 14:24:44 swildner Exp $
41 .Nd layout of filesystems
43 A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy.
44 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/"
46 root directory of the filesystem
48 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
50 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
52 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
54 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
57 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
60 loadable kernel modules;
65 block and character device files
67 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact
69 file descriptor files;
74 system configuration files and scripts
76 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
78 bluetooth configuration files
80 default system configuration files;
91 isdn4bsd configuration files;
95 local timezone information;
99 Sendmail control files
101 mtree configuration files;
105 named configuration files;
109 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
112 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
117 ppp configuration files;
121 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
125 OpenSSH configuration files;
129 OpenSSL configuration files
131 Files relevant to system upgrades
133 uucp configuration files;
138 HOME directories of non-root users
140 empty directory commonly used by
141 system administrators as a temporary mount point
148 root's HOME directory
150 system programs and administration utilities
151 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
153 the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to
156 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
158 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
160 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
162 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
164 useful and semi-frivolous programs
166 standard C include files
168 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact
170 C include files for Internet service protocols
174 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
176 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact
178 The SCSI device on top of CAM
182 C include files for programming various
186 Include Files for various emulation layers
189 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact
195 ISC utility library libisc include files
198 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact
204 C include files for libmilter,
205 the sendmail mail filter API
207 machine-specific C include files
211 misc network C include files
219 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
223 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
227 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
229 kernel key-management service
239 C include files for NFS (Network File System)
241 Objective C include files
243 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
245 Packet Capture (libpcap) headers;
251 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
253 get a line from a user, with editing;
257 remote procedure calls;
261 definition of RPC service structures; see
267 system C include files (kernel data structures)
269 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
271 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact
291 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact
293 a.out archive libraries
295 shared libraries for compatibility
297 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact
299 a.out backward compatibility libraries
304 misc. utility data files
306 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa stallion/" -compact
308 files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.);
312 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa fonts/" -compact
318 various prebuilt lint libraries;
322 Character set conversion tables
324 holds the download firmware images
328 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
330 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils217/" -compact
333 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact
341 utilities and filters for LP print system;
351 restricted shell for sendmail;
361 local executables, libraries, etc.
364 the general layout sketched out by
371 directory (directly under
376 .Pa share/doc/<app>/ ) ,
382 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
386 default destination directory for the
391 the general layout sketched out by
398 directory (directly under
403 .Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) ,
411 collection (optional).
413 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
415 architecture-independent files
417 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact
419 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
427 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact
429 words from Webster's 2nd International
439 various examples for users and programmers
441 ASCII text files used by various games
443 device description file for device name
445 internationalization databases; see
448 GNU Info hypertext system
452 libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files
460 macros for use with the me macro package;
464 misc system-wide ASCII text files
466 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact
468 terminal characteristics database;
478 national language support files;
483 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact
489 sendmail configuration files;
493 example . (dot) files for new accounts
498 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
506 console keyboard maps;
516 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
521 text processing macros;
527 localization support and utilities for
530 timezone configuration information;
537 third-party, and/or local source files
539 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa nrelease/" -compact
541 source code for files in
544 source code for contributed software
546 source code for contributed cryptography software
548 source code for files in
551 source code for files in
554 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
556 source code for files in
559 source code for files in
562 source code for files in
565 files required to produce a
569 source code for files in
572 build directory for files in
580 tools used for maintenance and testing of
583 source code for files in
586 source code for files in
591 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
593 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
595 system accounting files
597 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact
599 execution accounting file;
605 timed command scheduling files;
609 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact
611 directory containing job files
613 directory containing output spool files
619 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
628 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact
636 misc. automatically generated system-specific database files
638 empty directory used by
640 for privilege separation
642 misc. game status and score files
644 misc. system log files
646 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact
656 system messages database;
660 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
665 filesystem quota information files
667 system information files describing various info about
668 system since it was booted
670 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact
674 group for command connection sockets; see
677 database of current users;
690 misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
692 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact
694 undelivered submission mail queue;
698 undelivered mail queue;
704 the anonymous ftp root directory
706 undelivered mail queue;
710 line printer spooling directories
716 public uucp temporary directory
720 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
722 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact
724 the directory where recovery files are stored
732 This manual page documents the default
734 filesystem layout, but
735 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
736 administrator's discretion.
737 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
752 manual page appeared in