.\" $OpenBSD: strlcpy.3,v 1.5 1999/06/06 15:17:32 aaron Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 1998 Todd C. Miller <Todd.Miller@courtesan.com>
.\" All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
.\"    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
.\" INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
.\" AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL
.\" THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
.\" EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
.\" PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS;
.\" OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
.\" WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR
.\" OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
.\" ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" $FreeBSD: src/lib/libc/string/strlcpy.3,v 1.4.2.8 2002/01/19 12:29:40 yar Exp $
.\" $DragonFly: src/lib/libc/string/strlcpy.3,v 1.2 2003/06/17 04:26:46 dillon Exp $
.\"
.Dd June 22, 1998
.Dt STRLCPY 3
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm strlcpy ,
.Nm strlcat
.Nd size-bounded string copying and concatenation
.Sh LIBRARY
.Lb libc
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.In string.h
.Ft size_t
.Fn strlcpy "char *dst" "const char *src" "size_t size"
.Ft size_t
.Fn strlcat "char *dst" "const char *src" "size_t size"
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Fn strlcpy
and
.Fn strlcat
functions copy and concatenate strings respectively.  They are designed
to be safer, more consistent, and less error prone replacements for
.Xr strncpy 3
and
.Xr strncat 3 .
Unlike those functions,
.Fn strlcpy
and
.Fn strlcat
take the full size of the buffer (not just the length) and guarantee to
NUL-terminate the result (as long as
.Fa size
is larger than 0 or, in the case of
.Fn strlcat ,
as long as there is at least one byte free in
.Fa dst ) .
Note that you should include a byte for the NUL in
.Fa size .
Also note that
.Fn strlcpy
and
.Fn strlcat
only operate on true
.Dq C
strings.
This means that for
.Fn strlcpy
.Fa src
must be NUL-terminated and for
.Fn strlcat
both
.Fa src
and
.Fa dst
must be NUL-terminated.
.Pp
The
.Fn strlcpy
function copies up to
.Fa size
- 1 characters from the NUL-terminated string
.Fa src
to
.Fa dst ,
NUL-terminating the result.
.Pp
The
.Fn strlcat
function appends the NUL-terminated string
.Fa src
to the end of
.Fa dst .
It will append at most
.Fa size
- strlen(dst) - 1 bytes, NUL-terminating the result.
.Sh RETURN VALUES
The
.Fn strlcpy
and
.Fn strlcat
functions return the total length of the string they tried to
create.  For
.Fn strlcpy
that means the length of
.Fa src .
For
.Fn strlcat
that means the initial length of
.Fa dst
plus
the length of
.Fa src .
While this may seem somewhat confusing it was done to make
truncation detection simple.
.Pp
Note however, that if
.Fn strlcat
traverses
.Fa size
characters without finding a NUL, the length of the string is considered
to be
.Fa size
and the destination string will not be NUL-terminated (since there was
no space for the NUL).
This keeps
.Fn strlcat
from running off the end of a string.
In practice this should not happen (as it means that either
.Fa size
is incorrect or that
.Fa dst
is not a proper
.Dq C
string).
The check exists to prevent potential security problems in incorrect code.
.Sh EXAMPLES
The following code fragment illustrates the simple case:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
char *s, *p, buf[BUFSIZ];

\&...

(void)strlcpy(buf, s, sizeof(buf));
(void)strlcat(buf, p, sizeof(buf));
.Ed
.Pp
To detect truncation, perhaps while building a pathname, something
like the following might be used:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
char *dir, *file, pname[MAXPATHLEN];

\&...

if (strlcpy(pname, dir, sizeof(pname)) >= sizeof(pname))
	goto toolong;
if (strlcat(pname, file, sizeof(pname)) >= sizeof(pname))
	goto toolong;
.Ed
.Pp
Since we know how many characters we copied the first time, we can
speed things up a bit by using a copy instead of an append:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
char *dir, *file, pname[MAXPATHLEN];
size_t n;

\&...

n = strlcpy(pname, dir, sizeof(pname));
if (n >= sizeof(pname))
	goto toolong;
if (strlcpy(pname + n, file, sizeof(pname) - n) >= sizeof(pname) - n)
	goto toolong;
.Ed
.Pp
However, one may question the validity of such optimizations, as they
defeat the whole purpose of
.Fn strlcpy
and
.Fn strlcat .
As a matter of fact, the first version of this manual page got it wrong.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr snprintf 3 ,
.Xr strncat 3 ,
.Xr strncpy 3
.Sh HISTORY
.Fn strlcpy
and
.Fn strlcat
functions first appeared in
.Ox 2.4 ,
and made their appearance in
.Fx 3.3 .