1 # DragonFly BSD Quick Start
3 This document describes the DragonFly environment one will find on a newly installed system. While you are getting started please pay careful attention to the version or level of DragonFly that the documentation was written for. Some documentation on this site may be out of date. Watch for the marker `(obsolete)` on items that are out of date or need updating.
6 ## Some Unix and BSD Fundamentals
8 If you have used another Unix flavor, another BSD or Linux before, you may need to spend some time learning basic subjects. If you have never used any flavor of Unix, BSD or otherwise, and have only used Windows before, please be prepared for a lengthy period of learning.
10 If you already know your way around a Unix filesystem, and already know what the `/etc` folder is, how to use `vi` or `vim` to edit a file, how to use a shell like `tcsh` or `bash`, how to configure that shell, or change what shell you're using, how `su` and `sudo` work, and what a `root` account is, then you may get a lot farther in using any BSD variant (like Dragonfly BSD) then the rest of this page may be enough to orient you to your surroundings.
12 You should understand everything in the [[Unix Basics|/docs/newhandbook/UnixBasics/]] section before you proceed with trying to use your new system.
17 If you chose to install on the HAMMER file system during installation you will be left with a system with the following disk configuration:
20 Filesystem Size Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
21 ROOT 288G 12G 276G 4% /
22 devfs 1.0K 1.0K 0B 100% /dev
23 /dev/serno/9VMBWDM1.s1a 756M 138M 558M 20% /boot
24 /pfs/@@-1:00001 288G 12G 276G 4% /var
25 /pfs/@@-1:00002 288G 12G 276G 4% /tmp
26 /pfs/@@-1:00003 288G 12G 276G 4% /usr
27 /pfs/@@-1:00004 288G 12G 276G 4% /home
28 /pfs/@@-1:00005 288G 12G 276G 4% /usr/obj
29 /pfs/@@-1:00006 288G 12G 276G 4% /var/crash
30 /pfs/@@-1:00007 288G 12G 276G 4% /var/tmp
31 procfs 4.0K 4.0K 0B 100% /proc
35 * `/dev/serno/9VMBWDM1` is the hard disk specified with serial number,
36 * `/dev/serno/9VMBWDM1.s1` is the first slice on the hard disk.
38 The disklabel looks at follows
40 # disklabel /dev/serno/9VMBWDM1.s1
42 # /dev/serno/9VMBWDM1.s1:
44 # Informational fields calculated from the above
45 # All byte equivalent offsets must be aligned
47 # boot space: 1044992 bytes
48 # data space: 312567643 blocks # 305241.84 MB (320069266944 bytes)
50 # NOTE: If the partition data base looks odd it may be
51 # physically aligned instead of slice-aligned
53 diskid: e67030af-d2af-11df-b588-01138fad54f5
55 boot2 data base: 0x000000001000
56 partitions data base: 0x000000100200
57 partitions data stop: 0x004a85ad7000
58 backup label: 0x004a85ad7000
59 total size: 0x004a85ad8200 # 305242.84 MB
61 display block size: 1024 # for partition display only
64 # size offset fstype fsuuid
65 a: 786432 0 4.2BSD # 768.000MB
66 b: 8388608 786432 swap # 8192.000MB
67 d: 303392600 9175040 HAMMER # 296281.836MB
68 a-stor_uuid: eb1c8aac-d2af-11df-b588-01138fad54f5
69 b-stor_uuid: eb1c8aec-d2af-11df-b588-01138fad54f5
70 d-stor_uuid: eb1c8b21-d2af-11df-b588-01138fad54f5
73 The slice has 3 partitions:
77 * `d` - for `/`, a HAMMER file system labeled ROOT
79 When you create a HAMMER file system you must give it a label, here the installer labeled it as "ROOT" and mounted it as
81 ROOT 288G 12G 276G 4% /
83 A PFS is a Pseudo File System inside a HAMMER file system. The HAMMER file system in which the PFSes are created is referred to as the root file system. You should not confuse the "root" file system with the Label "ROOT", the label can be anything. It is just that the installer labeled it as ROOT because it is mounted as `/`.
85 Now inside the ROOT HAMMER file system you find the installed created 7 PFSes from the `df -h` output above, let us see how they are mounted in `/etc/fstab`:
89 # Device Mountpoint FStype Options Dump Pass#
90 /dev/serno/9VMBWDM1.s1a /boot ufs rw 1 1
91 /dev/serno/9VMBWDM1.s1b none swap sw 0 0
92 /dev/serno/9VMBWDM1.s1d / hammer rw 1 1
93 /pfs/var /var null rw 0 0
94 /pfs/tmp /tmp null rw 0 0
95 /pfs/usr /usr null rw 0 0
96 /pfs/home /home null rw 0 0
97 /pfs/usr.obj /usr/obj null rw 0 0
98 /pfs/var.crash /var/crash null rw 0 0
99 /pfs/var.tmp /var/tmp null rw 0 0
100 proc /proc procfs rw 0 0
103 The PFSes are mounted using a NULL mount because they are also HAMMER file systems. You can read more on NULL mounts here [mount_null(8)](http://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=mount_null§ion=8).
105 You don't need to specify a size for the PFSes like you do for logical volumes inside a volume group for LVM. All the free space in the root HAMMER file system is available to all the PFSs. That is the reason in the `df -h` output above you saw free space is same for all PFSes and the root HAMMER file system.
107 Now if you look in `/var`
111 account backups caps cron empty log msgs run spool yp at
112 cache crash db games lib mail preserve rwho tmp
114 you will find the above directories.
116 If you look at the status of one of the PFSes, e.g. `/usr` you will see `/var/hammer` is the default snapshot directory.
118 # hammer pfs-status /usr/
120 sync-beg-tid=0x0000000000000001
121 sync-end-tid=0x0000000117ac6270
122 shared-uuid=f33e318e-d2af-11df-b588-01138fad54f5
123 unique-uuid=f33e31cb-d2af-11df-b588-01138fad54f5
126 operating as a MASTER
127 snapshots directory defaults to /var/hammer/<pfs>
130 There is no "hammer" directory in `/var` now. That is because no snapshots are yet taken. You can verify this by checking the snapshots available for `/usr`
133 Snapshots on /usr PFS #3
134 Transaction ID Timestamp Note
136 Snapshots will appear automatically each night as the system performs housekeeping on the Hammer filesystem. For a new volume, an immediate snapshot can be taken by running the command 'hammer cleanup'. Among other activites, it will take a snapshot of the filesystem.
138 # sudo hammer cleanup
139 cleanup / - HAMMER UPGRADE: Creating snapshots
140 Creating snapshots in /var/hammer/root
141 handle PFS #0 using /var/hammer/root
147 cleanup /var - HAMMER UPGRADE: Creating snapshots
149 cleanup /tmp - HAMMER UPGRADE: Creating snapshots
151 cleanup /usr - HAMMER UPGRADE: Creating snapshots
153 cleanup /home - HAMMER UPGRADE: Creating snapshots
155 cleanup /usr/obj - HAMMER UPGRADE: Creating snapshots
157 cleanup /var/crash - HAMMER UPGRADE: Creating snapshots
159 cleanup /var/tmp - HAMMER UPGRADE: Creating snapshots
161 cleanup /var/isos - HAMMER UPGRADE: Creating snapshots
164 No snapshots were taken for `/tmp`, `/usr/obj` and `/var/tmp`. This is because the PFSes are flagged as `nohistory`. HAMMER tracks history for all files in a PFS, naturally this consumes disk space until the history is pruned. To prevent that temporary files on the mentioned PFSes (e.g., object files, crash dumps) consume disk space, the PFSes are marked as `nohistory`.
166 In `/var` will be a new directory called *hammer* with the following sub directories
172 drwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 0 Oct 13 11:51 home
173 drwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 0 Oct 13 11:42 root
174 drwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 0 Oct 13 11:43 tmp
175 drwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 0 Oct 13 11:51 usr
176 drwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 0 Oct 13 11:54 var
179 Well let us look inside `/var/hammer/usr`
185 drwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 0 Oct 13 11:54 obj
186 lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 25 Oct 13 11:43 snap-20101013-1143 -> /usr/@@0x0000000117ac6cb0
189 We have a symlink pointing to the snapshot transaction ID shown below.
193 Snapshots on /usr PFS #3
194 Transaction ID Timestamp Note
195 0x0000000117ac6cb0 2010-10-13 11:43:04 IST -
199 You can read more about snapshots, prune, reblance, reblock, recopy etc from [hammer(8)](http://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=hammer§ion=8) especially look under the heading "cleanup [filesystem ...]"
201 You can learn more about PFS mirroring [here](http://www.dragonflybsd.org/docs/how_to_implement_hammer_pseudo_file_system__40___pfs___41___slave_mirroring_from_pfs_master/)
203 In order to correctly map hard disk sernos to device names you can use the 'devattr' command.
206 # devattr -d "ad*" -p serno
224 Or if your disks are 'da', just change it as appropiate.
226 ## Configuring and Starting the SSH Server
228 Described in detail [[here|/docs/newhandbook/sshserver/]]
230 ## Software/Programs and Configuration Files Location
232 DragonFly default installation contains the base software/programs from the DragonFly project itself and few other software from [pkgsrc](http://www.netbsd.org/docs/software/packages.html) which is the DragonFly official package management system. Ready to install binary software from pkgsrc is referred to as *packages*.
234 The base programs are located in the folders
239 The configuration files for the base system can be found in `/etc`. There is also `/usr/local/etc` which is used by third-party programs. The software/programs from pkgsrc are located in `/usr/pkg/bin` and `/usr/pkg/sbin`. Their configuration files are found in `/usr/pkg/etc`.
241 ## Installing Third-party Software
243 Have a look at the [[dports howto|/docs/howtos/HowToDPorts/]] for an in-depth description about dealing with packaging systems. Note that DragonFly BSD has several older package managers (like `pkgin`), but that the most modern binary package installation system as of 2014, is `pkg`.
247 Read [[dports howto|/docs/howtos/HowToDPorts/]] then for some errata, read [[this|http://lists.dragonflybsd.org/pipermail/users/2013-November/090339.html]].
250 You can look at the help and the man page for the pkg tool like this:
254 Example: Read man page for pkg-install
259 ### Installing an X desktop environment
261 If it's already on your system run X by typing `startx`. If it's not, install
262 it using `pkg install`.
265 Slightly out of date instructions on installing a GUI (X desktop) environment are in the [new handbook](http://www.dragonflybsd.org/docs/newhandbook/X/).