[ikiwiki.git] / docs / newhandbook / environmentquickstart / index.mdwn

# DragonFly BSD Quick Start

This QuickStart is part of the [[NewHandbook|/docs/newhandbook/]].

This document describes the DragonFly environment one will find on a newly installed system.  While you are getting started please pay careful attention to the version or level of DragonFly that the documentation was written for.  Some documentation on this site may be out of date. Watch for the marker `(obsolete)` on items that are out of date or need updating.


[[!toc levels=3 ]]
## Some Unix and BSD Fundamentals

If you have used another Unix flavor, another BSD or Linux before, you may need to spend some time learning basic subjects.  If you have never used any flavor of Unix, BSD or otherwise, and have only used Windows before, please be prepared for a lengthy period of learning.

If you already know your way around a Unix filesystem, and already know what the `/etc` folder is, how to use `vi` or `vim` to edit a file, how to use a shell like `tcsh` or `bash`, how to configure that shell, or change what shell you're using, how `su` and `sudo` work, and what a `root` account is, then you may get a lot farther in using any BSD variant (like Dragonfly BSD) then the rest of this page may be enough to orient you to your surroundings.

You should understand everything in the [[Unix Basics|/docs/newhandbook/UnixBasics/]] section before you proceed with trying to use your new system.


## Disk layout of a New Dragonfly BSD System using the HAMMER filesystem

If you chose to install on the HAMMER file system during installation you will be left with a system with the following disk configuration:

    # df -h
    Filesystem                Size   Used  Avail Capacity  Mounted on
    ROOT                      288G    12G   276G     4%    /
    devfs                     1.0K   1.0K     0B   100%    /dev
    /dev/serno/9VMBWDM1.s1a   756M   138M   558M    20%    /boot
    /pfs/@@-1:00001           288G    12G   276G     4%    /var
    /pfs/@@-1:00002           288G    12G   276G     4%    /tmp
    /pfs/@@-1:00003           288G    12G   276G     4%    /usr
    /pfs/@@-1:00004           288G    12G   276G     4%    /home
    /pfs/@@-1:00005           288G    12G   276G     4%    /usr/obj
    /pfs/@@-1:00006           288G    12G   276G     4%    /var/crash
    /pfs/@@-1:00007           288G    12G   276G     4%    /var/tmp
    procfs                    4.0K   4.0K     0B   100%    /proc

In this example

* `/dev/serno/9VMBWDM1` is the hard disk specified with serial number,
* `/dev/serno/9VMBWDM1.s1` is the first slice on the hard disk.

The disklabel looks at follows

    # disklabel /dev/serno/9VMBWDM1.s1

    # /dev/serno/9VMBWDM1.s1:
    #
    # Informational fields calculated from the above
    # All byte equivalent offsets must be aligned
    #
    # boot space:    1044992 bytes
    # data space:  312567643 blocks # 305241.84 MB (320069266944 bytes)
    #
    # NOTE: If the partition data base looks odd it may be
    #       physically aligned instead of slice-aligned
    #
    diskid: e67030af-d2af-11df-b588-01138fad54f5
    label:
    boot2 data base:      0x000000001000
    partitions data base: 0x000000100200
    partitions data stop: 0x004a85ad7000
    backup label:         0x004a85ad7000
    total size:           0x004a85ad8200    # 305242.84 MB
    alignment: 4096
    display block size: 1024        # for partition display only

    16 partitions:
    #          size     offset    fstype   fsuuid
      a:     786432          0    4.2BSD    #     768.000MB
      b:    8388608     786432      swap    #    8192.000MB
      d:  303392600    9175040    HAMMER    #  296281.836MB
      a-stor_uuid: eb1c8aac-d2af-11df-b588-01138fad54f5
      b-stor_uuid: eb1c8aec-d2af-11df-b588-01138fad54f5
      d-stor_uuid: eb1c8b21-d2af-11df-b588-01138fad54f5


The slice has 3 partitions:

* `a` - for `/boot`
* `b` - for swap
* `d` - for `/`, a HAMMER file system labeled ROOT

When you create a HAMMER file system you must give it a label, here the installer labeled it as "ROOT" and mounted it as

    ROOT                      288G    12G   276G     4%    /

A PFS is a Pseudo File System inside a HAMMER file system. The HAMMER file system in which the PFSes are created is referred to as the root file system. You should not confuse the "root" file system with the Label "ROOT", the label can be anything. It is just that the installer labeled it as ROOT because it is mounted as `/`.

Now inside the ROOT HAMMER file system you find the installed created 7 PFSes from the `df -h` output above, let us see how they are mounted in `/etc/fstab`:

    # cat /etc/fstab

    # Device                Mountpoint      FStype  Options         Dump    Pass#
    /dev/serno/9VMBWDM1.s1a         /boot           ufs     rw      1       1
    /dev/serno/9VMBWDM1.s1b         none            swap    sw      0       0
    /dev/serno/9VMBWDM1.s1d         /               hammer  rw      1       1
    /pfs/var                /var            null    rw              0       0
    /pfs/tmp                /tmp            null    rw              0       0
    /pfs/usr                /usr            null    rw              0       0
    /pfs/home               /home           null    rw              0       0
    /pfs/usr.obj    /usr/obj                null    rw              0       0
    /pfs/var.crash  /var/crash              null    rw              0       0
    /pfs/var.tmp    /var/tmp                null    rw              0       0
    proc                    /proc           procfs  rw              0       0


The PFSes are mounted using a NULL mount because they are also HAMMER file systems. You can read more on NULL mounts here [mount_null(8)](http://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=mount_null&section=8).

You don't need to specify a size for the PFSes like you do for logical volumes inside a volume group for LVM. All the free space in the root HAMMER file system is available to all the PFSs. That is the reason in the `df -h` output above you saw free space is same for all PFSes and the root HAMMER file system.

Now if you look in `/var`

    # cd /var/
    # ls
    account   backups   caps   cron    empty   log   msgs   run   spool   yp  at        
    cache     crash     db     games   lib     mail  preserve   rwho  tmp

you will find the above directories.

If you look at the status of one of the PFSes, e.g. `/usr` you will see `/var/hammer` is the default snapshot directory.

    # hammer pfs-status /usr/
    /usr/   PFS #3 {
        sync-beg-tid=0x0000000000000001
        sync-end-tid=0x0000000117ac6270
        shared-uuid=f33e318e-d2af-11df-b588-01138fad54f5
        unique-uuid=f33e31cb-d2af-11df-b588-01138fad54f5
        label=""
        prune-min=00:00:00
        operating as a MASTER
        snapshots directory defaults to /var/hammer/<pfs>
    }

There is no "hammer" directory in `/var` now. That is because no snapshots are yet taken. You can verify this by checking the snapshots available for `/usr`

    # hammer snapls /usr
    Snapshots on /usr       PFS #3
    Transaction ID          Timestamp               Note

Snapshots will appear automatically each night as the system performs housekeeping on the Hammer filesystem.  For a new volume, an immediate snapshot can be taken by running the command 'hammer cleanup'.  Among other activites, it will take a snapshot of the filesystem.

    # sudo hammer cleanup
    cleanup /                    - HAMMER UPGRADE: Creating snapshots
            Creating snapshots in /var/hammer/root
     handle PFS #0 using /var/hammer/root
               snapshots - run
                   prune - run
               rebalance - run..
                 reblock - run....
                  recopy - run....
    cleanup /var                 - HAMMER UPGRADE: Creating snapshots
    [...]
    cleanup /tmp                 - HAMMER UPGRADE: Creating snapshots
    [...]
    cleanup /usr                 - HAMMER UPGRADE: Creating snapshots
    [...]
    cleanup /home                - HAMMER UPGRADE: Creating snapshots
    [...]
    cleanup /usr/obj             - HAMMER UPGRADE: Creating snapshots
    [...]
    cleanup /var/crash           - HAMMER UPGRADE: Creating snapshots
    [...]
    cleanup /var/tmp             - HAMMER UPGRADE: Creating snapshots
    [...]
    cleanup /var/isos            - HAMMER UPGRADE: Creating snapshots
    [...]

No snapshots were taken for `/tmp`, `/usr/obj` and `/var/tmp`. This is because the PFSes are flagged as `nohistory`. HAMMER tracks history for all files in a PFS, naturally this consumes disk space until the history is pruned. To prevent that temporary files on the mentioned PFSes (e.g., object files, crash dumps) consume disk space, the PFSes are marked as `nohistory`.

In `/var` will be a new directory called *hammer* with the following sub directories


    # cd hammer/
    # ls -l
    total 0
    drwxr-xr-x  1 root  wheel  0 Oct 13 11:51 home
    drwxr-xr-x  1 root  wheel  0 Oct 13 11:42 root
    drwxr-xr-x  1 root  wheel  0 Oct 13 11:43 tmp
    drwxr-xr-x  1 root  wheel  0 Oct 13 11:51 usr
    drwxr-xr-x  1 root  wheel  0 Oct 13 11:54 var


Well let us look inside `/var/hammer/usr`


    # cd usr/
    # ls -l
    total 0
    drwxr-xr-x  1 root  wheel   0 Oct 13 11:54 obj
    lrwxr-xr-x  1 root  wheel  25 Oct 13 11:43 snap-20101013-1143 -> /usr/@@0x0000000117ac6cb0


We have a symlink pointing to the snapshot transaction ID shown below.


    # hammer snapls /usr
    Snapshots on /usr       PFS #3
    Transaction ID          Timestamp               Note
    0x0000000117ac6cb0      2010-10-13 11:43:04 IST -
    #


You can read more about snapshots, prune, reblance, reblock, recopy etc from [hammer(8)](http://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=hammer&section=8) especially look under the heading "cleanup [filesystem ...]"

You can learn more about PFS mirroring [here](http://www.dragonflybsd.org/docs/how_to_implement_hammer_pseudo_file_system__40___pfs___41___slave_mirroring_from_pfs_master/)

In order to correctly map hard disk sernos to device names you can use the 'devattr' command.

    # udevd
    # devattr -d "ad*" -p serno
    Device ad4:
            serno = Z2AD9WN4
    Device ad4s1:
    Device ad4s1d:

    Device ad5:
            serno = 9VMRFDSY
    Device ad5s1:
    Device ad5s1d:

    Device ad3:
            serno = Z2AD9WLW
    Device ad3s1:
    Device ad3s1a:
    Device ad3s1b:
    Device ad3s1d:

Or if your disks are 'da', just change it as appropiate.

## Configuring and Starting the SSH Server

Described in detail [[here|/docs/newhandbook/sshserver/]]

## Software/Programs and Configuration Files Location 

DragonFly default installation contains the base software/programs from the DragonFly project itself and few other software from [pkgsrc](http://www.netbsd.org/docs/software/packages.html) which is the DragonFly official package management system. Ready to install binary software from pkgsrc is referred to as *packages*.

The base programs are located in the folders 

    /bin    /sbin
    /usr/bin   /usr/sbin

The configuration files for the base system can be found in `/etc`. There is also `/usr/local/etc` which is used by third-party programs. The software/programs from pkgsrc are located in `/usr/pkg/bin` and `/usr/pkg/sbin`. Their configuration files are found in `/usr/pkg/etc`.

## Installing Third-party Software

Have a look at the [[dports howto|/docs/howtos/HowToDPorts/]] for an in-depth description about dealing with packaging systems. Note that DragonFly BSD has several older package managers (like `pkgin`), but that the most modern binary package installation system as of 2014, is `pkg`.

### Using pkg

Read [[dports howto|/docs/howtos/HowToDPorts/]] then for some errata, read [[this|http://lists.dragonflybsd.org/pipermail/users/2013-November/090339.html]].


You can look at the help and the man page for the pkg tool like this:

`pkg help install`

Example: Read man page for pkg-install

`man pkg-install`


### Installing an X desktop environment

If it's already on your system run X by typing `startx`. If it's not, install
it using `pkg install`.

`(obsolete)`
Slightly out of date instructions on installing a GUI (X desktop) environment  are in the [new handbook](http://www.dragonflybsd.org/docs/newhandbook/X/).