From 980a26d6b41dd423cd22f9db887d9b56c7317c00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: matthias Date: Wed, 18 Feb 2009 10:00:33 -0800 Subject: [PATCH] wiki markup --- docs/handbook/handbook-consoles.mdwn | 246 ++++++++++++++------------- 1 file changed, 127 insertions(+), 119 deletions(-) diff --git a/docs/handbook/handbook-consoles.mdwn b/docs/handbook/handbook-consoles.mdwn index bb9fa12e..c4e59a1d 100644 --- a/docs/handbook/handbook-consoles.mdwn +++ b/docs/handbook/handbook-consoles.mdwn @@ -1,122 +1,130 @@ - - -## 3.2 Virtual Consoles and Terminals - -!DragonFly can be used in various ways. One of them is typing commands to a text terminal. A lot of the flexibility and power of a UNIX® operating system is readily available at your hands when using !DragonFly this way. This section describes what ***terminals*** and ***consoles*** are, and how you can use them in !DragonFly. - -### 3.2.1 The Console - -If you have not configured !DragonFly to automatically start a graphical environment during startup, the system will present you with a login prompt after it boots, right after the startup scripts finish running. You will see something similar to: - - - Additional ABI support:. - Local package initialization:. - Additional TCP options:. - - Fri Sep 20 13:01:06 EEST 2002 - - DragonFlyBSD/i386 (pc3.example.org) (ttyv0) - - login: - - -The messages might be a bit different on your system, but you will see something similar. The last two lines are what we are interested in right now. The second last line reads: - - - DragonFlyBSD/i386 (pc3.example.org) (ttyv0) - - -This line contains some bits of information about the system you have just booted. You are looking at a ***DragonFlyBSD*** console, running on an Intel or compatible processor of the x86 architecture[(1)](#FTN.AEN1036). The name of this machine (every UNIX machine has a name) is `pc3.example.org`, and you are now looking at its system console--the `ttyv0` terminal. - -Finally, the last line is always: - - - login: - - -This is the part where you are supposed to type in your ***username*** to log into !DragonFly. The next section describes how you can do this. - -### 3.2.2 Logging into DragonFly - -!DragonFly is a multiuser, multiprocessing system. This is the formal description that is usually given to a system that can be used by many different people, who simultaneously run a lot of programs on a single machine. - -Every multiuser system needs some way to distinguish one ***user*** from the rest. In !DragonFly (and all the UNIX-like operating systems), this is accomplished by requiring that every user must ***log into*** the system before being able to run programs. Every user has a unique name (the ***username***) and a personal, secret key (the ***password***). !DragonFly will ask for these two before allowing a user to run any programs. - -Right after !DragonFly boots and finishes running its startup scripts[(2)](#FTN.AEN1060), it will present you with a prompt and ask for a valid username: - - - login: - - -For the sake of this example, let us assume that your username is `john`. Type `john` at this prompt and press **Enter** . You should then be presented with a prompt to enter a ***password***: - - - login: john - Password: - - -Type in `john`'s password now, and press **Enter** . The password is ***not echoed!*** You need not worry about this right now. Suffice it to say that it is done for security reasons. - -If you have typed your password correctly, you should by now be logged into !DragonFly and ready to try out all the available commands. - -You should see the MOTD or message of the day followed by a command prompt (a `#`, `$`, or `%` character). This indicates you have successfully logged into !DragonFly. - -### 3.2.3 Multiple Consoles - -Running UNIX commands in one console is fine, but !DragonFly can run many programs at once. Having one console where commands can be typed would be a bit of a waste when an operating system like !DragonFly can run dozens of programs at the same time. This is where ***virtual consoles*** can be very helpful -!DragonFly can be configured to present you with many different virtual consoles. You can switch from one of them to any other virtual console by pressing a couple of keys on your keyboard. Each console has its own different output channel, and !DragonFly takes care of properly redirecting keyboard input and monitor output as you switch from one virtual console to the next. - -Special key combinations have been reserved by DragonFly for switching consoles[(3)](#FTN.AEN1087). You can use **Alt** - **F1** , **Alt** - **F2** , through **Alt** - **F8** to switch to a different virtual console in DragonFly. - -As you are switching from one console to the next, DragonFly takes care of saving and restoring the screen output. The result is an ***illusion*** of having multiple ***virtual*** screens and keyboards that you can use to type commands for DragonFly to run. The programs that you launch on one virtual console do not stop running when that console is not visible. They continue running when you have switched to a different virtual console. - -### 3.2.4 The `/etc/ttys` File - -The default configuration of DragonFly will start up with eight virtual consoles. This is not a hardwired setting though, and you can easily customize your installation to boot with more or fewer virtual consoles. The number and settings of the virtual consoles are configured in the `/etc/ttys` file. - -You can use the `/etc/ttys` file to configure the virtual consoles of DragonFly. Each uncommented line in this file (lines that do not start with a `#` character) contains settings for a single terminal or virtual console. The default version of this file that ships with DragonFly configures nine virtual consoles, and enables eight of them. They are the lines that start with `ttyv`: - - - # name getty type status comments - # - ttyv0 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure - # Virtual terminals - ttyv1 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure - ttyv2 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure - ttyv3 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure - ttyv4 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure - ttyv5 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure - ttyv6 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure - ttyv7 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure - ttyv8 "/usr/pkg/xorg/bin/xdm -nodaemon" xterm off secure - - -For a detailed description of every column in this file and all the options you can use to set things up for the virtual consoles, consult the [ttys(5)](http://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command#ttys§ion5) manual page. - -### 3.2.5 Single User Mode Console - -A detailed description of what ***single user mode*** is can be found in [boot-init.html#BOOT-SINGLEUSER Section 7.5.2]. It is worth noting that there is only one console when you are running DragonFly in single user mode. There are no virtual consoles available. The settings of the single user mode console can also be found in the `/etc/ttys` file. Look for the line that starts with `console`: - - - # name getty type status comments - # - # If console is marked "insecure", then init will ask for the root password - # when going to single-user mode. - console none unknown off secure - - - **Note:** As the comments above the `console` line indicate, you can edit this line and change `secure` to `insecure`. If you do that, when DragonFly boots into single user mode, it will still ask for the `root` password. - -***Be careful when changing this to `insecure`***. If you ever forget the `root` password, booting into single user mode is a bit involved. It is still possible, but it might be a bit hard for someone who is not very comfortable with the DragonFly booting process and the programs involved. - -#### Notes - + + +## Virtual Consoles and Terminals + + +DragonFly can be used in various ways. One of them is typing commands to a text terminal. A lot of the flexibility and power of a UNIX® operating system is readily available at your hands when using DragonFly this way. This section describes what ***terminals*** and ***consoles*** are, and how you can use them in !DragonFly. + +### The Console + +If you have not configured DragonFly to automatically start a graphical environment during startup, the system will present you with a login prompt after it boots, right after the startup scripts finish running. You will see something similar to: + + + Additional ABI support:. + Starting cron. + Local package initialization:. + Additional TCP options:. + + Wed Feb 18 17:53:48 GMT 2009 + + DragonFly/i386 (Amnesiac) (ttyv0) + + login: + + +The messages might be a bit different on your system, but you will see something similar. The last two lines are what we are interested in right now. The second last line reads: + + + DragonFly/i386 (Amnesiac) (ttyv0) + + +This line contains some bits of information about the system you have just booted. You are looking at a ***DragonFlyBSD*** console, running on an Intel or compatible processor of the x86 architecture[(1)](#FTN.AEN1036). The name of this machine (every UNIX machine has a name) is `Amnesiac`, and you are now looking at its system console--the `ttyv0` terminal. Finally, the last line is always: + + + login: + + +This is the part where you are supposed to type in your username to log into DragonFly. The next section describes how you can do this. + + +### Logging into DragonFly + +DragonFly is a multiuser, multiprocessing system. This is the formal description that is usually given to a system that can be used by many different people, who simultaneously run a lot of programs on a single machine. Every multiuser system needs some way to distinguish one userfrom the rest. In !DragonFly (and all the UNIX-like operating systems), this is accomplished by requiring that every user must ***log into*** the system before being able to run programs. Every user has a unique name (the username and a personal, secret key (the password). DragonFly will ask for these two before allowing a user to run any programs. + +Right after DragonFly boots and finishes running its startup scripts[(2)](#FTN.AEN1060), it will present you with a prompt and ask for a valid username: + + login: + +For the sake of this example, let us assume that your username is `john`. Type `john` at this prompt and press **Enter** . You should then be presented with a prompt to enter a password: + + + login: john + Password: + + + +Type in `john`'s password now, and press **Enter** . The password is not echoed! You need not worry about this right now. Suffice it to say that it is done for security reasons. If you have typed your password correctly, you should by now be logged into DragonFly and ready to try out all the available commands. You should see the MOTD or message of the day followed by a command prompt (a `#`, `$`, or `%` character). This indicates you have successfully logged into DragonFly. + +### Multiple Consoles + +Running UNIX commands in one console is fine, but DragonFly can run many programs at once. Having one console where commands can be typed would be a bit of a waste when an operating system like DragonFly can run dozens of programs at the same time. This is where virtual consoles can be very helpful. DragonFly can be configured to present you with many different virtual consoles. You can switch from one of them to any other virtual console by pressing a couple of keys on your keyboard. Each console has its own different output channel, and DragonFly takes care of properly redirecting keyboard input and monitor output as you switch from one virtual console to the next. + + +Special key combinations have been reserved by DragonFly for switching consoles[(3)](#FTN.AEN1087). You can use **Alt** - **F1** , **Alt** - **F2** , through **Alt** - **F8** to switch to a different virtual console in DragonFly. As you are switching from one console to the next, DragonFly takes care of saving and restoring the screen output. The result is an illusion of having multiple virtual screens and keyboards that you can use to type commands for DragonFly to run. The programs that you launch on one virtual console do not stop running when that console is not visible. They continue running when you have switched to a different virtual console. + + +### The /etc/ttys File + +The default configuration of DragonFly will start up with eight virtual consoles. This is not a hardwired setting though, and you can easily customize your installation to boot with more or fewer virtual consoles. The number and settings of the virtual consoles are configured in the `/etc/ttys` file. + + +You can use the `/etc/ttys` file to configure the virtual consoles of DragonFly. Each uncommented line in this file (lines that do not start with a `#` character) contains settings for a single terminal or virtual console. The default version of this file that ships with DragonFly configures nine virtual consoles, and enables eight of them. They are the lines that start with `ttyv`: + + + # name getty type status comments + # + ttyv0 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure + # Virtual terminals + ttyv1 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure + ttyv2 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure + ttyv3 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure + ttyv4 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure + ttyv5 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure + ttyv6 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure + ttyv7 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure + ttyv8 "/usr/pkg/xorg/bin/xdm -nodaemon" xterm off secure + + +For a detailed description of every column in this file and all the options you can use to set things up for the virtual consoles, consult the [ttys(5)](http://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command#ttys§ion5) manual page. + + + +### Single User Mode Console + +A detailed description of what single user mode is can be found in [boot-init.html#BOOT-SINGLEUSER Section 7.5.2]. It is worth noting that there is only one console when you are running DragonFly in single user mode. There are no virtual consoles available. The settings of the single user mode console can also be found in the `/etc/ttys` file. Look for the line that starts with `console`: + + + + # name getty type status comments + # + # If console is marked "insecure", then init will ask for the root password + # when going to single-user mode. + console none unknown off secure + + + + + + **Note:** As the comments above the `console` line indicate, you can edit this line and change `secure` to `insecure`. If you do that, when DragonFly boots into single user mode, it will still ask for the `root` password. ***Be careful when changing this to `insecure`***. If you ever forget the `root` password, booting into single user mode is a bit involved. It is still possible, but it might be a bit hard for someone who is not very comfortable with the DragonFly booting process and the programs involved. + + + +#### Notes + + + [[!table data=""" | [ (1)](consoles.html#AEN1036) | This is what `i386` means. Note that even if you are not running DragonFly on an Intel 386 CPU, this is going to be `i386`. It is not the type of your processor, but the processor ***architecture*** that is shown here. [ (2)](consoles.html#AEN1060) | Startup scripts are programs that are run automatically by DragonFly when booting. Their main function is to set things up for everything else to run, and start any services that you have configured to run in the background doing useful things. - [ (3)](consoles.html#AEN1087) | A fairly technical and accurate description of all the details of the DragonFly console and keyboard drivers can be found in the manual pages of [syscons(4)](http://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command#syscons§ion4), [atkbd(4)](http://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=atkbd§ion=4), [vidcontrol(1)](http://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=vidcontrol§ion=1) and [kbdcontrol(1)](http://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=kbdcontrol§ion=1). We will not expand on the details here, but the interested reader can always consult the manual pages for a more detailed and thorough explanation of how things work. | -"""]] - - -CategoryHandbook -CategoryHandbook-basics + [ (3)](consoles.html#AEN1087) | A fairly technical and accurate description of all the details of the DragonFly console and keyboard drivers can be found in the manual pages of [syscons(4)](http://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command#syscons§ion4), [atkbd(4)](http://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=atkbd§ion=4), [vidcontrol(1)](http://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=vidcontrol§ion=1) and [kbdcontrol(1)](http://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=kbdcontrol§ion=1). We will not expand on the details here, but the interested reader can always consult the manual pages for a more detailed and thorough explanation of how things work. | + +"""]] + + + + + +CategoryHandbook + +CategoryHandbook-basics + -- 2.41.0