2 * Copyright (c) 1983, 1989, 1993, 1994
3 * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
5 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
6 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
8 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
9 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
10 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
11 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
12 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
13 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
14 * must display the following acknowledgement:
15 * This product includes software developed by the University of
16 * California, Berkeley and its contributors.
17 * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
18 * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
19 * without specific prior written permission.
21 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
22 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
23 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
24 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
25 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
26 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
27 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
28 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
29 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
30 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
33 * @(#) Copyright (c) 1983, 1989, 1993, 1994 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
34 * @(#)newfs.c 8.13 (Berkeley) 5/1/95
35 * $FreeBSD: src/sbin/newfs/newfs.c,v 1.30.2.9 2003/05/13 12:03:55 joerg Exp $
36 * $DragonFly: src/sbin/newfs/newfs.c,v 1.4 2003/09/28 14:39:20 hmp Exp $
40 * newfs: friendly front end to mkfs
42 #include <sys/param.h>
44 #include <sys/disklabel.h>
46 #include <sys/mount.h>
48 #include <vfs/ufs/dir.h>
49 #include <vfs/ufs/dinode.h>
50 #include <vfs/ufs/fs.h>
51 #include <vfs/ufs/ufsmount.h>
64 #include <sys/types.h>
76 struct mntopt mopts[] = {
82 void fatal(const char *fmt, ...);
84 #define COMPAT /* allow non-labeled disks */
87 * The following two constants set the default block and fragment sizes.
88 * Both constants must be a power of 2 and meet the following constraints:
89 * MINBSIZE <= DESBLKSIZE <= MAXBSIZE
90 * sectorsize <= DESFRAGSIZE <= DESBLKSIZE
91 * DESBLKSIZE / DESFRAGSIZE <= 8
93 #define DFL_FRAGSIZE 2048
94 #define DFL_BLKSIZE 16384
97 * Cylinder groups may have up to many cylinders. The actual
98 * number used depends upon how much information can be stored
99 * on a single cylinder. The default is to use as many as possible
100 * cylinders per group.
102 #define DESCPG 65536 /* desired fs_cpg ("infinity") */
105 * Once upon a time...
106 * ROTDELAY gives the minimum number of milliseconds to initiate
107 * another disk transfer on the same cylinder. It is used in
108 * determining the rotationally optimal layout for disk blocks
109 * within a file; the default of fs_rotdelay is 4ms.
111 * ...but now we make this 0 to disable the rotdelay delay because
112 * modern drives with read/write-behind achieve higher performance
118 * MAXBLKPG determines the maximum number of data blocks which are
119 * placed in a single cylinder group. The default is one indirect
120 * block worth of data blocks.
122 #define MAXBLKPG(bsize) ((bsize) / sizeof(daddr_t))
125 * Each file system has a number of inodes statically allocated.
126 * We allocate one inode slot per NFPI fragments, expecting this
127 * to be far more than we will ever need.
132 * Once upon a time...
133 * For each cylinder we keep track of the availability of blocks at different
134 * rotational positions, so that we can lay out the data to be picked
135 * up with minimum rotational latency. NRPOS is the default number of
136 * rotational positions that we distinguish. With NRPOS of 8 the resolution
137 * of our summary information is 2ms for a typical 3600 rpm drive.
139 * ...but now we make this 1 (which essentially disables the rotational
140 * position table because modern drives with read-ahead and write-behind do
141 * better without the rotational position table.
143 #define NRPOS 1 /* number distinct rotational positions */
146 * About the same time as the above, we knew what went where on the disks.
147 * no longer so, so kill the code which finds the different platters too...
148 * We do this by saying one head, with a lot of sectors on it.
149 * The number of sectors are used to determine the size of a cyl-group.
150 * Kirk suggested one or two meg per "cylinder" so we say two.
152 #define NTRACKS 1 /* number of heads */
153 #define NSECTORS 4096 /* number of sectors */
155 int mfs; /* run as the memory based filesystem */
156 char *mfs_mtpt; /* mount point for mfs */
157 struct stat mfs_mtstat; /* stat prior to mount */
158 int Nflag; /* run without writing file system */
159 int Oflag; /* format as an 4.3BSD file system */
160 int Uflag; /* enable soft updates for file system */
161 int fssize; /* file system size */
162 int ntracks = NTRACKS; /* # tracks/cylinder */
163 int nsectors = NSECTORS; /* # sectors/track */
164 int nphyssectors; /* # sectors/track including spares */
165 int secpercyl; /* sectors per cylinder */
166 int trackspares = -1; /* spare sectors per track */
167 int cylspares = -1; /* spare sectors per cylinder */
168 int sectorsize; /* bytes/sector */
169 int realsectorsize; /* bytes/sector in hardware */
170 int rpm; /* revolutions/minute of drive */
171 int interleave; /* hardware sector interleave */
172 int trackskew = -1; /* sector 0 skew, per track */
173 int headswitch; /* head switch time, usec */
174 int trackseek; /* track-to-track seek, usec */
175 int fsize = 0; /* fragment size */
176 int bsize = 0; /* block size */
177 int cpg = DESCPG; /* cylinders/cylinder group */
178 int cpgflg; /* cylinders/cylinder group flag was given */
179 int minfree = MINFREE; /* free space threshold */
180 int opt = DEFAULTOPT; /* optimization preference (space or time) */
181 int density; /* number of bytes per inode */
182 int maxcontig = 0; /* max contiguous blocks to allocate */
183 int rotdelay = ROTDELAY; /* rotational delay between blocks */
184 int maxbpg; /* maximum blocks per file in a cyl group */
185 int nrpos = NRPOS; /* # of distinguished rotational positions */
186 int avgfilesize = AVFILESIZ;/* expected average file size */
187 int avgfilesperdir = AFPDIR;/* expected number of files per directory */
188 int bbsize = BBSIZE; /* boot block size */
189 int sbsize = SBSIZE; /* superblock size */
190 int mntflags = MNT_ASYNC; /* flags to be passed to mount */
191 int t_or_u_flag = 0; /* user has specified -t or -u */
192 u_long memleft; /* virtual memory available */
193 caddr_t membase; /* start address of memory based filesystem */
200 char device[MAXPATHLEN];
203 extern void mkfs __P((struct partition *, char *, int, int));
204 static void usage __P((void));
207 main(int argc, char **argv)
210 register struct partition *pp;
211 register struct disklabel *lp;
212 struct disklabel mfsfakelabel;
213 struct disklabel *getdisklabel();
214 struct partition oldpartition;
217 int fsi, fso, len, n, vflag;
218 char *cp, *s1, *s2, *special, *opstring;
226 if ((progname = strrchr(*argv, '/')))
231 if (strstr(progname, "mfs")) {
237 "NF:T:Ua:b:c:d:e:f:g:h:i:m:o:s:v" :
238 "NOS:T:Ua:b:c:d:e:f:g:h:i:k:l:m:n:o:p:r:s:t:u:vx:";
239 while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, opstring)) != -1)
248 if ((sectorsize = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
249 fatal("%s: bad sector size", optarg);
263 if ((maxcontig = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
264 fatal("%s: bad maximum contiguous blocks",
268 if ((bsize = atoi(optarg)) < MINBSIZE)
269 fatal("%s: bad block size", optarg);
272 if ((cpg = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
273 fatal("%s: bad cylinders/group", optarg);
277 if ((rotdelay = atoi(optarg)) < 0)
278 fatal("%s: bad rotational delay", optarg);
281 if ((maxbpg = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
282 fatal("%s: bad blocks per file in a cylinder group",
286 if ((fsize = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
287 fatal("%s: bad fragment size", optarg);
290 if ((avgfilesize = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
291 fatal("%s: bad average file size", optarg);
294 if ((avgfilesperdir = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
295 fatal("%s: bad average files per dir", optarg);
298 if ((density = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
299 fatal("%s: bad bytes per inode", optarg);
302 if ((trackskew = atoi(optarg)) < 0)
303 fatal("%s: bad track skew", optarg);
306 if ((interleave = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
307 fatal("%s: bad interleave", optarg);
310 if ((minfree = atoi(optarg)) < 0 || minfree > 99)
311 fatal("%s: bad free space %%", optarg);
314 if ((nrpos = atoi(optarg)) < 0)
315 fatal("%s: bad rotational layout count",
322 getmntopts(optarg, mopts, &mntflags, 0);
324 if (strcmp(optarg, "space") == 0)
326 else if (strcmp(optarg, "time") == 0)
329 fatal("%s: unknown optimization preference: use `space' or `time'", optarg);
333 if ((trackspares = atoi(optarg)) < 0)
334 fatal("%s: bad spare sectors per track",
338 if ((rpm = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
339 fatal("%s: bad revolutions/minute", optarg);
342 if ((fssize = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
343 fatal("%s: bad file system size", optarg);
347 if ((ntracks = atoi(optarg)) < 0)
348 fatal("%s: bad total tracks", optarg);
352 if ((nsectors = atoi(optarg)) < 0)
353 fatal("%s: bad sectors/track", optarg);
359 if ((cylspares = atoi(optarg)) < 0)
360 fatal("%s: bad spare sectors per cylinder",
370 if (argc != 2 && (mfs || argc != 1))
374 /* Copy the NetBSD way of faking up a disk label */
375 if (mfs && !strcmp(special, "swap")) {
377 * it's an MFS, mounted on "swap." fake up a label.
380 fso = -1; /* XXX; normally done below. */
382 memset(&mfsfakelabel, 0, sizeof(mfsfakelabel));
383 mfsfakelabel.d_secsize = 512;
384 mfsfakelabel.d_nsectors = 64;
385 mfsfakelabel.d_ntracks = 16;
386 mfsfakelabel.d_ncylinders = 16;
387 mfsfakelabel.d_secpercyl = 1024;
388 mfsfakelabel.d_secperunit = 16384;
389 mfsfakelabel.d_rpm = 3600;
390 mfsfakelabel.d_interleave = 1;
391 mfsfakelabel.d_npartitions = 1;
392 mfsfakelabel.d_partitions[0].p_size = 16384;
393 mfsfakelabel.d_partitions[0].p_fsize = 1024;
394 mfsfakelabel.d_partitions[0].p_frag = 8;
395 mfsfakelabel.d_partitions[0].p_cpg = 16;
398 pp = &mfsfakelabel.d_partitions[0];
403 cp = strrchr(special, '/');
406 * No path prefix; try /dev/%s.
408 (void)snprintf(device, sizeof(device), "%s%s", _PATH_DEV, special);
414 fso = open(special, O_WRONLY);
416 fatal("%s: %s", special, strerror(errno));
418 /* Bail if target special is mounted */
419 n = getmntinfo(&mp, MNT_NOWAIT);
421 fatal("%s: getmntinfo: %s", special, strerror(errno));
423 len = sizeof(_PATH_DEV) - 1;
425 if (strncmp(_PATH_DEV, s1, len) == 0)
429 s2 = mp->f_mntfromname;
430 if (strncmp(_PATH_DEV, s2, len) == 0) {
434 if (strcmp(s1, s2) == 0 || strcmp(s1, &s2[1]) == 0)
435 fatal("%s is mounted on %s",
436 special, mp->f_mntonname);
440 if (mfs && disktype != NULL) {
441 lp = (struct disklabel *)getdiskbyname(disktype);
443 fatal("%s: unknown disk type", disktype);
444 pp = &lp->d_partitions[1];
446 fsi = open(special, O_RDONLY);
448 fatal("%s: %s", special, strerror(errno));
449 if (fstat(fsi, &st) < 0)
450 fatal("%s: %s", special, strerror(errno));
451 if ((st.st_mode & S_IFMT) != S_IFCHR && !mfs)
452 printf("%s: %s: not a character-special device\n",
454 cp = strchr(argv[0], '\0');
456 fatal("null special file name");
458 if (!vflag && (*cp < 'a' || *cp > 'h') && !isdigit(*cp))
459 fatal("%s: can't figure out file system partition",
462 if (!mfs && disktype == NULL)
465 lp = getdisklabel(special, fsi);
466 if (vflag || isdigit(*cp))
467 pp = &lp->d_partitions[0];
469 pp = &lp->d_partitions[*cp - 'a'];
471 fatal("%s: `%c' partition is unavailable",
473 if (pp->p_fstype == FS_BOOT)
474 fatal("%s: `%c' partition overlaps boot program",
480 if (fssize > pp->p_size && !mfs)
481 fatal("%s: maximum file system size on the `%c' partition is %d",
482 argv[0], *cp, pp->p_size);
489 ntracks = lp->d_ntracks;
491 fatal("%s: no default #tracks", argv[0]);
494 nsectors = lp->d_nsectors;
496 fatal("%s: no default #sectors/track", argv[0]);
498 if (sectorsize == 0) {
499 sectorsize = lp->d_secsize;
501 fatal("%s: no default sector size", argv[0]);
503 if (trackskew == -1) {
504 trackskew = lp->d_trackskew;
508 if (interleave == 0) {
509 interleave = lp->d_interleave;
516 fsize = MAX(DFL_FRAGSIZE, lp->d_secsize);
519 bsize = pp->p_frag * pp->p_fsize;
521 bsize = MIN(DFL_BLKSIZE, 8 * fsize);
524 * Maxcontig sets the default for the maximum number of blocks
525 * that may be allocated sequentially. With filesystem clustering
526 * it is possible to allocate contiguous blocks up to the maximum
527 * transfer size permitted by the controller or buffering.
530 maxcontig = MAX(1, MAXPHYS / bsize - 1);
532 density = NFPI * fsize;
533 if (minfree < MINFREE && opt != FS_OPTSPACE) {
534 fprintf(stderr, "Warning: changing optimization to space ");
535 fprintf(stderr, "because minfree is less than %d%%\n", MINFREE);
538 if (trackspares == -1) {
539 trackspares = lp->d_sparespertrack;
543 nphyssectors = nsectors + trackspares;
544 if (cylspares == -1) {
545 cylspares = lp->d_sparespercyl;
549 secpercyl = nsectors * ntracks - cylspares;
551 * Only complain if -t or -u have been specified; the default
552 * case (4096 sectors per cylinder) is intended to disagree
553 * with the disklabel.
555 if (t_or_u_flag && secpercyl != lp->d_secpercyl)
556 fprintf(stderr, "%s (%d) %s (%lu)\n",
557 "Warning: calculated sectors per cylinder", secpercyl,
558 "disagrees with disk label", (u_long)lp->d_secpercyl);
560 maxbpg = MAXBLKPG(bsize);
561 headswitch = lp->d_headswitch;
562 trackseek = lp->d_trkseek;
563 #ifdef notdef /* label may be 0 if faked up by kernel */
564 bbsize = lp->d_bbsize;
565 sbsize = lp->d_sbsize;
569 realsectorsize = sectorsize;
570 if (sectorsize != DEV_BSIZE) { /* XXX */
571 int secperblk = DEV_BSIZE / sectorsize;
573 sectorsize = DEV_BSIZE;
574 nsectors /= secperblk;
575 nphyssectors /= secperblk;
576 secpercyl /= secperblk;
578 pp->p_size /= secperblk;
581 realsectorsize = sectorsize;
582 if (sectorsize != DEV_BSIZE) { /* XXX */
583 int secperblk = sectorsize / DEV_BSIZE;
585 sectorsize = DEV_BSIZE;
586 nsectors *= secperblk;
587 nphyssectors *= secperblk;
588 secpercyl *= secperblk;
590 pp->p_size *= secperblk;
596 stat(mfs_mtpt, &mfs_mtstat) < 0 ||
597 !S_ISDIR(mfs_mtstat.st_mode)
599 fatal("mount point not dir: %s", mfs_mtpt);
602 mkfs(pp, special, fsi, fso);
604 if (realsectorsize != DEV_BSIZE)
605 pp->p_size *= DEV_BSIZE / realsectorsize;
607 if (realsectorsize != DEV_BSIZE)
608 pp->p_size /= realsectorsize /DEV_BSIZE;
610 if (!Nflag && bcmp(pp, &oldpartition, sizeof(oldpartition)))
611 rewritelabel(special, fso, lp);
617 struct mfs_args args;
619 snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "mfs:%d", getpid());
621 args.export.ex_root = -2;
622 if (mntflags & MNT_RDONLY)
623 args.export.ex_flags = MNT_EXRDONLY;
625 args.export.ex_flags = 0;
627 args.size = fssize * sectorsize;
629 error = getvfsbyname("mfs", &vfc);
630 if (error && vfsisloadable("mfs")) {
632 fatal("vfsload(mfs)");
633 endvfsent(); /* flush cache */
634 error = getvfsbyname("mfs", &vfc);
637 fatal("mfs filesystem not available");
639 if (mount(vfc.vfc_name, argv[1], mntflags, &args) < 0)
640 fatal("%s: %s", argv[1], strerror(errno));
642 munmap(membase,fssize * sectorsize);
650 char lmsg[] = "%s: can't read disk label; disk type must be specified";
652 char lmsg[] = "%s: can't read disk label";
656 getdisklabel(char *s, int fd)
658 static struct disklabel lab;
660 if (ioctl(fd, DIOCGDINFO, (char *)&lab) < 0) {
663 struct disklabel *lp, *getdiskbyname();
666 lp = getdiskbyname(disktype);
668 fatal("%s: unknown disk type", disktype);
672 warn("ioctl (GDINFO)");
678 rewritelabel(char *s, int fd, register struct disklabel *lp)
685 lp->d_checksum = dkcksum(lp);
686 if (ioctl(fd, DIOCWDINFO, (char *)lp) < 0) {
687 warn("ioctl (WDINFO)");
688 fatal("%s: can't rewrite disk label", s);
694 fatal(const char *fmt, ...)
699 if (fcntl(STDERR_FILENO, F_GETFL) < 0) {
700 openlog(progname, LOG_CONS, LOG_DAEMON);
701 vsyslog(LOG_ERR, fmt, ap);
716 "usage: %s [ -fsoptions ] special-device mount-point\n",
720 "usage: %s [ -fsoptions ] special-device%s\n",
727 fprintf(stderr, "where fsoptions are:\n");
729 "\t-N do not create file system, just print out parameters\n");
730 fprintf(stderr, "\t-O create a 4.3BSD format filesystem\n");
731 fprintf(stderr, "\t-S sector size\n");
733 fprintf(stderr, "\t-T disktype\n");
735 fprintf(stderr, "\t-U enable soft updates\n");
736 fprintf(stderr, "\t-a maximum contiguous blocks\n");
737 fprintf(stderr, "\t-b block size\n");
738 fprintf(stderr, "\t-c cylinders/group\n");
739 fprintf(stderr, "\t-d rotational delay between contiguous blocks\n");
740 fprintf(stderr, "\t-e maximum blocks per file in a cylinder group\n");
741 fprintf(stderr, "\t-f frag size\n");
742 fprintf(stderr, "\t-g average file size\n");
743 fprintf(stderr, "\t-h average files per directory\n");
744 fprintf(stderr, "\t-i number of bytes per inode\n");
745 fprintf(stderr, "\t-k sector 0 skew, per track\n");
746 fprintf(stderr, "\t-l hardware sector interleave\n");
747 fprintf(stderr, "\t-m minimum free space %%\n");
748 fprintf(stderr, "\t-n number of distinguished rotational positions\n");
749 fprintf(stderr, "\t-o optimization preference (`space' or `time')\n");
750 fprintf(stderr, "\t-p spare sectors per track\n");
751 fprintf(stderr, "\t-s file system size (sectors)\n");
752 fprintf(stderr, "\t-r revolutions/minute\n");
753 fprintf(stderr, "\t-t tracks/cylinder\n");
754 fprintf(stderr, "\t-u sectors/track\n");
756 "\t-v do not attempt to determine partition name from device name\n");
757 fprintf(stderr, "\t-x spare sectors per cylinder\n");