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28 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
29 .\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $
36 .Nd layout of filesystems
38 A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy.
39 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/"
41 root directory of the filesystem
43 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
45 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
47 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
49 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
52 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
53 at boot time) and loadable kernel modules;
58 block and character device files
60 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact
62 file descriptor files;
67 system configuration files and scripts
69 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
71 bluetooth configuration files
73 default system configuration files;
80 .\"Firmware image files;
84 local timezone information;
88 Sendmail control files
90 mtree configuration files;
94 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
97 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
102 ppp configuration files;
106 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
110 OpenSSH configuration files;
114 OpenSSL configuration files
116 Files relevant to system upgrades
118 uucp configuration files;
123 HOME directories of non-root users
125 empty directory commonly used by
126 system administrators as a temporary mount point
128 pseudo file system directory (on
137 root's HOME directory
139 system programs and administration utilities
140 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
142 the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to
145 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
147 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
149 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
151 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
153 useful and semi-frivolous programs
155 standard C include files
157 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact
159 C include files for Internet service protocols
163 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
165 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact
167 The SCSI device on top of CAM
171 C include files for programming various
175 Include Files for various emulation layers
178 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact
185 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact
191 C include files for libmilter,
192 the sendmail mail filter API
194 C include files for libprop
196 machine-specific C include files
200 misc network C include files
206 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
210 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
214 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
216 kernel key-management service
224 C include files for NFS (Network File System)
226 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
228 Packet Capture (libpcap) headers;
234 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
236 get a line from a user, with editing;
240 remote procedure calls;
244 definition of RPC service structures; see
250 system C include files (kernel data structures)
252 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
254 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact
274 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact
276 a.out archive libraries
278 shared libraries for compatibility
280 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact
282 a.out backward compatibility libraries
285 OpenSSL dynamic engines
289 misc. utility data files
291 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
293 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils221/" -compact
296 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact
305 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact
313 utilities and filters for LP print system;
323 restricted shell for sendmail;
333 local executables, libraries, etc.
336 the general layout sketched out by
343 directory (directly under
348 .Pa share/doc/<app>/ ) ,
354 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
358 default destination directory for the
363 the general layout sketched out by
370 directory (directly under
375 .Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) ,
383 collection (optional).
385 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
387 architecture-independent files
389 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact
391 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
399 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact
401 words from Webster's 2nd International
411 miscellaneous documentation
412 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa legal/" -compact
414 License files for vendor supplied firmware
418 various examples for users and programmers
420 ASCII text files used by various games
422 device description file for device name
424 internationalization databases; see
427 GNU Info hypertext system
429 libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files
437 macros for use with the me macro package;
441 misc system-wide ASCII text files
443 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact
445 terminal characteristics database;
455 national language support files;
460 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact
466 sendmail configuration files;
470 example . (dot) files for new accounts
475 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
483 console keyboard maps;
493 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
502 text processing macros;
508 localization support and utilities for
511 timezone configuration information;
518 third-party, and/or local source files
520 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa nrelease/" -compact
522 source code for files in
525 source code for contributed software
527 source code for contributed cryptography software
529 source code for files in
532 source code for files in
535 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
537 source code for files in
540 source code for files in
543 source code for files in
546 files required to produce a
550 source code for files in
553 build directory for files in
561 tools used for maintenance and testing of
564 source code for files in
567 source code for files in
572 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
574 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
576 system accounting files
578 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact
580 execution accounting file;
586 timed command scheduling files;
590 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact
592 directory containing job files
594 directory containing output spool files
600 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
609 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact
617 misc. automatically generated system-specific database files
619 empty directory used by
621 for privilege separation
623 misc. game status and score files
625 per PFS (pseudo file system) snapshots directory for
629 misc. system log files
631 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact
641 system messages database;
645 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
650 filesystem quota information files
652 system information files describing various info about
653 system since it was booted
655 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact
659 group for command connection sockets; see
662 database of current users;
675 misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
677 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact
679 undelivered submission mail queue;
683 undelivered mail queue;
689 the anonymous ftp root directory
691 undelivered mail queue;
695 line printer spooling directories
701 public uucp temporary directory
705 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
707 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact
709 the directory where recovery files are stored
717 This manual page documents the default
719 filesystem layout, but
720 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
721 administrator's discretion.
722 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
737 manual page appeared in