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28 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
29 .\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $
36 .Nd layout of filesystems
38 A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy.
39 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/"
41 root directory of the filesystem
43 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
45 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
47 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
49 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
52 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
53 at boot time) and loadable kernel modules;
58 block and character device files
60 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact
62 file descriptor files;
67 system configuration files and scripts
69 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
71 bluetooth configuration files
73 default system configuration files;
80 .\"Firmware image files;
84 local timezone information;
88 Sendmail control files
90 mtree configuration files;
94 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
97 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
102 ppp configuration files;
106 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
110 OpenSSH configuration files;
114 OpenSSL configuration files
116 Files relevant to system upgrades
118 uucp configuration files;
123 HOME directories of non-root users
125 empty directory commonly used by
126 system administrators as a temporary mount point
128 pseudo file system directory (on
137 root's HOME directory
139 system programs and administration utilities
140 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
142 the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to
145 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
147 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
149 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
151 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
155 dports collection (optional).
157 useful and semi-frivolous programs
159 standard C include files
161 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact
163 C include files for Internet service protocols
167 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
169 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact
171 The SCSI device on top of CAM
175 C include files for programming various
179 Include Files for various emulation layers
182 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact
189 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact
195 C include files for libmilter,
196 the sendmail mail filter API
198 C include files for libprop
200 machine-specific C include files
204 misc network C include files
210 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
214 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
218 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
220 kernel key-management service
228 C include files for NFS (Network File System)
230 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
232 Packet Capture (libpcap) headers;
238 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
240 get a line from a user, with editing;
244 remote procedure calls;
248 definition of RPC service structures; see
254 system C include files (kernel data structures)
256 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
258 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact
278 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact
280 a.out archive libraries
282 shared libraries for compatibility
284 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact
286 a.out backward compatibility libraries
289 OpenSSL dynamic engines
293 misc. utility data files
295 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
297 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils221/" -compact
300 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact
309 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact
317 utilities and filters for LP print system;
327 restricted shell for sendmail;
337 local executables, libraries, etc.
338 Also used as the default destination for the
343 the general layout sketched out by
354 .Pa local/share/ Ns Pc ,
357 .Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc ,
363 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
367 default destination directory for the
372 the general layout sketched out by
379 directory (directly under
384 .Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) ,
392 collection (optional).
394 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
396 architecture-independent files
398 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact
400 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
408 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact
410 words from Webster's 2nd International
420 miscellaneous documentation
421 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa legal/" -compact
423 License files for vendor supplied firmware
427 various examples for users and programmers
429 ASCII text files used by various games
431 device description file for device name
433 internationalization databases; see
436 GNU Info hypertext system
438 libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files
446 macros for use with the me macro package;
450 misc system-wide ASCII text files
452 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact
454 terminal characteristics database;
464 national language support files;
469 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact
475 sendmail configuration files;
479 example . (dot) files for new accounts
484 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
492 console keyboard maps;
502 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
511 text processing macros;
517 localization support and utilities for
520 timezone configuration information;
527 third-party, and/or local source files
529 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa nrelease/" -compact
531 source code for files in
534 source code for contributed software
536 source code for contributed cryptography software
538 source code for files in
541 source code for files in
544 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
546 source code for files in
549 source code for files in
552 source code for files in
555 files required to produce a
559 source code for files in
562 build directory for files in
570 tools used for maintenance and testing of
573 source code for files in
576 source code for files in
581 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
583 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
585 system accounting files
587 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact
589 execution accounting file;
595 timed command scheduling files;
599 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact
601 directory containing job files
603 directory containing output spool files
609 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
618 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact
626 misc. automatically generated system-specific database files
628 empty directory used by
630 for privilege separation
632 misc. game status and score files
634 per PFS (pseudo file system) snapshots directory for
638 misc. system log files
640 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact
650 system messages database;
654 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
659 filesystem quota information files
661 system information files describing various info about
662 system since it was booted
664 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact
668 group for command connection sockets; see
671 database of current users;
684 misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
686 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact
688 undelivered submission mail queue;
692 undelivered mail queue;
698 the anonymous ftp root directory
700 undelivered mail queue;
704 line printer spooling directories
710 public uucp temporary directory
714 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
716 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact
718 the directory where recovery files are stored
726 This manual page documents the default
728 filesystem layout, but
729 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
730 administrator's discretion.
731 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
746 manual page appeared in