3 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
4 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
6 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
8 # Notes are at the end of this file
10 ###############################################################################
14 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
16 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
17 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 -
18 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 -
19 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 -
20 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 -
21 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 -
22 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
23 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 -
24 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
25 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
26 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
28 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
30 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
35 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
36 Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
37 Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
38 Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
39 Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
40 Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 -
41 Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
42 Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 -
43 Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
44 Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
45 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
48 Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec
49 8:45 Aus CWST 1943 Jul
54 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
55 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
56 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
57 # Queensland ceased to.
59 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
60 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
61 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
62 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
65 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
66 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
67 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
68 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
69 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
70 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
71 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
72 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
75 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
81 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
82 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
83 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
84 Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
85 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
86 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
87 Rule AS 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
88 Rule AS 1990 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
89 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
90 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
91 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
92 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
93 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
94 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
95 Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
96 Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
97 Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
98 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
99 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
106 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
107 # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml>
108 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
110 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
111 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
112 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
113 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
114 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 -
115 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
116 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
117 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
118 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
119 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
120 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
121 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 -
122 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
123 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
124 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
125 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
126 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
127 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
128 Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
129 Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
130 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
131 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
132 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
133 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
136 Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep
137 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
138 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
139 10:00 Aus EST 1971 Jul
143 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
144 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
145 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
146 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
147 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
148 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
149 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
150 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
151 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
152 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
153 Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
154 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
155 Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
156 Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
157 Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
158 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
159 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
164 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
165 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
166 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
167 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
168 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
169 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
170 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
171 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
172 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
173 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
174 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
175 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
176 Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
177 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
178 Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
179 Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
180 Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
181 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
182 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
185 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
186 10:00 - EST 1896 Aug 23
193 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
194 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
195 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
196 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
197 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
198 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
199 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
200 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
201 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
202 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
203 Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
204 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
205 Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
206 Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
207 Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 -
208 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
212 # Australian miscellany
214 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
215 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
219 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
223 # permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
224 # sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
225 # like Australia/Hobart
228 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
229 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
230 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
233 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
234 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
235 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
236 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
237 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
238 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
239 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
240 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
244 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
245 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
246 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
247 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
248 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
251 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
252 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
253 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
254 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
255 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
256 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
259 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
260 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
261 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time
262 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
263 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time
264 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
265 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time
266 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
270 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
271 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
272 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
273 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
274 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
277 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
278 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
279 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time
280 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
281 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
284 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
285 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time
290 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
291 Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
293 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
294 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23
295 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
298 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
299 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
300 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
302 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
304 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
308 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
309 Zone Pacific/Truk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
310 10:00 - TRUT # Truk Time
311 Zone Pacific/Ponape 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
312 11:00 - PONT # Ponape Time
313 Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
314 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
319 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
320 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
321 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
322 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15
327 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
328 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
329 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
330 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
331 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
332 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
333 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
334 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13
338 ###############################################################################
342 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
343 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
344 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
345 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
346 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
347 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
348 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
349 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
350 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
351 # convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
352 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
353 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
354 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
355 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S
356 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
357 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
358 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
359 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
360 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
361 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D
362 Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
363 Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
364 Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
365 Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
366 Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
367 Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
368 Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
369 Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
370 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
371 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
372 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
374 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1957 Jan 1
379 # uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
380 # and scientific personnel have wintered
383 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
384 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
385 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
386 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
388 ###############################################################################
392 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
393 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
394 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time
395 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1
399 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
400 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
401 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
402 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time
405 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
406 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
407 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
410 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
411 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
412 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
413 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
416 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
417 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
418 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00
419 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
422 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
424 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
425 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
426 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
427 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
430 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
432 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
433 -11:00 - WST # Samoa Time
436 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
437 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
438 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
439 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time
442 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
443 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
444 -10:00 - TKT # Tokelau Time
447 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
448 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
449 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
450 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
451 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
452 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
453 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
454 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
459 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
460 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
461 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
464 # US minor outlying islands
467 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
468 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
469 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
470 # uninhabited thereafter.
471 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UTC-10:30) in 1937;
472 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
473 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
474 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
475 # until they were abandoned after the war.
478 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
479 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
480 # uninhabited thereafter.
481 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
484 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
485 Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST
492 # From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
493 # [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
494 # published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
495 # reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly
496 # "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
497 # flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone
498 # designations that I've never seen before:....
499 # Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
500 # " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A "
502 Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
503 -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3
504 -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2
505 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
506 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
507 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
510 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
513 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
514 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
515 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
519 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
520 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
521 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
522 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
523 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
524 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
525 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
526 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
527 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
528 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
531 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
532 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
533 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
535 ###############################################################################
539 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
540 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
541 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
543 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
544 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
545 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
546 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
548 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
549 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
550 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
551 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
552 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
554 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
555 # entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
557 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
558 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
559 # I found in the UCLA library.
561 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
562 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
564 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
565 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
566 # Corrections are welcome!
568 # LMT Local Mean Time
569 # 8:00 WST WST Western Australia
570 # 8:45 CWST CWST Central Western Australia*
572 # 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
573 # 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
574 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
575 # 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
576 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
577 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
578 # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
581 # - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
583 # See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
584 # See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
586 ###############################################################################
590 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
591 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml">
592 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
593 # </a> summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
595 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
596 # <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving">
597 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
598 # </a> covers New South Wales in particular.
600 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
601 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
602 # It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
603 # and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
604 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
605 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
606 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
607 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
608 # the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
610 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
611 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
612 # or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
613 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
614 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
615 # prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
616 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
618 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
619 # Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
620 # CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
621 # WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
622 # EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
624 # From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01):
625 # I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones:
626 # <http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia-13time>
627 # And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations:
628 # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml>
630 # From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
631 # versus "AEST" etc.:
633 # I see the following points of dispute:
635 # * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
637 # Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
638 # Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
639 # operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
640 # (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
641 # Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
642 # In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
643 # abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
644 # think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
646 # On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
647 # abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
648 # particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
649 # time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
651 # * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
653 # Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
654 # many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
655 # which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
658 # Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
659 # refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
662 # * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
663 # Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
664 # the word "Australian"?
666 # My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
667 # common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
668 # popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
669 # often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
670 # following count of page hits:
672 # 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
673 # 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
674 # 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
675 # 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
677 # Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
678 # particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
679 # say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
680 # Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
682 # For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
683 # ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
684 # many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
685 # are the hit counts anyway:
687 # 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
688 # 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
689 # 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
690 # 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
692 # 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
693 # 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
694 # 176 "ACST" and domain:au
695 # 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
697 # 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
698 # 68 "AWST" and domain:au
700 # This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
701 # practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
702 # the ambiguities involved.
704 # * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
706 # If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
707 # against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
708 # saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
709 # understood in Australia.
711 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
712 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
713 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
714 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
715 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
716 # and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
717 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
719 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
721 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
722 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
723 # relevant entries in this database.
725 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
726 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
727 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
730 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
731 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
734 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">
735 # Standard Time Act, 1898
738 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
739 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
740 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
741 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
742 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
744 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
745 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
746 # to extend DST together in 2006.
747 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
748 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
749 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
750 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
751 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
754 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html.
758 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
759 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
761 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
763 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
765 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
766 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
767 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
771 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
772 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
774 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
775 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
776 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
777 # # before reaching parliament.
779 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
781 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
782 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
783 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
784 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
786 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
787 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
788 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
790 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
791 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
792 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
794 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
797 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
798 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
799 # it matches what was used in the past.
801 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
802 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
803 # </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
804 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
807 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
808 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
811 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
813 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
814 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
815 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
816 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
818 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
819 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
822 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
823 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
824 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
825 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
827 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
828 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
829 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
832 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
833 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
834 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
836 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
837 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
840 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
841 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
843 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
844 # from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
845 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
846 # <http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf>
848 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
849 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
850 # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
851 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
852 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
853 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
854 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
855 # Australia and Western Australia....
857 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
858 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
859 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
860 # <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>.
862 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
863 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
864 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
865 # coast of the continent.
867 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
868 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
869 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
870 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
871 # the largest population centre in this zone....
873 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
874 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
875 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
876 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
879 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
880 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
881 # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
882 # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
884 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
885 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
886 # introduction of standard time in 1895.
889 # southeast Australia
891 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
892 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
893 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
894 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
899 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
900 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
901 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
902 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
904 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
905 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
908 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
910 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
911 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
912 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
913 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
915 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
916 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
917 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
918 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
920 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
921 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
922 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
923 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
926 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
927 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
928 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
929 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
931 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
932 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
933 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
934 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
936 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
937 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
938 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
939 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
941 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
942 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
946 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
947 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
948 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
951 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
952 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
953 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
954 # (but nothing new about that).
956 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
957 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
958 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
959 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
960 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
961 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
963 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
964 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
966 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
967 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
971 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
972 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
973 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
976 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
977 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
978 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
979 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
980 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
981 # in Melbourne, Australia.
983 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
984 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
985 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
986 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
987 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
990 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
991 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
992 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
993 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
995 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
996 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
998 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
999 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1003 # From Arthur David Olson:
1004 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1005 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1007 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1008 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
1009 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1010 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1011 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
1012 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
1014 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1015 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1016 # October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
1017 # <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
1018 # Two months more daylight saving
1020 # Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
1022 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1023 # See the following official NSW source:
1024 # <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
1025 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1028 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1029 # daylight saving next year. See:
1030 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
1031 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1032 # </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1034 # Victoria will following NSW. See:
1035 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
1036 # Vic to extend daylight saving
1037 # </a> (1999-07-28).
1039 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1040 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
1041 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
1042 # </a> (1999-07-19).
1044 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1045 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
1046 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1047 # </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1048 # ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1049 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1050 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1051 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1052 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
1054 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1055 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
1056 # Broken Hill to be behind the times
1057 # </a> (1999-07-21).
1059 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1060 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1061 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1063 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1064 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1065 # towns to use Queensland time.
1067 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1068 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1072 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1073 # `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1075 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1076 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1079 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1080 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1081 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1082 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1083 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1084 # # presently available.
1085 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1087 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1088 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1089 # [followed by other Rules]
1093 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1094 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1096 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1097 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1099 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1100 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1101 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1102 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1103 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1104 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1105 # instead of only 30 minutes. Dependant on the wishes of residents
1106 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1107 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1108 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1110 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1111 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1112 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1113 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1114 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1115 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1117 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1118 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1119 # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1121 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1122 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1124 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1125 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1126 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1127 # summer (southern hemisphere).
1130 # <a href="http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf">
1131 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1133 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1134 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1135 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1136 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1137 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1138 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1139 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1141 # We have a wrap-up here:
1142 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html">
1143 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1145 ###############################################################################
1149 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1150 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1151 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1152 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1153 # source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1155 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1156 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1157 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1158 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1161 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1162 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1163 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1164 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1166 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1167 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1169 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1170 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1171 # rather than the October 1 value.
1173 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1174 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1175 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1176 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1177 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1178 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1180 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1181 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1182 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1183 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1185 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1186 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1187 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1189 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1190 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1191 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1192 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1193 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1195 ###############################################################################
1200 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1201 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1202 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1204 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1205 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1206 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1207 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1209 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1210 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1212 # From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
1213 # The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1214 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it
1215 # also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
1216 # islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
1219 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1220 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1224 # Johnston data is from usno1995.
1229 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1230 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1231 # ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
1232 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1237 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1238 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1239 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1240 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1241 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1244 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1246 # Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1247 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
1248 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1249 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1252 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1253 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1254 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1255 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1260 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1261 # ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
1262 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
1264 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
1265 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1267 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1268 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1269 # <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
1270 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
1272 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1273 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1278 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1279 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1280 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1281 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1282 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1283 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1284 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1285 # air at 6am your time.
1287 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1288 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1289 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1290 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1295 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1296 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1297 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1299 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1300 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1301 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1303 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1304 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1305 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1307 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1308 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1311 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1312 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1313 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1314 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1319 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1320 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1321 # ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1322 # ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
1323 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
1328 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1329 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
1330 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
1331 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1333 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1334 # <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">
1335 # How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
1338 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1339 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1340 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1341 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1342 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1343 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1345 # Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1346 # Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1347 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1349 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1350 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1351 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1352 # minutes we have lost?"
1354 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1355 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1356 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1358 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1359 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1361 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1362 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
1363 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1364 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1365 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1368 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1369 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1371 # I was given this link by John Letts:
1372 # <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
1373 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1376 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1377 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1378 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1379 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1381 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1382 # According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html">
1383 # http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
1385 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1386 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1387 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1388 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1389 # set back an hour on the closing date."
1390 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1392 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1393 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1394 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1396 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1397 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1398 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1399 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1400 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1401 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1402 # (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
1404 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1405 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1407 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1408 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1409 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1410 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1413 # From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1414 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1419 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1420 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1422 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the
1423 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1424 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1425 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1426 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1429 # http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
1431 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1432 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1434 ###############################################################################
1436 # The International Date Line
1438 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1440 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1441 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1442 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1443 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1445 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1446 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1447 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1448 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1449 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1450 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1451 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1452 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1453 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1454 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1455 # correct date is ambiguous.
1457 # From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1458 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1459 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1460 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1461 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1462 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1463 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1464 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1465 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1466 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1467 # entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were
1468 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1469 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
1471 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1474 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1475 # <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187>
1476 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1477 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
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