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28 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
29 .\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $
36 .Nd layout of filesystems
38 A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy.
39 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/"
41 root directory of the filesystem
43 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
45 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
47 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
49 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
52 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
53 at boot time) and loadable kernel modules;
58 files related to compatibility layers
60 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ndis/" -compact
67 block and character device files
69 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact
71 file descriptor files;
76 system configuration files and scripts
78 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
80 bluetooth configuration files
82 default system configuration files;
89 local timezone information;
93 Sendmail control files
95 mtree configuration files;
99 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
102 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
107 ppp configuration files;
111 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
115 OpenSSH configuration files;
119 OpenSSL configuration files
121 Files relevant to system upgrades
123 uucp configuration files;
128 HOME directories of non-root users
130 empty directory commonly used by
131 system administrators as a temporary mount point
133 pseudo file system directory (on
142 root's HOME directory
144 system programs and administration utilities
145 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
147 the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to
150 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
152 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
154 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
156 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
161 collection (optional).
163 useful and semi-frivolous programs
165 standard C include files
167 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact
169 C include files for Internet service protocols
173 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
175 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact
177 The SCSI device on top of CAM
181 C include files for programming various
185 Include Files for various emulation layers
188 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact
195 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact
201 C include files for libmilter,
202 the sendmail mail filter API
204 C include files for libprop
206 machine-specific C include files
210 misc network C include files
212 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
216 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
220 kernel key-management service
224 C include files for NFS (Network File System)
226 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
228 Packet Capture (libpcap) headers;
234 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
236 get a line from a user, with editing;
240 remote procedure calls;
244 definition of RPC service structures; see
250 system C include files (kernel data structures)
252 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
254 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact
274 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact
276 a.out archive libraries
278 shared libraries for compatibility
280 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact
282 a.out backward compatibility libraries
285 OpenSSL dynamic engines
289 misc. utility data files
291 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
293 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils222/" -compact
296 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact
305 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact
313 utilities and filters for LP print system;
323 restricted shell for sendmail;
333 local executables, libraries, etc.
334 Also used as the default destination for the
340 the general layout sketched out by
351 .Pa local/share/ Ns Pc ,
354 .Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc ,
360 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
364 default destination directory for the
369 the general layout sketched out by
376 directory (directly under
381 .Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) ,
389 collection (optional).
391 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
393 architecture-independent files
395 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact
397 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
405 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact
407 words from Webster's 2nd International
417 miscellaneous documentation
419 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa legal/" -compact
421 License files for vendor supplied firmware
425 various examples for users and programmers
427 ASCII text files used by various games
429 device description file for device name
431 internationalization databases; see
434 GNU Info hypertext system
436 libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files
444 macros for use with the me macro package;
448 misc system-wide ASCII text files
450 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact
452 terminal characteristics database;
462 national language support files;
467 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact
473 sendmail configuration files;
477 example . (dot) files for new accounts
482 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
490 console keyboard maps;
500 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
509 text processing macros;
515 localization support and utilities for
518 timezone configuration information;
525 third-party, and/or local source files
527 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa nrelease/" -compact
529 source code for files in
532 source code for contributed software
534 source code for contributed cryptography software
536 source code for files in
539 source code for files in
542 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
544 source code for files in
547 source code for files in
550 source code for files in
553 files required to produce a
557 source code for files in
560 build directory for files in
568 tools used for maintenance and testing of
571 source code for files in
574 source code for files in
579 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
581 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
583 system accounting files
585 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact
587 execution accounting file;
593 timed command scheduling files;
597 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact
599 directory containing job files
601 directory containing output spool files
607 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
616 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact
624 misc. automatically generated system-specific database files
626 empty directory used by
628 for privilege separation
630 misc. game status and score files
632 per PFS (pseudo file system) snapshots directory for
636 misc. system log files
638 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact
648 system messages database;
652 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
657 filesystem quota information files
659 system information files describing various info about
660 system since it was booted
662 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact
666 group for command connection sockets; see
669 database of current users;
673 rendez-vous files for posix named semaphores;
686 misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
688 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact
690 undelivered submission mail queue;
694 undelivered mail queue;
700 the anonymous ftp root directory
702 undelivered mail queue;
706 line printer spooling directories
712 public uucp temporary directory
716 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
718 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact
720 the directory where recovery files are stored
728 This manual page documents the default
730 filesystem layout, but
731 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
732 administrator's discretion.
733 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
748 manual page appeared in