2 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
3 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
5 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
7 # Notes are at the end of this file
9 ###############################################################################
13 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
15 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
16 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 -
17 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 -
18 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 -
19 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 -
20 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 -
21 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
22 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 -
23 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
24 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
25 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
27 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
29 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
34 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
35 Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
36 Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
37 Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
38 Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
39 Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 -
40 Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
41 Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 -
42 Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
43 Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
44 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
47 Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec
48 8:45 Aus CWST 1943 Jul
53 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
54 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
55 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
56 # Queensland ceased to.
58 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
59 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
60 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
61 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
64 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
65 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
66 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
67 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
68 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
69 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
70 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
71 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
74 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
80 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
81 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
82 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
83 Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
84 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
85 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
86 Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
87 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 -
88 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 -
89 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 -
90 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 -
91 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
92 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 -
93 Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
94 Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
95 Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
96 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
97 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
104 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
105 # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml>
106 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
108 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
109 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
110 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
111 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
112 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 -
113 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
114 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
115 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
116 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
117 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
118 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
119 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 -
120 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
121 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
122 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
123 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
124 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
125 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
126 Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
127 Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
128 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
129 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
130 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
131 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
134 Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep
135 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
136 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
137 10:00 Aus EST 1971 Jul
141 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
142 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
143 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
144 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
145 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
146 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
147 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
148 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
149 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
150 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
151 Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
152 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
153 Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
154 Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
155 Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
156 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
157 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
162 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
163 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
164 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
165 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
166 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
167 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
168 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
169 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
170 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
171 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
172 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
173 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
174 Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
175 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
176 Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
177 Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
178 Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
179 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
180 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
183 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
184 10:00 - EST 1896 Aug 23
191 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
192 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
193 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
194 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
195 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
196 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
197 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
198 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
199 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
200 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
201 Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
202 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
203 Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
204 Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
205 Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 -
206 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
210 # Australian miscellany
212 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
213 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
217 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
221 # Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
222 # sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the
223 # Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
224 # <http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828>
225 # <http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831>.
226 # Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
228 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
229 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
230 # - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
231 # switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
234 # From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
235 # The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
236 # will produce a binary file with an EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
237 # this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
238 # pre-2013 versions of localtime.
239 Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - zzz 1899 Nov
240 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
241 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
242 10:00 Aus EST 1919 Apr 1 0:00s
245 10:00 AT EST 2010 Apr 4 3:00
246 11:00 - MIST # Macquarie I Standard Time
249 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
250 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
251 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
254 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
255 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
256 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
257 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
258 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
259 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
260 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
261 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
265 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
266 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
267 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
268 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
269 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
273 # Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
275 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
276 # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
277 # from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010.
279 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
280 # <a href="http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719">
281 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
284 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html">
285 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
288 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
289 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
291 # <a href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml">
292 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
295 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
296 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
297 # 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
298 # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
299 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
302 # <a href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166">
303 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
306 # A bit more background info here:
307 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html">
308 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
311 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
312 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
313 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
314 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
315 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
316 # <a href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155">
317 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
320 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html">
321 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
324 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
325 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
326 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
328 # <a href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155">
329 # www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
332 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
333 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
334 # 2am on February 26 next year.
336 # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
337 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
338 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
340 # <a href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155">
341 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
345 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
346 # has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
347 # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
348 # on the 23rd of October, 2011.
350 # From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
351 # The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
352 # today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
353 # October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
354 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
356 # From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
357 # Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 and end at 3am
358 # on Sunday 19th January, 2014.... move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
359 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
361 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
362 # For now, guess that Fiji springs forward the Sunday before the fourth
363 # Monday in October. This matches both recent practice and
364 # timeanddate.com's current spring-forward prediction.
365 # For the January 2014 transition we guessed right while timeanddate.com
366 # guessed wrong, so leave the fall-back prediction alone.
368 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
369 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
370 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
371 Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 S
372 Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 -
373 Rule Fiji 2010 max - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 S
374 Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
375 Rule Fiji 2012 max - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 -
376 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
377 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
378 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
381 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
382 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
383 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time
384 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
385 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time
386 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
387 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time
388 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
392 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
393 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
394 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
395 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
396 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
399 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
400 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
401 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time
402 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
403 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
406 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
407 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time
412 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
413 Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
415 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
416 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23
417 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
420 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
421 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
422 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
424 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
426 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
430 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
431 Zone Pacific/Chuuk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
432 10:00 - CHUT # Chuuk Time
433 Zone Pacific/Pohnpei 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
434 11:00 - PONT # Pohnpei Time
435 Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
436 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
441 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
442 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
443 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
444 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15
449 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
450 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
451 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
452 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
453 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
454 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
455 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
456 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13
460 ###############################################################################
464 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
465 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
466 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
467 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
468 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
469 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
470 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
471 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
472 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
473 # convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
474 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
475 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
476 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
477 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S
478 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
479 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
480 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
481 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
482 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
483 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D
484 Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
485 Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
486 Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
487 Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
488 Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
489 Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
490 Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
491 Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
492 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
493 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
494 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
496 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1957 Jan 1
499 Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
502 # uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
503 # and scientific personnel have wintered
506 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
507 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
508 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
509 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
511 ###############################################################################
515 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
516 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
517 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time
518 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1
522 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
523 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
524 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
525 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time
528 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
529 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
530 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
533 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
534 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
535 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
536 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
539 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
540 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
541 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00
542 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
545 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
547 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
548 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
549 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
550 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
554 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
555 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
556 # the following info:
558 # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
559 # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
560 # Sunday of April 2011."
563 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html">
564 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
567 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
569 # <a href="http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf">
570 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
573 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
575 # <a href="http://www.mcil.gov.ws">
576 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
578 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
579 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
580 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
581 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
583 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
584 # I believe this will be posted shortly on the website
585 # <a href="http://www.mcil.gov.ws">
589 # PUBLIC NOTICE ON DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME
591 # Pursuant to the Daylight Saving Act 2009 and Cabinets decision,
592 # businesses and the general public are hereby advised that daylight
593 # saving time is on the first Saturday of April 2011 (02/04/11).
595 # The public is therefore advised that when the standard time strikes
596 # the hour of four oclock (4.00am or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011,
597 # then all instruments used to measure standard time are to be
598 # adjusted/changed to three oclock (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
600 # Margaret Fruean ACTING CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER MINISTRY OF COMMERCE,
601 # INDUSTRY AND LABOUR 28th February 2011
603 # From David Zuelke (2011-05-09):
604 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
606 # <a href="http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963">
607 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
610 # From Mark Sim-Smith (2011-08-17):
611 # I have been in contact with Leilani Tuala Warren from the Samoa Law
612 # Reform Commission, and she has sent me a copy of the Bill that she
613 # confirmed has been passed...Most of the sections are about maps rather
614 # than the time zone change, but I'll paste the relevant bits below. But
615 # the essence is that at midnight 29 Dec (UTC-11 I suppose), Samoa
616 # changes from UTC-11 to UTC+13:
618 # International Date Line Bill 2011
620 # AN ACT to provide for the change to standard time in Samoa and to make
621 # consequential amendments to the position of the International Date
622 # Line, and for related purposes.
624 # BE IT ENACTED by the Legislative Assembly of Samoa in Parliament
625 # assembled as follows:
627 # 1. Short title and commencement-(1) This Act may be cited as the
628 # International Date Line Act 2011. (2) Except for section 5(3) this Act
629 # commences at 12 o'clock midnight, on Thursday 29th December 2011. (3)
630 # Section 5(3) commences on the date of assent by the Head of State.
634 # 3. Interpretation - [snip] "Samoa standard time" in this Act and any
635 # other statute of Samoa which refers to 'Samoa standard time' means the
636 # time 13 hours in advance of Co-ordinated Universal Time.
638 # 4. Samoa standard time - (1) Upon the commencement of this Act, Samoa
639 # standard time shall be set at 13 hours in advance of Co-ordinated
640 # Universal Time for the whole of Samoa. (2) All references to Samoa's
641 # time zone and to Samoa standard time in Samoa in all legislation and
642 # instruments after the commencement of this Act shall be references to
643 # Samoa standard time as provided for in this Act. (3) Nothing in this
644 # Act affects the provisions of the Daylight Saving Act 2009, except that
645 # it defines Samoa standard time....
647 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
648 # <a href="http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html">
649 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
652 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
655 # Year End Time Start Time
656 # 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
657 # 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - -
659 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
660 # Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours
661 # Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours
663 # Clarification by Tim Parenti (2012-01-03):
664 # Although Samoa has used Daylight Saving Time in the 2010-2011 and 2011-2012
665 # seasons, there is not yet any indication that this trend will continue on
666 # a regular basis. For now, we have explicitly listed the transitions below.
668 # From Nicky (2012-09-10):
669 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
670 # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013.
672 # Please find link below for more information.
673 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
675 # That publication also includes dates for Summer of 2013/4 as well
676 # which give the impression of a pattern in selecting dates for the
677 # future, so for now, we will guess this will continue.
680 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
681 Rule WS 2012 max - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 D
682 Rule WS 2012 max - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 -
683 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
684 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
686 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
687 -11:00 - WST 2010 Sep 26
688 -11:00 1:00 WSDT 2011 Apr 2 4:00
689 -11:00 - WST 2011 Sep 24 3:00
690 -11:00 1:00 WSDT 2011 Dec 30
691 13:00 1:00 WSDT 2012 Apr Sun>=1 4:00
695 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
696 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
697 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
698 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time
702 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
703 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
704 # December 31 this year ...
706 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
707 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
708 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
709 # Shanks says UTC-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
710 # actually was to UTC-11 back then.
712 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
713 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
714 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
715 # <http://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
716 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
717 # are off by an hour starting in 1901.
719 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
720 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
721 -11:00 - TKT 2011 Dec 30 # Tokelau Time
725 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
726 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
727 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
728 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
729 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
730 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
731 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
732 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
737 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
738 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
739 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
742 # US minor outlying islands
745 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
746 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
747 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
748 # uninhabited thereafter.
749 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT-10:30) in 1937;
750 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
751 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
752 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
753 # until they were abandoned after the war.
756 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
757 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
758 # uninhabited thereafter.
759 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
763 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-03):
764 # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
765 # <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
766 # "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
767 # Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and
768 # confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
769 # We have no better information, so for now, assume this has been true
770 # indefinitely into the past.
772 # See 'northamerica' for Pacific/Johnston.
779 # From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
780 # [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
781 # published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
782 # reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly
783 # "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
784 # flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone
785 # designations that I've never seen before:....
786 # Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
787 # " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A "
789 Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
790 -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3
791 -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2
792 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
793 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
794 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
797 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
800 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
801 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
802 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
806 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
807 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
808 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
809 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
810 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
811 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
812 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
813 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
814 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
815 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
818 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
819 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
820 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
822 ###############################################################################
826 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
827 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
828 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
830 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
831 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
832 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
833 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
835 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
836 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
837 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
838 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
839 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
841 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
842 # entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
844 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
845 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
846 # I found in the UCLA library.
848 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
849 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
850 # <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.
852 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
853 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
855 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
856 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
857 # Corrections are welcome!
859 # LMT Local Mean Time
860 # 8:00 WST WST Western Australia
861 # 8:45 CWST CWST Central Western Australia*
863 # 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
864 # 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
865 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
866 # 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
867 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
868 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
869 # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
872 # - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
874 # See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
875 # See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
877 ###############################################################################
881 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
882 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml">
883 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
884 # </a> summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
886 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
887 # <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving">
888 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
889 # </a> covers New South Wales in particular.
891 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
892 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
893 # It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
894 # and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
895 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
896 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
897 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
898 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
899 # the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
901 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
902 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
903 # or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
904 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
905 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
906 # prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
907 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
909 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
910 # Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
911 # CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
912 # WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
913 # EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
915 # From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01):
916 # I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones:
917 # <http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia-13time>
918 # And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations:
919 # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml>
921 # From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
922 # versus "AEST" etc.:
924 # I see the following points of dispute:
926 # * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
928 # Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
929 # Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
930 # operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
931 # (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
932 # Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
933 # In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
934 # abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
935 # think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
937 # On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
938 # abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
939 # particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
940 # time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
942 # * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
944 # Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
945 # many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
946 # which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
949 # Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
950 # refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
953 # * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
954 # Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
955 # the word "Australian"?
957 # My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
958 # common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
959 # popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
960 # often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
961 # following count of page hits:
963 # 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
964 # 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
965 # 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
966 # 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
968 # Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
969 # particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
970 # say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
971 # Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
973 # For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
974 # ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
975 # many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
976 # are the hit counts anyway:
978 # 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
979 # 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
980 # 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
981 # 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
983 # 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
984 # 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
985 # 176 "ACST" and domain:au
986 # 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
988 # 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
989 # 68 "AWST" and domain:au
991 # This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
992 # practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
993 # the ambiguities involved.
995 # * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
997 # If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
998 # against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
999 # saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
1000 # understood in Australia.
1002 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
1003 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1004 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
1005 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
1006 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
1007 # and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
1008 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
1010 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
1012 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
1013 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
1014 # relevant entries in this database.
1016 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
1017 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
1018 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
1021 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
1022 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
1025 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">
1026 # Standard Time Act, 1898
1029 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
1030 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
1031 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
1032 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
1033 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
1035 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
1036 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
1037 # to extend DST together in 2006.
1038 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
1039 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
1040 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
1041 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
1042 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
1044 # But not Queensland
1045 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html.
1047 # Northern Territory
1049 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1050 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
1052 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
1054 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
1056 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1057 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1058 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
1062 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1063 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
1065 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
1066 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
1067 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
1068 # # before reaching parliament.
1070 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
1072 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1073 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1074 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1075 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1077 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1078 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1079 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
1081 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
1082 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
1083 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
1085 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
1088 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1089 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
1090 # it matches what was used in the past.
1092 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
1093 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
1094 # </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
1095 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
1098 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1099 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
1102 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
1104 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1105 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
1106 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1107 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
1109 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
1110 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
1113 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1114 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1115 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1116 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1118 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1119 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
1120 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
1123 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
1124 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
1125 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
1127 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1128 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1131 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1132 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
1134 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
1135 # from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
1136 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
1137 # <http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf>
1139 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
1140 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
1141 # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
1142 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
1143 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
1144 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
1145 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
1146 # Australia and Western Australia....
1148 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
1149 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
1150 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
1151 # <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>.
1153 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
1154 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
1155 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
1156 # coast of the continent.
1158 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
1159 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
1160 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
1161 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
1162 # the largest population centre in this zone....
1164 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
1165 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
1166 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
1167 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
1170 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
1171 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
1172 # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
1173 # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
1175 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
1176 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
1177 # introduction of standard time in 1895.
1180 # southeast Australia
1182 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1183 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
1184 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
1185 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
1190 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1191 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1192 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1193 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1195 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1196 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
1199 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
1201 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1202 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1203 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
1204 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1206 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
1207 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
1208 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
1209 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
1211 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
1212 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
1213 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
1214 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
1217 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
1218 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
1219 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
1220 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
1222 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
1223 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
1224 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
1225 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
1227 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
1228 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
1229 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
1230 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
1232 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1233 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1237 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1238 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1239 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1242 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
1243 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
1244 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
1245 # (but nothing new about that).
1247 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
1248 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
1249 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
1250 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
1251 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
1252 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
1254 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
1255 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
1257 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1258 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1262 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1263 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1264 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1267 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1268 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1269 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
1270 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1271 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1272 # in Melbourne, Australia.
1274 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1275 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1276 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1277 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1278 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1281 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1282 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1283 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
1284 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1286 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1287 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1289 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1290 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1294 # From Arthur David Olson:
1295 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1296 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1298 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1299 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
1300 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1301 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1302 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
1303 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
1305 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1306 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1307 # October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
1308 # <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
1309 # Two months more daylight saving
1311 # Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
1313 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1314 # See the following official NSW source:
1315 # <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
1316 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1319 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1320 # daylight saving next year. See:
1321 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
1322 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1323 # </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1325 # Victoria will following NSW. See:
1326 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
1327 # Vic to extend daylight saving
1328 # </a> (1999-07-28).
1330 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1331 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
1332 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
1333 # </a> (1999-07-19).
1335 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1336 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
1337 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1338 # </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1339 # ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1340 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1341 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1342 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1343 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
1345 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1346 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
1347 # Broken Hill to be behind the times
1348 # </a> (1999-07-21).
1350 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1351 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1352 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1354 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1355 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1356 # towns to use Queensland time.
1358 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1359 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1363 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1364 # `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1366 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1367 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1370 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1371 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1372 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1373 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1374 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1375 # # presently available.
1376 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1378 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1379 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1380 # [followed by other Rules]
1384 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1385 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1387 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1388 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1390 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1391 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1392 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1393 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1394 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1395 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1396 # instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
1397 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1398 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1399 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1401 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1402 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1403 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1404 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1405 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1406 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1408 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1409 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1410 # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1412 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1413 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1415 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1416 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1417 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1418 # summer (southern hemisphere).
1421 # <a href="http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf">
1422 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1424 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1425 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1426 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1427 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1428 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1429 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1430 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1432 # We have a wrap-up here:
1433 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html">
1434 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1436 ###############################################################################
1440 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1441 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1442 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1443 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1444 # source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1446 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1447 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1448 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1449 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1452 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1453 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1454 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1455 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1457 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1458 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1460 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1461 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1462 # rather than the October 1 value.
1464 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1465 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1466 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1467 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1468 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1469 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1471 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1472 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1473 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1474 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1476 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1477 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1478 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1480 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1481 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1482 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1483 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1484 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1486 ###############################################################################
1491 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1492 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1493 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1495 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1496 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1497 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1498 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1500 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1501 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1503 # From the BBC World Service in
1504 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
1505 # The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1506 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
1507 # intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
1508 # of the new millennium.
1510 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1511 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1515 # Johnston data is from usno1995.
1520 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1521 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1522 # ``declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
1523 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1528 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1529 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1530 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1531 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1532 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1535 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1537 # Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1538 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
1539 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1540 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1543 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1544 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1545 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1546 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1551 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1552 # ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
1553 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
1555 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
1556 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1558 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1559 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1560 # <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
1561 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
1563 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1564 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1569 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1570 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1571 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1572 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1573 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1574 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1575 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1576 # air at 6am your time.
1578 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1579 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1580 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1581 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1586 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1587 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1588 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1590 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1591 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1592 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1594 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1595 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1596 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1598 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1599 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1602 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1603 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1604 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1605 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1610 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1611 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1612 # ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1613 # ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
1614 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
1619 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1620 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
1621 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
1622 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1624 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1625 # <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">
1626 # How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
1629 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1630 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1631 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1632 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1633 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1634 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1636 # Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1637 # Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1638 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1640 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1641 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1642 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1643 # minutes we have lost?"
1645 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1646 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1647 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1649 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1650 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1652 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1653 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
1654 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1655 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1656 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1659 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1660 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1662 # I was given this link by John Letts:
1663 # <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
1664 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1667 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1668 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1669 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1670 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1672 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1673 # According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html">
1674 # http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
1676 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1677 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1678 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1679 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1680 # set back an hour on the closing date."
1681 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1683 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1684 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1685 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1687 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1688 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1689 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1690 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1691 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1692 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1693 # (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
1695 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1696 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1698 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1699 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1700 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1701 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1704 # From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1705 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1710 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1711 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1713 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the
1714 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1715 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1716 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1717 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1720 # http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
1722 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1723 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1725 ###############################################################################
1727 # The International Date Line
1729 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1731 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1732 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1733 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1734 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1736 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1737 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1738 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1739 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1740 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1741 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1742 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1743 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1744 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1745 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1746 # correct date is ambiguous.
1748 # From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1749 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1750 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1751 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1752 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1753 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1754 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1755 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1756 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1757 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1758 # entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were
1759 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1760 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
1762 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1765 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1766 # <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187>
1767 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1768 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
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