@c Copyright 2009, 2011 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. @c This is part of the GAS manual. @c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo. @ifset GENERIC @page @node S/390-Dependent @chapter IBM S/390 Dependent Features @end ifset @ifclear GENERIC @node Machine Dependencies @chapter IBM S/390 Dependent Features @end ifclear @cindex s390 support The s390 version of @code{@value{AS}} supports two architectures modes and seven chip levels. The architecture modes are the Enterprise System Architecture (ESA) and the newer z/Architecture mode. The chip levels are g5, g6, z900, z990, z9-109, z9-ec, z10, z196, and zEC12. @menu * s390 Options:: Command-line Options. * s390 Characters:: Special Characters. * s390 Syntax:: Assembler Instruction syntax. * s390 Directives:: Assembler Directives. * s390 Floating Point:: Floating Point. @end menu @node s390 Options @section Options @cindex options for s390 @cindex s390 options The following table lists all available s390 specific options: @table @code @cindex @samp{-m31} option, s390 @cindex @samp{-m64} option, s390 @item -m31 | -m64 Select 31- or 64-bit ABI implying a word size of 32- or 64-bit. These options are only available with the ELF object file format, and require that the necessary BFD support has been included (on a 31-bit platform you must add --enable-64-bit-bfd on the call to the configure script to enable 64-bit usage and use s390x as target platform). @cindex @samp{-mesa} option, s390 @cindex @samp{-mzarch} option, s390 @item -mesa | -mzarch Select the architecture mode, either the Enterprise System Architecture (esa) mode or the z/Architecture mode (zarch). The 64-bit instructions are only available with the z/Architecture mode. The combination of @samp{-m64} and @samp{-mesa} results in a warning message. @cindex @samp{-march=} option, s390 @item -march=@var{CPU} This option specifies the target processor. The following processor names are recognized: @code{g5}, @code{g6}, @code{z900}, @code{z990}, @code{z9-109}, @code{z9-ec}, @code{z10} and @code{z196}. Assembling an instruction that is not supported on the target processor results in an error message. Do not specify @code{g5} or @code{g6} with @samp{-mzarch}. @cindex @samp{-mregnames} option, s390 @item -mregnames Allow symbolic names for registers. @cindex @samp{-mno-regnames} option, s390 @item -mno-regnames Do not allow symbolic names for registers. @cindex @samp{-mwarn-areg-zero} option, s390 @item -mwarn-areg-zero Warn whenever the operand for a base or index register has been specified but evaluates to zero. This can indicate the misuse of general purpose register 0 as an address register. @end table @node s390 Characters @section Special Characters @cindex line comment character, s390 @cindex s390 line comment character @samp{#} is the line comment character. If a @samp{#} appears as the first character of a line then the whole line is treated as a comment, but in this case the line could also be a logical line number directive (@pxref{Comments}) or a preprocessor control command (@pxref{Preprocessing}). @cindex line separator, s390 @cindex statement separator, s390 @cindex s390 line separator The @samp{;} character can be used instead of a newline to separate statements. @node s390 Syntax @section Instruction syntax @cindex instruction syntax, s390 @cindex s390 instruction syntax The assembler syntax closely follows the syntax outlined in Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 Principles of Operation (SA22-7201) and the z/Architecture Principles of Operation (SA22-7832). Each instruction has two major parts, the instruction mnemonic and the instruction operands. The instruction format varies. @menu * s390 Register:: Register Naming * s390 Mnemonics:: Instruction Mnemonics * s390 Operands:: Instruction Operands * s390 Formats:: Instruction Formats * s390 Aliases:: Instruction Aliases * s390 Operand Modifier:: Instruction Operand Modifier * s390 Instruction Marker:: Instruction Marker * s390 Literal Pool Entries:: Literal Pool Entries @end menu @node s390 Register @subsection Register naming @cindex register naming, s390 @cindex s390 register naming The @code{@value{AS}} recognizes a number of predefined symbols for the various processor registers. A register specification in one of the instruction formats is an unsigned integer between 0 and 15. The specific instruction and the position of the register in the instruction format denotes the type of the register. The register symbols are prefixed with @samp{%}: @display @multitable {%rN} {the 16 general purpose registers, 0 <= N <= 15} @item %rN @tab the 16 general purpose registers, 0 <= N <= 15 @item %fN @tab the 16 floating point registers, 0 <= N <= 15 @item %aN @tab the 16 access registers, 0 <= N <= 15 @item %cN @tab the 16 control registers, 0 <= N <= 15 @item %lit @tab an alias for the general purpose register %r13 @item %sp @tab an alias for the general purpose register %r15 @end multitable @end display @node s390 Mnemonics @subsection Instruction Mnemonics @cindex instruction mnemonics, s390 @cindex s390 instruction mnemonics All instructions documented in the Principles of Operation are supported with the mnemonic and order of operands as described. The instruction mnemonic identifies the instruction format (@ref{s390 Formats}) and the specific operation code for the instruction. For example, the @samp{lr} mnemonic denotes the instruction format @samp{RR} with the operation code @samp{0x18}. The definition of the various mnemonics follows a scheme, where the first character usually hint at the type of the instruction: @display @multitable {sla, sll} {if r is the last character the instruction operates on registers} @item a @tab add instruction, for example @samp{al} for add logical 32-bit @item b @tab branch instruction, for example @samp{bc} for branch on condition @item c @tab compare or convert instruction, for example @samp{cr} for compare register 32-bit @item d @tab divide instruction, for example @samp{dlr} devide logical register 64-bit to 32-bit @item i @tab insert instruction, for example @samp{ic} insert character @item l @tab load instruction, for example @samp{ltr} load and test register @item mv @tab move instruction, for example @samp{mvc} move character @item m @tab multiply instruction, for example @samp{mh} multiply halfword @item n @tab and instruction, for example @samp{ni} and immediate @item o @tab or instruction, for example @samp{oc} or character @item sla, sll @tab shift left single instruction @item sra, srl @tab shift right single instruction @item st @tab store instruction, for example @samp{stm} store multiple @item s @tab subtract instruction, for example @samp{slr} subtract logical 32-bit @item t @tab test or translate instruction, of example @samp{tm} test under mask @item x @tab exclusive or instruction, for example @samp{xc} exclusive or character @end multitable @end display Certain characters at the end of the mnemonic may describe a property of the instruction: @display @multitable {c} {if r is the last character the instruction operates on registers} @item c @tab the instruction uses a 8-bit character operand @item f @tab the instruction extends a 32-bit operand to 64 bit @item g @tab the operands are treated as 64-bit values @item h @tab the operand uses a 16-bit halfword operand @item i @tab the instruction uses an immediate operand @item l @tab the instruction uses unsigned, logical operands @item m @tab the instruction uses a mask or operates on multiple values @item r @tab if r is the last character, the instruction operates on registers @item y @tab the instruction uses 20-bit displacements @end multitable @end display There are many exceptions to the scheme outlined in the above lists, in particular for the priviledged instructions. For non-priviledged instruction it works quite well, for example the instruction @samp{clgfr} c: compare instruction, l: unsigned operands, g: 64-bit operands, f: 32- to 64-bit extension, r: register operands. The instruction compares an 64-bit value in a register with the zero extended 32-bit value from a second register. For a complete list of all mnemonics see appendix B in the Principles of Operation. @node s390 Operands @subsection Instruction Operands @cindex instruction operands, s390 @cindex s390 instruction operands Instruction operands can be grouped into three classes, operands located in registers, immediate operands, and operands in storage. A register operand can be located in general, floating-point, access, or control register. The register is identified by a four-bit field. The field containing the register operand is called the R field. Immediate operands are contained within the instruction and can have 8, 16 or 32 bits. The field containing the immediate operand is called the I field. Dependent on the instruction the I field is either signed or unsigned. A storage operand consists of an address and a length. The address of a storage operands can be specified in any of these ways: @itemize @item The content of a single general R @item The sum of the content of a general register called the base register B plus the content of a displacement field D @item The sum of the contents of two general registers called the index register X and the base register B plus the content of a displacement field @item The sum of the current instruction address and a 32-bit signed immediate field multiplied by two. @end itemize The length of a storage operand can be: @itemize @item Implied by the instruction @item Specified by a bitmask @item Specified by a four-bit or eight-bit length field L @item Specified by the content of a general register @end itemize The notation for storage operand addresses formed from multiple fields is as follows: @table @code @item Dn(Bn) the address for operand number n is formed from the content of general register Bn called the base register and the displacement field Dn. @item Dn(Xn,Bn) the address for operand number n is formed from the content of general register Xn called the index register, general register Bn called the base register and the displacement field Dn. @item Dn(Ln,Bn) the address for operand number n is formed from the content of general regiser Bn called the base register and the displacement field Dn. The length of the operand n is specified by the field Ln. @end table The base registers Bn and the index registers Xn of a storage operand can be skipped. If Bn and Xn are skipped, a zero will be stored to the operand field. The notation changes as follows: @display @multitable @columnfractions 0.30 0.30 @headitem full notation @tab short notation @item Dn(0,Bn) @tab Dn(Bn) @item Dn(0,0) @tab Dn @item Dn(0) @tab Dn @item Dn(Ln,0) @tab Dn(Ln) @end multitable @end display @node s390 Formats @subsection Instruction Formats @cindex instruction formats, s390 @cindex s390 instruction formats The Principles of Operation manuals lists 26 instruction formats where some of the formats have multiple variants. For the @samp{.insn} pseudo directive the assembler recognizes some of the formats. Typically, the most general variant of the instruction format is used by the @samp{.insn} directive. The following table lists the abbreviations used in the table of instruction formats: @display @multitable {OpCode / OpCd} {Displacement lower 12 bits for operand x.} @item OpCode / OpCd @tab Part of the op code. @item Bx @tab Base register number for operand x. @item Dx @tab Displacement for operand x. @item DLx @tab Displacement lower 12 bits for operand x. @item DHx @tab Displacement higher 8-bits for operand x. @item Rx @tab Register number for operand x. @item Xx @tab Index register number for operand x. @item Ix @tab Signed immediate for operand x. @item Ux @tab Unsigned immediate for operand x. @end multitable @end display An instruction is two, four, or six bytes in length and must be aligned on a 2 byte boundary. The first two bits of the instruction specify the length of the instruction, 00 indicates a two byte instruction, 01 and 10 indicates a four byte instruction, and 11 indicates a six byte instruction. The following table lists the s390 instruction formats that are available with the @samp{.insn} pseudo directive: @table @code @item E format @verbatim +-------------+ | OpCode | +-------------+ 0 15 @end verbatim @item RI format: R1,I2 @verbatim +--------+----+----+------------------+ | OpCode | R1 |OpCd| I2 | +--------+----+----+------------------+ 0 8 12 16 31 @end verbatim @item RIE format: R1,R3,I2 @verbatim +--------+----+----+------------------+--------+--------+ | OpCode | R1 | R3 | I2 |////////| OpCode | +--------+----+----+------------------+--------+--------+ 0 8 12 16 32 40 47 @end verbatim @item RIL format: R1,I2 @verbatim +--------+----+----+------------------------------------+ | OpCode | R1 |OpCd| I2 | +--------+----+----+------------------------------------+ 0 8 12 16 47 @end verbatim @item RILU format: R1,U2 @verbatim +--------+----+----+------------------------------------+ | OpCode | R1 |OpCd| U2 | +--------+----+----+------------------------------------+ 0 8 12 16 47 @end verbatim @item RIS format: R1,I2,M3,D4(B4) @verbatim +--------+----+----+----+-------------+--------+--------+ | OpCode | R1 | M3 | B4 | D4 | I2 | Opcode | +--------+----+----+----+-------------+--------+--------+ 0 8 12 16 20 32 36 47 @end verbatim @item RR format: R1,R2 @verbatim +--------+----+----+ | OpCode | R1 | R2 | +--------+----+----+ 0 8 12 15 @end verbatim @item RRE format: R1,R2 @verbatim +------------------+--------+----+----+ | OpCode |////////| R1 | R2 | +------------------+--------+----+----+ 0 16 24 28 31 @end verbatim @item RRF format: R1,R2,R3,M4 @verbatim +------------------+----+----+----+----+ | OpCode | R3 | M4 | R1 | R2 | +------------------+----+----+----+----+ 0 16 20 24 28 31 @end verbatim @item RRS format: R1,R2,M3,D4(B4) @verbatim +--------+----+----+----+-------------+----+----+--------+ | OpCode | R1 | R3 | B4 | D4 | M3 |////| OpCode | +--------+----+----+----+-------------+----+----+--------+ 0 8 12 16 20 32 36 40 47 @end verbatim @item RS format: R1,R3,D2(B2) @verbatim +--------+----+----+----+-------------+ | OpCode | R1 | R3 | B2 | D2 | +--------+----+----+----+-------------+ 0 8 12 16 20 31 @end verbatim @item RSE format: R1,R3,D2(B2) @verbatim +--------+----+----+----+-------------+--------+--------+ | OpCode | R1 | R3 | B2 | D2 |////////| OpCode | +--------+----+----+----+-------------+--------+--------+ 0 8 12 16 20 32 40 47 @end verbatim @item RSI format: R1,R3,I2 @verbatim +--------+----+----+------------------------------------+ | OpCode | R1 | R3 | I2 | +--------+----+----+------------------------------------+ 0 8 12 16 47 @end verbatim @item RSY format: R1,R3,D2(B2) @verbatim +--------+----+----+----+-------------+--------+--------+ | OpCode | R1 | R3 | B2 | DL2 | DH2 | OpCode | +--------+----+----+----+-------------+--------+--------+ 0 8 12 16 20 32 40 47 @end verbatim @item RX format: R1,D2(X2,B2) @verbatim +--------+----+----+----+-------------+ | OpCode | R1 | X2 | B2 | D2 | +--------+----+----+----+-------------+ 0 8 12 16 20 31 @end verbatim @item RXE format: R1,D2(X2,B2) @verbatim +--------+----+----+----+-------------+--------+--------+ | OpCode | R1 | X2 | B2 | D2 |////////| OpCode | +--------+----+----+----+-------------+--------+--------+ 0 8 12 16 20 32 40 47 @end verbatim @item RXF format: R1,R3,D2(X2,B2) @verbatim +--------+----+----+----+-------------+----+---+--------+ | OpCode | R3 | X2 | B2 | D2 | R1 |///| OpCode | +--------+----+----+----+-------------+----+---+--------+ 0 8 12 16 20 32 36 40 47 @end verbatim @item RXY format: R1,D2(X2,B2) @verbatim +--------+----+----+----+-------------+--------+--------+ | OpCode | R1 | X2 | B2 | DL2 | DH2 | OpCode | +--------+----+----+----+-------------+--------+--------+ 0 8 12 16 20 32 36 40 47 @end verbatim @item S format: D2(B2) @verbatim +------------------+----+-------------+ | OpCode | B2 | D2 | +------------------+----+-------------+ 0 16 20 31 @end verbatim @item SI format: D1(B1),I2 @verbatim +--------+---------+----+-------------+ | OpCode | I2 | B1 | D1 | +--------+---------+----+-------------+ 0 8 16 20 31 @end verbatim @item SIY format: D1(B1),U2 @verbatim +--------+---------+----+-------------+--------+--------+ | OpCode | I2 | B1 | DL1 | DH1 | OpCode | +--------+---------+----+-------------+--------+--------+ 0 8 16 20 32 36 40 47 @end verbatim @item SIL format: D1(B1),I2 @verbatim +------------------+----+-------------+-----------------+ | OpCode | B1 | D1 | I2 | +------------------+----+-------------+-----------------+ 0 16 20 32 47 @end verbatim @item SS format: D1(R1,B1),D2(B3),R3 @verbatim +--------+----+----+----+-------------+----+------------+ | OpCode | R1 | R3 | B1 | D1 | B2 | D2 | +--------+----+----+----+-------------+----+------------+ 0 8 12 16 20 32 36 47 @end verbatim @item SSE format: D1(B1),D2(B2) @verbatim +------------------+----+-------------+----+------------+ | OpCode | B1 | D1 | B2 | D2 | +------------------+----+-------------+----+------------+ 0 8 12 16 20 32 36 47 @end verbatim @item SSF format: D1(B1),D2(B2),R3 @verbatim +--------+----+----+----+-------------+----+------------+ | OpCode | R3 |OpCd| B1 | D1 | B2 | D2 | +--------+----+----+----+-------------+----+------------+ 0 8 12 16 20 32 36 47 @end verbatim @end table For the complete list of all instruction format variants see the Principles of Operation manuals. @node s390 Aliases @subsection Instruction Aliases @cindex instruction aliases, s390 @cindex s390 instruction aliases A specific bit pattern can have multiple mnemonics, for example the bit pattern @samp{0xa7000000} has the mnemonics @samp{tmh} and @samp{tmlh}. In addition, there are a number of mnemonics recognized by @code{@value{AS}} that are not present in the Principles of Operation. These are the short forms of the branch instructions, where the condition code mask operand is encoded in the mnemonic. This is relevant for the branch instructions, the compare and branch instructions, and the compare and trap instructions. For the branch instructions there are 20 condition code strings that can be used as part of the mnemonic in place of a mask operand in the instruction format: @display @multitable @columnfractions .30 .30 @headitem instruction @tab short form @item bcr M1,R2 @tab br R2 @item bc M1,D2(X2,B2) @tab b D2(X2,B2) @item brc M1,I2 @tab j I2 @item brcl M1,I2 @tab jg I2 @end multitable @end display In the mnemonic for a branch instruction the condition code string can be any of the following: @display @multitable {nle} {jump on not zero / if not zeros} @item o @tab jump on overflow / if ones @item h @tab jump on A high @item p @tab jump on plus @item nle @tab jump on not low or equal @item l @tab jump on A low @item m @tab jump on minus @item nhe @tab jump on not high or equal @item lh @tab jump on low or high @item ne @tab jump on A not equal B @item nz @tab jump on not zero / if not zeros @item e @tab jump on A equal B @item z @tab jump on zero / if zeroes @item nlh @tab jump on not low or high @item he @tab jump on high or equal @item nl @tab jump on A not low @item nm @tab jump on not minus / if not mixed @item le @tab jump on low or equal @item nh @tab jump on A not high @item np @tab jump on not plus @item no @tab jump on not overflow / if not ones @end multitable @end display For the compare and branch, and compare and trap instructions there are 12 condition code strings that can be used as part of the mnemonic in place of a mask operand in the instruction format: @display @multitable @columnfractions .40 .40 @headitem instruction @tab short form @item crb R1,R2,M3,D4(B4) @tab crb R1,R2,D4(B4) @item cgrb R1,R2,M3,D4(B4) @tab cgrb R1,R2,D4(B4) @item crj R1,R2,M3,I4 @tab crj R1,R2,I4 @item cgrj R1,R2,M3,I4 @tab cgrj R1,R2,I4 @item cib R1,I2,M3,D4(B4) @tab cib R1,I2,D4(B4) @item cgib R1,I2,M3,D4(B4) @tab cgib R1,I2,D4(B4) @item cij R1,I2,M3,I4 @tab cij R1,I2,I4 @item cgij R1,I2,M3,I4 @tab cgij R1,I2,I4 @item crt R1,R2,M3 @tab crt R1,R2 @item cgrt R1,R2,M3 @tab cgrt R1,R2 @item cit R1,I2,M3 @tab cit R1,I2 @item cgit R1,I2,M3 @tab cgit R1,I2 @item clrb R1,R2,M3,D4(B4) @tab clrb R1,R2,D4(B4) @item clgrb R1,R2,M3,D4(B4) @tab clgrb R1,R2,D4(B4) @item clrj R1,R2,M3,I4 @tab clrj R1,R2,I4 @item clgrj R1,R2,M3,I4 @tab clgrj R1,R2,I4 @item clib R1,I2,M3,D4(B4) @tab clib R1,I2,D4(B4) @item clgib R1,I2,M3,D4(B4) @tab clgib R1,I2,D4(B4) @item clij R1,I2,M3,I4 @tab clij R1,I2,I4 @item clgij R1,I2,M3,I4 @tab clgij R1,I2,I4 @item clrt R1,R2,M3 @tab clrt R1,R2 @item clgrt R1,R2,M3 @tab clgrt R1,R2 @item clfit R1,I2,M3 @tab clfit R1,I2 @item clgit R1,I2,M3 @tab clgit R1,I2 @end multitable @end display In the mnemonic for a compare and branch and compare and trap instruction the condition code string can be any of the following: @display @multitable {nle} {jump on not zero / if not zeros} @item h @tab jump on A high @item nle @tab jump on not low or equal @item l @tab jump on A low @item nhe @tab jump on not high or equal @item ne @tab jump on A not equal B @item lh @tab jump on low or high @item e @tab jump on A equal B @item nlh @tab jump on not low or high @item nl @tab jump on A not low @item he @tab jump on high or equal @item nh @tab jump on A not high @item le @tab jump on low or equal @end multitable @end display @node s390 Operand Modifier @subsection Instruction Operand Modifier @cindex instruction operand modifier, s390 @cindex s390 instruction operand modifier If a symbol modifier is attached to a symbol in an expression for an instruction operand field, the symbol term is replaced with a reference to an object in the global offset table (GOT) or the procedure linkage table (PLT). The following expressions are allowed: @samp{symbol@@modifier + constant}, @samp{symbol@@modifier + label + constant}, and @samp{symbol@@modifier - label + constant}. The term @samp{symbol} is the symbol that will be entered into the GOT or PLT, @samp{label} is a local label, and @samp{constant} is an arbitrary expression that the assembler can evaluate to a constant value. The term @samp{(symbol + constant1)@@modifier +/- label + constant2} is also accepted but a warning message is printed and the term is converted to @samp{symbol@@modifier +/- label + constant1 + constant2}. @table @code @item @@got @itemx @@got12 The @@got modifier can be used for displacement fields, 16-bit immediate fields and 32-bit pc-relative immediate fields. The @@got12 modifier is synonym to @@got. The symbol is added to the GOT. For displacement fields and 16-bit immediate fields the symbol term is replaced with the offset from the start of the GOT to the GOT slot for the symbol. For a 32-bit pc-relative field the pc-relative offset to the GOT slot from the current instruction address is used. @item @@gotent The @@gotent modifier can be used for 32-bit pc-relative immediate fields. The symbol is added to the GOT and the symbol term is replaced with the pc-relative offset from the current instruction to the GOT slot for the symbol. @item @@gotoff The @@gotoff modifier can be used for 16-bit immediate fields. The symbol term is replaced with the offset from the start of the GOT to the address of the symbol. @item @@gotplt The @@gotplt modifier can be used for displacement fields, 16-bit immediate fields, and 32-bit pc-relative immediate fields. A procedure linkage table entry is generated for the symbol and a jump slot for the symbol is added to the GOT. For displacement fields and 16-bit immediate fields the symbol term is replaced with the offset from the start of the GOT to the jump slot for the symbol. For a 32-bit pc-relative field the pc-relative offset to the jump slot from the current instruction address is used. @item @@plt The @@plt modifier can be used for 16-bit and 32-bit pc-relative immediate fields. A procedure linkage table entry is generated for the symbol. The symbol term is replaced with the relative offset from the current instruction to the PLT entry for the symbol. @item @@pltoff The @@pltoff modifier can be used for 16-bit immediate fields. The symbol term is replaced with the offset from the start of the PLT to the address of the symbol. @item @@gotntpoff The @@gotntpoff modifier can be used for displacement fields. The symbol is added to the static TLS block and the negated offset to the symbol in the static TLS block is added to the GOT. The symbol term is replaced with the offset to the GOT slot from the start of the GOT. @item @@indntpoff The @@indntpoff modifier can be used for 32-bit pc-relative immediate fields. The symbol is added to the static TLS block and the negated offset to the symbol in the static TLS block is added to the GOT. The symbol term is replaced with the pc-relative offset to the GOT slot from the current instruction address. @end table For more information about the thread local storage modifiers @samp{gotntpoff} and @samp{indntpoff} see the ELF extension documentation @samp{ELF Handling For Thread-Local Storage}. @node s390 Instruction Marker @subsection Instruction Marker @cindex instruction marker, s390 @cindex s390 instruction marker The thread local storage instruction markers are used by the linker to perform code optimization. @table @code @item :tls_load The :tls_load marker is used to flag the load instruction in the initial exec TLS model that retrieves the offset from the thread pointer to a thread local storage variable from the GOT. @item :tls_gdcall The :tls_gdcall marker is used to flag the branch-and-save instruction to the __tls_get_offset function in the global dynamic TLS model. @item :tls_ldcall The :tls_ldcall marker is used to flag the branch-and-save instruction to the __tls_get_offset function in the local dynamic TLS model. @end table For more information about the thread local storage instruction marker and the linker optimizations see the ELF extension documentation @samp{ELF Handling For Thread-Local Storage}. @node s390 Literal Pool Entries @subsection Literal Pool Entries @cindex literal pool entries, s390 @cindex s390 literal pool entries A literal pool is a collection of values. To access the values a pointer to the literal pool is loaded to a register, the literal pool register. Usually, register %r13 is used as the literal pool register (@ref{s390 Register}). Literal pool entries are created by adding the suffix :lit1, :lit2, :lit4, or :lit8 to the end of an expression for an instruction operand. The expression is added to the literal pool and the operand is replaced with the offset to the literal in the literal pool. @table @code @item :lit1 The literal pool entry is created as an 8-bit value. An operand modifier must not be used for the original expression. @item :lit2 The literal pool entry is created as a 16 bit value. The operand modifier @@got may be used in the original expression. The term @samp{x@@got:lit2} will put the got offset for the global symbol x to the literal pool as 16 bit value. @item :lit4 The literal pool entry is created as a 32-bit value. The operand modifier @@got and @@plt may be used in the original expression. The term @samp{x@@got:lit4} will put the got offset for the global symbol x to the literal pool as a 32-bit value. The term @samp{x@@plt:lit4} will put the plt offset for the global symbol x to the literal pool as a 32-bit value. @item :lit8 The literal pool entry is created as a 64-bit value. The operand modifier @@got and @@plt may be used in the original expression. The term @samp{x@@got:lit8} will put the got offset for the global symbol x to the literal pool as a 64-bit value. The term @samp{x@@plt:lit8} will put the plt offset for the global symbol x to the literal pool as a 64-bit value. @end table The assembler directive @samp{.ltorg} is used to emit all literal pool entries to the current position. @node s390 Directives @section Assembler Directives @code{@value{AS}} for s390 supports all of the standard ELF assembler directives as outlined in the main part of this document. Some directives have been extended and there are some additional directives, which are only available for the s390 @code{@value{AS}}. @table @code @cindex @code{.insn} directive, s390 @item .insn This directive permits the numeric representation of an instructions and makes the assembler insert the operands according to one of the instructions formats for @samp{.insn} (@ref{s390 Formats}). For example, the instruction @samp{l %r1,24(%r15)} could be written as @samp{.insn rx,0x58000000,%r1,24(%r15)}. @cindex @code{.short} directive, s390 @cindex @code{.long} directive, s390 @cindex @code{.quad} directive, s390 @item .short @itemx .long @itemx .quad This directive places one or more 16-bit (.short), 32-bit (.long), or 64-bit (.quad) values into the current section. If an ELF or TLS modifier is used only the following expressions are allowed: @samp{symbol@@modifier + constant}, @samp{symbol@@modifier + label + constant}, and @samp{symbol@@modifier - label + constant}. The following modifiers are available: @table @code @item @@got @itemx @@got12 The @@got modifier can be used for .short, .long and .quad. The @@got12 modifier is synonym to @@got. The symbol is added to the GOT. The symbol term is replaced with offset from the start of the GOT to the GOT slot for the symbol. @item @@gotoff The @@gotoff modifier can be used for .short, .long and .quad. The symbol term is replaced with the offset from the start of the GOT to the address of the symbol. @item @@gotplt The @@gotplt modifier can be used for .long and .quad. A procedure linkage table entry is generated for the symbol and a jump slot for the symbol is added to the GOT. The symbol term is replaced with the offset from the start of the GOT to the jump slot for the symbol. @item @@plt The @@plt modifier can be used for .long and .quad. A procedure linkage table entry us generated for the symbol. The symbol term is replaced with the address of the PLT entry for the symbol. @item @@pltoff The @@pltoff modifier can be used for .short, .long and .quad. The symbol term is replaced with the offset from the start of the PLT to the address of the symbol. @item @@tlsgd @itemx @@tlsldm The @@tlsgd and @@tlsldm modifier can be used for .long and .quad. A tls_index structure for the symbol is added to the GOT. The symbol term is replaced with the offset from the start of the GOT to the tls_index structure. @item @@gotntpoff @itemx @@indntpoff The @@gotntpoff and @@indntpoff modifier can be used for .long and .quad. The symbol is added to the static TLS block and the negated offset to the symbol in the static TLS block is added to the GOT. For @@gotntpoff the symbol term is replaced with the offset from the start of the GOT to the GOT slot, for @@indntpoff the symbol term is replaced with the address of the GOT slot. @item @@dtpoff The @@dtpoff modifier can be used for .long and .quad. The symbol term is replaced with the offset of the symbol relative to the start of the TLS block it is contained in. @item @@ntpoff The @@ntpoff modifier can be used for .long and .quad. The symbol term is replaced with the offset of the symbol relative to the TCB pointer. @end table For more information about the thread local storage modifiers see the ELF extension documentation @samp{ELF Handling For Thread-Local Storage}. @cindex @code{.ltorg} directive, s390 @item .ltorg This directive causes the current contents of the literal pool to be dumped to the current location (@ref{s390 Literal Pool Entries}). @cindex @code{.machine} directive, s390 @item .machine string This directive allows you to change the machine for which code is generated. @code{string} may be any of the @code{-march=} selection options (without the -march=), @code{push}, or @code{pop}. @code{.machine push} saves the currently selected cpu, which may be restored with @code{.machine pop}. Be aware that the cpu string has to be put into double quotes in case it contains characters not appropriate for identifiers. So you have to write @code{"z9-109"} instead of just @code{z9-109}. @cindex @code{.machinemode} directive, s390 @item .machinemode string This directive allows to change the architecture mode for which code is being generated. @code{string} may be @code{esa}, @code{zarch}, @code{zarch_nohighgprs}, @code{push}, or @code{pop}. @code{.machinemode zarch_nohighgprs} can be used to prevent the @code{highgprs} flag from being set in the ELF header of the output file. This is useful in situations where the code is gated with a runtime check which makes sure that the code is only executed on kernels providing the @code{highgprs} feature. @code{.machinemode push} saves the currently selected mode, which may be restored with @code{.machinemode pop}. @end table @node s390 Floating Point @section Floating Point @cindex floating point, s390 @cindex s390 floating point The assembler recognizes both the @sc{ieee} floating-point instruction and the hexadecimal floating-point instructions. The floating-point constructors @samp{.float}, @samp{.single}, and @samp{.double} always emit the @sc{ieee} format. To assemble hexadecimal floating-point constants the @samp{.long} and @samp{.quad} directives must be used.