1 /* $OpenBSD: s_expm1l.c,v 1.2 2011/07/20 21:02:51 martynas Exp $ */
4 * Copyright (c) 2008 Stephen L. Moshier <steve@moshier.net>
6 * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
7 * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
8 * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
10 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
11 * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
12 * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
13 * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
14 * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
15 * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
16 * OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
21 * Exponential function, minus 1
22 * Long double precision
27 * long double x, y, expm1l();
35 * Returns e (2.71828...) raised to the x power, minus 1.
37 * Range reduction is accomplished by separating the argument
38 * into an integer k and fraction f such that
43 * An expansion x + .5 x^2 + x^3 R(x) approximates exp(f) - 1
44 * in the basic range [-0.5 ln 2, 0.5 ln 2].
50 * arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
51 * IEEE -45,+MAXLOG 200,000 1.2e-19 2.5e-20
55 * message condition value returned
56 * expm1l overflow x > MAXLOG MAXNUM
62 static const long double MAXLOGL = 1.1356523406294143949492E4L;
64 /* exp(x) - 1 = x + 0.5 x^2 + x^3 P(x)/Q(x)
65 -.5 ln 2 < x < .5 ln 2
66 Theoretical peak relative error = 3.4e-22 */
68 static const long double
69 P0 = -1.586135578666346600772998894928250240826E4L,
70 P1 = 2.642771505685952966904660652518429479531E3L,
71 P2 = -3.423199068835684263987132888286791620673E2L,
72 P3 = 1.800826371455042224581246202420972737840E1L,
73 P4 = -5.238523121205561042771939008061958820811E-1L,
75 Q0 = -9.516813471998079611319047060563358064497E4L,
76 Q1 = 3.964866271411091674556850458227710004570E4L,
77 Q2 = -7.207678383830091850230366618190187434796E3L,
78 Q3 = 7.206038318724600171970199625081491823079E2L,
79 Q4 = -4.002027679107076077238836622982900945173E1L,
80 /* Q5 = 1.000000000000000000000000000000000000000E0 */
83 C1 = 6.93145751953125E-1L,
84 C2 = 1.428606820309417232121458176568075500134E-6L,
86 minarg = -4.5054566736396445112120088E1L;
87 static const long double huge = 0x1p10000L;
92 long double px, qx, xx;
97 return (huge*huge); /* overflow */
108 /* Express x = ln 2 (k + remainder), remainder not exceeding 1/2. */
109 px = floorl (0.5 + x / xx);
111 /* remainder times ln 2 */
115 /* Approximate exp(remainder ln 2). */
130 qx = x + (0.5 * xx + xx * px / qx);
132 /* exp(x) = exp(k ln 2) exp(remainder ln 2) = 2^k exp(remainder ln 2).
133 We have qx = exp(remainder ln 2) - 1, so
134 exp(x) - 1 = 2^k (qx + 1) - 1 = 2^k qx + 2^k - 1. */
135 px = ldexpl(1.0L, k);
136 x = px * qx + (px - 1.0);