2 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
4 # Notes are at the end of this file
6 ###############################################################################
10 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
12 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
13 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 -
14 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 -
15 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 -
16 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 -
17 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 -
18 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
19 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 -
20 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
21 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
22 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
24 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
26 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
30 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
32 8:00 - WST 1974 Oct lastSun 2:00s
33 8:00 1:00 WST 1975 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
34 8:00 - WST 1983 Oct lastSun 2:00s
35 8:00 1:00 WST 1984 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
36 8:00 - WST 1991 Nov 17 2:00s
37 8:00 1:00 WST 1992 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
41 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
42 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
43 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
44 # Queensland ceased to.
46 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
47 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
48 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
49 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
52 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
53 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
54 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
55 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
56 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
57 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
58 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
59 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
62 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
68 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
69 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
70 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
71 Rule AS 1987 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
72 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
73 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
74 Rule AS 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
75 Rule AS 1990 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
76 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
77 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
78 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
79 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
80 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
81 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
82 Rule AS 2007 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
83 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
84 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
91 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
92 # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml>
93 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
95 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
96 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
97 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
98 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
99 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 -
100 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
101 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
102 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
103 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
104 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
105 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
106 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 -
107 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
108 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
109 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
110 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
111 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
112 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
113 Rule AT 2007 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
114 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
115 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
116 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
117 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
120 Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep
121 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
122 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
123 10:00 Aus EST 1971 Jul
127 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
128 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
129 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
130 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
131 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
132 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
133 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
134 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
135 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
136 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
137 Rule AV 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
138 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
139 Rule AV 2007 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
140 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
141 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
146 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
147 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
148 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
149 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
150 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
151 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
152 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
153 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
154 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
155 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
156 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
157 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
158 Rule AN 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
159 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
160 Rule AN 2007 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
161 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
162 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
165 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
166 10:00 - EST 1896 Aug 23
173 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
174 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
175 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
176 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
177 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
178 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
179 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
180 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
181 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
182 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
183 Rule LH 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
184 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
185 Rule LH 2007 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
186 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
190 # Australian miscellany
192 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
193 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
194 # like Australia/Perth, says Turner
197 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
201 # permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
202 # sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
203 # like Australia/Hobart, says Turner
206 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
207 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
208 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
212 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
213 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
214 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
215 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
216 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
217 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
218 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
222 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
223 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
224 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
225 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
226 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
229 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
230 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
231 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
232 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
233 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
234 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
237 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
238 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
239 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time
240 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
241 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time
242 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
243 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time
244 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
248 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
249 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
250 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
251 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
252 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
255 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
256 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
257 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time
258 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
259 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
262 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
263 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time
268 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
269 Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
271 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
272 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23
273 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
276 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
277 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
278 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
280 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
282 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
286 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
287 Zone Pacific/Truk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
288 10:00 - TRUT # Truk Time
289 Zone Pacific/Ponape 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
290 11:00 - PONT # Ponape Time
291 Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
292 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
297 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
298 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
299 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
300 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15
305 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
306 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
307 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
308 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
309 # Shanks says the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
310 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
311 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
312 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13
316 ###############################################################################
320 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
321 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
322 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
323 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
324 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
325 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
326 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
327 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
328 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
329 # convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
330 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
331 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
332 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
333 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S
334 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
335 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
336 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
337 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
338 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
339 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D
340 Rule NZ 1990 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
341 Rule Chatham 1990 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
342 Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
343 Rule Chatham 1990 max - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
344 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
345 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
346 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
348 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1957 Jan 1
353 # uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
354 # and scientific personnel have wintered
357 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
358 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
359 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
360 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
362 ###############################################################################
366 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
367 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
368 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time
369 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1
373 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
374 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
375 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
376 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time
379 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
380 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
381 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
384 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
385 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
386 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
387 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
390 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
391 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
392 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00
393 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
396 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
398 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
399 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
400 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
401 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
404 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
406 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
407 -11:00 - WST # Samoa Time
410 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
411 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
412 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
413 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time
416 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
417 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
418 -10:00 - TKT # Tokelau Time
421 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
422 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
423 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
424 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
425 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
426 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
427 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
428 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
433 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
434 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
435 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
438 # US minor outlying islands
441 # uninhabited since World War II
442 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Pago_Pago
445 # uninhabited since 1958
446 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
449 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
450 Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST
457 # From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
458 # [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
459 # published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
460 # reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly
461 # "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
462 # flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone
463 # designations that I've never seen before:....
464 # Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
465 # " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A "
467 Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
468 -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3
469 -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2
470 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
471 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
472 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
475 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
478 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
479 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
480 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
484 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
485 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
486 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
487 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
488 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
489 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
490 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
491 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
492 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
493 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
496 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
497 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
498 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
500 ###############################################################################
504 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
505 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
506 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
508 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
509 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
510 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
511 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
513 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
514 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
515 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
516 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
517 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
519 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
520 # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
522 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
523 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
524 # I found in the UCLA library.
526 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
527 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
529 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
530 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
531 # Corrections are welcome!
533 # LMT Local Mean Time
534 # 8:00 WST WST Western Australia
536 # 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
537 # 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
538 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
539 # 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
540 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
541 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
542 # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
545 # - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
547 # See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
548 # See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
550 ###############################################################################
554 # <a href="http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html">
555 # Australia's Daylight Saving Times
556 # </a>, by Margaret Turner, summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
558 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
559 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
560 # It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
561 # and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
562 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
563 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
564 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
565 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
566 # the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
568 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
569 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
570 # or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
571 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
572 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
573 # prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
574 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
576 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
577 # Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
578 # CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
579 # WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
580 # EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
582 # From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
583 # versus "AEST" etc.:
585 # I see the following points of dispute:
587 # * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
589 # Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
590 # Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
591 # operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
592 # (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
593 # Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
594 # In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
595 # abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
596 # think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
598 # On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
599 # abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
600 # particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
601 # time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
603 # * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
605 # Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
606 # many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
607 # which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
610 # Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
611 # refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
614 # * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
615 # Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
616 # the word "Australian"?
618 # My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
619 # common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
620 # popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
621 # often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
622 # following count of page hits:
624 # 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
625 # 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
626 # 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
627 # 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
629 # Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
630 # particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
631 # say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
632 # Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
634 # For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
635 # ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
636 # many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
637 # are the hit counts anyway:
639 # 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
640 # 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
641 # 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
642 # 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
644 # 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
645 # 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
646 # 176 "ACST" and domain:au
647 # 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
649 # 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
650 # 68 "AWST" and domain:au
652 # This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
653 # practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
654 # the ambiguities involved.
656 # * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
658 # If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
659 # against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
660 # saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
661 # understood in Australia.
663 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
664 # Shanks reports 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and New Zealand.
665 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
666 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
667 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
668 # and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
669 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
671 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
673 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
674 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
675 # relevant entries in this database.
677 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
678 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
679 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
682 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
683 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
686 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">
687 # Standard Time Act, 1898
690 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
691 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
692 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
693 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
694 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
696 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
697 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
698 # to extend DST together in 2006.
699 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
700 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
701 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
702 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
703 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
706 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html.
710 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
711 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
713 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
715 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
717 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
718 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
719 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
723 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
724 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
726 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
727 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
728 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
729 # # before reaching parliament.
731 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
733 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
734 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
735 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
736 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
738 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
739 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
740 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
742 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
743 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
744 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
746 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
749 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
750 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
751 # it matches what was used in the past.
753 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
754 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
755 # </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
756 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
759 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
760 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
763 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
765 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
766 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
767 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
768 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
770 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
771 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
774 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
775 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
776 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
777 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
779 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
780 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
781 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
784 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
785 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
786 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
788 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
789 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
792 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
793 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
795 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
796 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
797 # southern coast of Australia, population 10 at last report, along with
798 # 50,000 sheep, about 100 kilometers long and 40 kilometers into the
799 # continent. The primary town is Madura, with the other towns being
800 # Mundrabilla and Eucla. According to the sheriff of Madura, the
801 # residents got tired of having to change the time so often, as they are
802 # located in a strip overlapping the border of South Australia and Western
803 # Australia. South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
804 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
805 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
806 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
807 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
808 # Australia and Western Australia. As it only affects about 10 people and
809 # tourists staying at the Madura Motel, it has never really made as big an
810 # impact as Broken Hill. However, as tourist visiting there or anyone
811 # calling the local sheriff will attest, they do keep time in this way.
813 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
814 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
815 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
816 # <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>,
817 # which says a few other things:
819 # * Border Village, SA also is 45 minutes ahead of Perth.
820 # * The locals call this time zone "central W.A. Time" (presumably "CWAT").
821 # * The locals also call Western Australia time "Perth time".
823 # It's not clear from context whether everyone in Western Australia
824 # knows of this naming convention, or whether it's just the people in
827 # South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria
829 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
830 # The rules from version 7.1 follow.
831 # There are lots of differences between these rules and
832 # the Shepherd et al. rules. Since the Shepherd et al. rules
833 # and Bradley White's newspaper article are in agreement on
834 # current DST ending dates, no worries.
836 # Rule Oz 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
837 # Rule Oz 1986 max - Oct Sun<=24 2:00 1:00 -
838 # Rule Oz 1972 only - Feb 27 3:00 0 -
839 # Rule Oz 1973 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
840 # Rule Oz 1987 max - Mar Sun<=21 3:00 0 -
841 # Zone Australia/Tasmania 10:00 Oz EST
842 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 Oz CST
843 # Zone Australia/Victoria 10:00 Oz EST 1985 Oct lastSun 2:00
844 # 10:00 1:00 EST 1986 Mar Sun<=21 3:00
847 # From Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
848 # I believe that the current start date for DST is "lastSun" in Oct...
849 # that changed Oct 89. That is, we're back to the
850 # original rule, and that rule currently applies in all the states
851 # that have dst, incl Qld. (Certainly it was true in Vic).
852 # The file I'm including says that happened in 1988, I think
853 # that's incorrect, but I'm not 100% certain.
857 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
858 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
859 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
860 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
862 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
863 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
866 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
868 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
869 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
870 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun<=21 3:00 0 C
871 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
873 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
874 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
875 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
876 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
878 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
879 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
880 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
881 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
884 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
885 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
886 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
887 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
889 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
890 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
891 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
892 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
894 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
895 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
896 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
897 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
901 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
902 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
903 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
906 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
907 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
908 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
909 # (but nothing new about that).
911 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
912 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
913 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
914 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
915 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
916 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
918 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
919 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
923 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
924 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
925 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
928 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
929 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
930 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
931 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
932 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
933 # in Melbourne, Australia.
935 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
936 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
937 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
938 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
939 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
942 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
943 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
944 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
945 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
947 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
948 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
952 # From Arthur David Olson:
953 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
954 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
956 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
957 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
958 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
959 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
960 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
961 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
963 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
964 # The Information Service of the Australian National Standards Commission
965 # <a href="http://www.nsc.gov.au/InfoServ/Ileaflet/il27.htm">
967 # </a> page (1995-04) has an excellent overall history of Australian DST.
968 # The Community Relations Division of the NSW Attorney General's Department
969 # publishes a history of daylight saving in NSW. See:
970 # <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/crd.nsf/pages/time2">
971 # Lawlink NSW: Daylight Saving in New South Wales
974 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
975 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
976 # October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
977 # <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
978 # Two months more daylight saving
980 # Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
982 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
983 # See the following official NSW source:
984 # <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
985 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
988 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
989 # daylight saving next year. See:
990 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
991 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
992 # </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
994 # Victoria will following NSW. See:
995 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
996 # Vic to extend daylight saving
999 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1000 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
1001 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
1002 # </a> (1999-07-19).
1004 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1005 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
1006 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1007 # </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1008 # ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1009 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1010 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1011 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1012 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
1014 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1015 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
1016 # Broken Hill to be behind the times
1017 # </a> (1999-07-21).
1019 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1020 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1021 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1023 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1024 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1025 # towns to use Queensland time.
1029 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1030 # `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1032 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1033 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1036 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1037 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1038 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1039 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1040 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1041 # # presently available.
1042 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1044 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1045 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1046 # [followed by other Rules]
1050 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1051 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen.. pauline@Aus ]
1053 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1054 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1056 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1057 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1058 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1059 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1060 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1061 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1062 # instead of only 30 minutes. Dependant on the wishes of residents
1063 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1064 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1065 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1067 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1068 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1069 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1070 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1071 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1072 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1074 # From Paul Eggert (2001-02-09):
1075 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks through 1989, and Lonergan thereafter.
1076 # For times we use Lonergan.
1078 ###############################################################################
1082 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1083 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1084 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1085 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1086 # source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1088 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1089 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1090 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1091 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Geofft@Aus.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1094 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1095 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1096 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1097 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1099 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1100 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1102 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1103 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1104 # rather than the October 1 value.
1106 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1107 # Shanks reports 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and New Zealand.
1108 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1109 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1110 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1111 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1113 # From Paul Eggert (2003-05-26):
1114 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1115 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1116 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks.
1118 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1119 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1120 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1122 ###############################################################################
1127 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1128 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1129 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1131 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1132 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1133 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1134 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1136 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1137 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1139 # From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
1140 # The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1141 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it
1142 # also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
1143 # islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
1146 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1147 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1151 # Johnston data is from usno1995.
1156 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1157 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1158 # ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
1159 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1164 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1165 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1166 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1167 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1168 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1171 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1173 # Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1174 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
1175 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1176 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1179 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1180 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1181 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1182 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1187 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1188 # ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
1189 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
1191 # Shanks writes that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11 on 1978-10-01;
1192 # ignore this for now.
1194 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1195 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1196 # <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
1197 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
1199 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1200 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1205 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1206 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1207 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1208 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1209 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1210 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1211 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1212 # air at 6am your time.
1214 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1215 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1216 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1217 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1222 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1223 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1224 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1226 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1227 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1228 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1230 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1231 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1232 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1234 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1235 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1238 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1239 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1240 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1241 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1246 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1247 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1248 # ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1249 # ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
1250 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
1255 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1256 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
1257 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
1258 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1260 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1261 # <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">
1262 # How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
1265 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1266 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1267 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1268 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1269 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1270 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1272 # Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1273 # Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1274 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1276 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1277 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1278 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1279 # minutes we have lost?"
1281 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1282 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1283 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1285 # From Paul Eggert (1999-08-12):
1286 # Shanks says the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1288 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1289 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
1290 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1291 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1292 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1295 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1296 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1298 # I was given this link by John Letts:
1299 # <a hef="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
1300 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1303 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1304 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1305 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1306 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1308 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1309 # According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>
1310 # http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
1312 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1313 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1314 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1315 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1316 # set back an hour on the closing date."
1317 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1319 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1320 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1321 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1323 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1324 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1325 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1326 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1327 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1328 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1329 # (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
1331 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1332 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1334 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1335 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1336 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1337 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1340 # From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1341 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1346 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1347 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1349 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the
1350 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1351 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1352 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1353 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1356 # http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
1358 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1359 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1361 ###############################################################################
1363 # The International Date Line
1365 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1367 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1368 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1369 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1370 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1372 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1373 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1374 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1375 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1376 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1377 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1378 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1379 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1380 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1381 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1382 # correct date is ambiguous.
1384 # From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1385 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1386 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1387 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1388 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1389 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1390 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1391 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1392 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1393 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1394 # entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were
1395 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1396 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
1398 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1401 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1402 # <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187>
1403 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1404 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
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