1 .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
2 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
4 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
5 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
7 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
8 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
9 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
10 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
11 .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
12 .\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
13 .\" must display the following acknowledgement:
14 .\" This product includes software developed by the University of
15 .\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
16 .\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
17 .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
18 .\" without specific prior written permission.
20 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
21 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
22 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
23 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
24 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
25 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
26 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
27 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
28 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
29 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
33 .\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $
34 .\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.2 2003/06/17 04:37:00 dillon Exp $
41 .Nd layout of filesystems
43 A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy.
44 .Bl -tag -width "/stand/"
46 root directory of the filesystem
48 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
50 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
52 .Bl -tag -width defaults/ -compact
54 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
58 block and character device files
60 .Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact
62 script for creating device files;
66 file descriptor files;
71 system configuration files and scripts
73 .Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact
75 default system configuration files;
79 gnats configuration files;
83 isdn4bsd configuration files;
87 configuration files for kerberos version IV;
91 local timezone information;
95 Sendmail control files
97 mtree configuration files;
101 named configuration files;
105 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
110 ppp configuration files;
114 OpenSSL configuration files
116 uucp configuration files;
121 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
124 loadable kernel modules;
128 empty directory commonly used by
129 system administrators as a temporary mount point
136 root's HOME directory
138 system programs and administration utilities
139 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
141 programs used in a standalone environment
143 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
145 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
147 .Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact
149 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
151 useful and semi-frivolous programs
153 standard C include files
155 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
157 C include files for Internet service protocols
159 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
160 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
162 The SCSI device on top of CAM
165 C include files for programming various
168 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
170 The parallel port bus;
177 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
182 GNU C++ include files
183 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
185 GNU C++ libstdc++ include files
188 ISC utility library libisc include files
190 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
195 C include files for kerberos authentication package;
199 C include files for libmilter,
200 the sendmail mail filter API
202 machine-specific C include files
206 misc network C include files
214 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
218 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
222 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
224 kernel key-management service
234 C include files for NFS (Network File System)
236 Objective C include files
238 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
242 POSIX real-time extensions includes;
246 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
248 get a line from a user, with editing;
252 remote procedure calls;
256 definition of RPC service structures; see
264 library, part of Kerberos IV.
266 system C include files (kernel data structures)
271 .\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
278 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
279 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
297 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
299 a.out archive libraries
301 shared libraries for compatibility
302 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
304 a.out backward compatibility libraries
309 misc. utility data files
310 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
312 files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.);
315 .Bl -tag -width 6n -compact
326 various prebuilt lint libraries;
330 Character set conversion tables
332 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
334 contains Perl modules for Perl version 5.00503;
339 holds the download firmware images
343 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
344 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
346 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
348 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
350 utilities and filters for LP print system;
360 restricted shell for sendmail;
370 local executables, libraries, etc.
371 Also used as the default destination for the
374 Within local/, the general layout sketched out by
377 should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/
378 rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/),
379 and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc).
381 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree
385 ports collection (optional).
387 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
389 architecture-independent files
391 .Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact
393 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
401 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
403 words from Webster's 2nd International
413 miscellaneous documentation;
414 source for most of the printed
420 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
422 Frequently Asked Questions
424 implementation notes for IPv6
426 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
428 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
433 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
435 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
439 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
443 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
445 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
447 UNIX System Manager's Manual
452 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
454 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
458 various examples for users and programmers
460 ASCII text files used by various games
462 device description file for device name
464 GNU Info hypertext system
468 libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files
476 macros for use with the me macro package;
480 misc system-wide ASCII text files
481 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
489 terminal characteristics database;
498 national language support files;
502 pcvt documentation and etc examples;
510 sendmail configuration files;
514 example . (dot) files for new accounts
516 files used by syscons;
519 .Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact
527 console keyboard maps;
536 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
541 text processing macros;
547 localization support and utilities for
550 timezone configuration information;
556 third-party, and/or local source files
558 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
560 source code for files in /bin
562 source code for contributed software
564 source code for contributed cryptography software
566 source code for files in /etc
568 source code for files in /usr/games
570 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
572 source code for files in /usr/include
574 source code for kerberos version IV
576 source code for files in /usr/lib
578 source code for files in /usr/libexec
580 files required to produce a
584 source code for files in /sbin
586 build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto
588 source for files in /usr/share
592 tools used for maintenance and testing of
595 source code for files in /usr/bin
597 source code for files in /usr/sbin
601 X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional).
602 .Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact
604 X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports).
606 X11R6 configuration files and scripts.
614 architecture-independent files.
618 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
620 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
622 system accounting files
624 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
626 execution accounting file;
632 timed command scheduling files;
635 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
637 directory containing job files
639 directory containing output spool files
645 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
653 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
661 misc. automatically generated system-specific database files
663 empty directory used by sshd(8) for privilege separation;
667 misc. game status and score files
669 kerberos server databases; see
672 misc. system log files
674 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
684 system messages database;
688 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
693 filesystem quota information files
695 system information files describing various info about
696 system since it was booted
698 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
702 group for command connection sockets; see
705 database of current users;
718 misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
720 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
722 undelivered submission mail queue;
726 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
728 undelivered mail queue;
732 line printer spooling directories
736 commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory
740 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
741 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
743 the directory where recovery files are stored
750 This manual page documents the default
752 filesystem layout, but
753 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
754 administrator's discretion.
755 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
770 manual page appeared in