1 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
4 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
7 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
9 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
11 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
12 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
13 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
14 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
16 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
17 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
18 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
19 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
20 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
21 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
23 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
24 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
26 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
27 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
29 # Other sources occasionally used include:
31 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
32 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
33 # which I found in the UCLA library.
35 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
36 # <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
39 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
40 # <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
41 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
42 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
43 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
45 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
46 # This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
47 # http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
48 # The full Russian citation is:
49 # Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
50 # введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
51 # июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
52 # Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
53 # http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
55 # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
56 # History of Summer Time
57 # <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
58 # (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
61 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
62 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
63 # Corrections are welcome!
66 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
67 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
68 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
69 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
70 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
71 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
72 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
73 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
74 # 1:00 BST British Standard (1968-1971)
75 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
76 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
77 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
78 # 3:00 FET Further-eastern Europe (2011-2014)*
79 # 3:00 MSK MSD MSM* Moscow
81 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
82 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
83 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
84 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
85 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
86 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
87 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
88 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
89 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
90 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
91 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
93 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
94 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
96 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
97 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
98 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
99 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
103 ###############################################################################
105 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
107 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
109 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
110 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
111 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
114 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
115 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
116 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
117 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
118 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
119 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
120 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
122 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
123 # position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
124 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
126 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
128 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
130 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
131 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
132 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
133 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
134 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
135 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
136 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
137 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
138 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
139 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
140 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
141 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
142 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
143 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
144 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
145 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
146 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
147 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
148 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
149 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
151 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
152 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
153 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
155 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
156 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
157 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
158 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
159 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
160 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
161 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
162 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
163 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
164 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
165 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
166 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
167 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
168 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
170 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
171 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
172 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
173 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
174 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
175 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
176 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
177 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
178 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
179 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
180 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
181 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
182 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
183 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
184 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
186 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
187 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
188 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
189 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
190 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
191 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
192 # -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
193 # republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
194 # http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf
196 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
197 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
198 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
199 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
200 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
202 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
203 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
204 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
206 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
207 # From: Jonathan Leffler
208 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
209 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
210 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
212 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
213 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
214 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
215 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
216 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
218 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
219 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
220 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
221 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
223 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
224 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
225 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
226 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
227 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
228 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
229 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
230 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
232 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
233 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
234 # which is to be introduced in May....
235 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
236 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
238 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
239 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
240 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
243 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
244 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
245 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
246 # and extending this list, which can be found in
247 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
249 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
251 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
252 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
253 # http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
254 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
256 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
258 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
260 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
262 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
263 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
264 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
265 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
266 # It actually just had one transition.
267 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
268 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
269 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
270 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
271 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
273 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
274 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
275 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
276 # conform with Great Britain.
277 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
279 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
280 # we'll ignore it for now.
281 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
284 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
285 # Shanks & Pottenger.
286 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
287 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
288 # to London. For example:
290 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
291 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
293 # "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
294 # was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
295 # would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'. She claimed
296 # Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
297 # -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
298 # Irish Times 2014-10-27.
299 # http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
301 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
302 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
303 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
305 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
307 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
308 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
310 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
311 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
312 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
314 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
315 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
316 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
318 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
319 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
321 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
322 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
323 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
325 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
326 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
327 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
330 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
331 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
332 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
333 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
334 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
335 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
336 # and Frethun run in CT.
337 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
338 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
339 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
340 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
341 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
342 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
344 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
345 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
346 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
347 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
348 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
349 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
350 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
352 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
353 # Summer Time Act, 1916
354 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
355 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
356 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
357 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
358 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
359 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
360 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
361 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
362 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
363 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
364 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
365 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
366 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
367 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
368 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
369 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
370 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
371 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
372 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
373 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
374 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
375 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
376 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
377 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
378 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
379 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
380 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
381 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
382 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
383 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
384 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
385 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
386 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
387 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
388 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
389 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
390 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
391 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
392 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
393 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
394 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
395 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
396 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
397 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
398 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
399 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
400 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
401 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
402 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
403 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
404 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
405 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
406 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
407 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
408 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
409 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
410 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
411 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
412 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
413 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
414 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
415 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
416 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
417 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
418 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
419 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
420 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
421 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
422 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
423 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
424 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
425 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
426 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
427 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
428 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
429 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
430 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
431 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
432 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
433 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
434 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
435 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
436 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
437 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
438 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
439 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
440 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
441 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
442 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
443 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
444 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
446 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
447 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
448 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
449 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
450 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
451 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
452 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
453 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
454 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
455 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
456 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
457 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
458 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
459 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
460 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
462 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
464 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
465 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
466 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
467 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
470 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
471 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
472 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
474 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
475 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
476 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
477 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
478 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
479 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
480 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
481 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
482 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
483 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
484 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
485 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
486 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
489 ###############################################################################
493 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
494 # Common Market, etc.
496 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
497 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
498 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
499 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
500 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
501 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
502 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
503 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
504 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
505 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
506 # http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
508 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
509 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
510 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
511 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
512 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
513 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
514 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
516 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
517 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
518 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
519 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
520 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
521 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
522 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
523 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
524 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
525 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
526 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
527 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
528 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
529 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
531 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
532 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
533 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
534 # tz database itself, as seen below:
536 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
537 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
539 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
540 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
542 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
543 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
545 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
546 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
547 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
549 # The rule line to be changed is:
551 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
553 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
554 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
555 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
556 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
559 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
560 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
562 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
564 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
566 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
567 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
568 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
569 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
570 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
571 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
572 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
573 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
575 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
576 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
577 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
578 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
579 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
580 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
581 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
583 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
584 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
585 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
586 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
587 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
588 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
589 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 MSD
590 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK
591 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
592 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 MSM # Midsummer
593 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
594 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
595 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
596 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
597 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
598 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
599 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
600 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
601 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
603 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
604 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
605 Rule Russia 1993 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
606 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
607 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
608 # As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
610 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
611 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
612 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
613 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
615 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
616 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
618 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
619 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
621 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
622 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
625 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
627 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
628 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
629 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
630 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
631 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
633 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
634 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
636 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
637 # The official German names ... are
639 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
640 # Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
642 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
643 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
644 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
646 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
647 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
649 # D-38023 Braunschweig
650 # phone: +49 531 592-0
652 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
653 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
654 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
656 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
657 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
661 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
662 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
663 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
664 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
665 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
666 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
667 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
668 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
669 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
670 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
671 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
672 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
673 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
674 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
675 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
676 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
677 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
678 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
679 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
680 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
681 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
682 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
683 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
684 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
685 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
686 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
687 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
688 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
689 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
690 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
694 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
695 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
696 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
697 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
702 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
704 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
705 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
706 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
707 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
708 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
709 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
711 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
712 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
713 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
714 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
715 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
716 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
717 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
718 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
719 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
720 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
721 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
722 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
723 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
724 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
725 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
727 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
731 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
732 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
733 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
735 # Sources (Russian language):
736 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
737 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
738 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
740 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
741 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
742 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
743 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-08):
744 # Hence Belarus can share time zone abbreviations with Moscow again.
746 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
747 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
748 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
749 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
750 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
751 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
752 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
753 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
754 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
755 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
756 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
757 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
758 3:00 - FET 2014 Oct 26 1:00s
763 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
764 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
765 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
766 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
767 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
769 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
770 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
771 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
772 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
773 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
775 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
776 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
777 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
778 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
779 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
780 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
781 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
782 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
783 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
784 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
785 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
786 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
787 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
788 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
789 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
790 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
791 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
792 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
793 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
794 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
795 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
796 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
797 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
798 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
799 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
800 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
801 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
802 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
803 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
804 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
805 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
806 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
807 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
808 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
809 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
810 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
811 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
812 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
813 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
814 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
815 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
816 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
817 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
818 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
819 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
820 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
821 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
822 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
825 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
826 # See Europe/Belgrade.
830 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
831 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
832 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
833 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
835 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
836 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
837 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
838 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
839 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
840 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
841 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
842 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
843 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
844 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
845 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
846 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
847 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
848 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
849 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
850 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
854 # See Europe/Belgrade.
857 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
860 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
861 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
862 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
863 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
864 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
865 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
866 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
867 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
868 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
869 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
870 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
871 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
872 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
874 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
876 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
878 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
879 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
880 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
881 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
882 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
884 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
885 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
887 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
888 # in subsequent decrees with the law
889 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
891 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
892 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
893 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
894 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
895 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
896 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
897 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
898 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
899 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
900 # was suspended on that night):
901 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
903 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
904 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
905 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
907 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
908 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
909 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
911 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
912 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
913 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
914 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
915 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
916 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
917 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
918 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
919 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
920 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
921 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
922 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
924 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
925 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
926 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
927 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
928 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
929 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
931 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
935 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
936 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
937 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
938 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
940 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
941 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
942 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
943 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
944 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
945 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
947 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
948 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
949 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
951 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
952 # is according to the following time line:
954 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
955 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
959 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
962 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
964 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
965 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
966 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
967 # info from earlier correspondence.]
969 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
970 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
971 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
973 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
974 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
975 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
976 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
977 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
978 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
979 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
981 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
982 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
984 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
985 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
986 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
988 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
989 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
990 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
991 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be
992 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
994 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
995 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
998 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
999 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
1000 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
1001 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
1002 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1003 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1004 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1006 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1007 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1008 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
1009 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1010 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1011 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1012 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
1014 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1015 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1016 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1019 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1020 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1021 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
1023 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1024 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1026 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1030 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1031 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1032 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1033 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1035 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1036 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1037 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1038 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1039 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1040 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1041 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1042 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1043 # summer time next spring."
1045 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1046 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1047 # http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1048 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1049 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1051 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1052 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1053 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1055 # From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1056 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1057 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1058 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1059 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1060 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1061 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1064 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1065 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1066 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1067 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1069 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1070 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1071 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1073 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1074 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1076 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1077 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1078 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1079 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1080 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1081 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1082 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1083 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1084 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1085 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1086 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1087 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1088 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1093 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1094 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1095 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1097 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1099 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1100 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1101 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1102 # according to the central European standards.
1104 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1105 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1107 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1109 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1110 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1112 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1113 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1115 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1118 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1119 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1120 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1121 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1122 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1123 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1124 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1125 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1127 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1128 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1130 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1131 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1132 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1133 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1134 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1136 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1139 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1140 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1141 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1142 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1146 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1151 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1153 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1154 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1156 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1159 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1160 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1164 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1165 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1166 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1167 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1168 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1169 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1170 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1171 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1172 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1173 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1174 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1175 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1176 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1177 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1178 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1179 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1180 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1181 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1182 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1183 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1184 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1185 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1186 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1187 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1188 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1189 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1190 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1191 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1192 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1193 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1194 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1195 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1196 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1197 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1198 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1199 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1200 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1201 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1202 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1203 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1204 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1205 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1206 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1207 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1208 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1209 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1210 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1211 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1212 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1213 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1214 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1215 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1216 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1217 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1218 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1219 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1220 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1221 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1222 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1223 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1224 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1225 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1226 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1227 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1228 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1229 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1230 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1231 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1232 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1233 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1234 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1235 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1236 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1237 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1238 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1243 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1244 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1245 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1246 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1248 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1249 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1250 # http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1251 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1253 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1254 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1255 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1256 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1257 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1260 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1261 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1262 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1263 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1264 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1265 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1267 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1268 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1269 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1270 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1271 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1273 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1274 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1275 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1277 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1278 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1279 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1280 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1281 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1284 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1285 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1286 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1287 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1288 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1289 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1291 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1292 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1294 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1295 # Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1297 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1300 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1301 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1302 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1305 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1306 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1307 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1312 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1313 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1314 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1315 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1316 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1317 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1318 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1319 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1320 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1321 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1322 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1323 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1324 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1325 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1326 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1327 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1328 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1329 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1330 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1331 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1332 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1333 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1334 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1335 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1336 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1337 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1338 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1339 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1340 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1341 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1342 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1343 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1347 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1348 # Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1349 # Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1350 # National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1351 # http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1352 # This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1353 # & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1354 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1355 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1356 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1357 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1358 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 -
1359 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1360 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1361 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1362 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1363 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1364 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1365 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1366 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1367 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1368 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1369 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1370 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1371 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1372 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1373 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1374 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1375 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1376 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8
1377 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1378 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1383 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1384 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1387 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1390 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1391 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1392 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1393 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1395 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1396 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1397 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1398 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1401 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1402 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1403 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1404 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1405 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1406 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1407 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1408 # might mean something else (???).
1410 # From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
1411 # The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
1412 # http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
1414 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1415 Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1416 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1417 Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1418 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 S
1419 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
1420 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1421 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
1422 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1423 Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
1424 Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 S
1425 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1426 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1427 Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1428 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1429 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1430 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1431 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1432 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1433 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1434 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1435 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
1436 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1441 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1442 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1443 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1444 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1445 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1446 # so record only the time in Rome.
1448 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1449 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1451 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1452 # http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html
1453 # ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1454 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1456 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1457 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1458 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1459 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1460 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1461 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1462 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1463 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1464 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1465 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1466 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1467 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1468 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1469 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1470 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1471 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1473 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1474 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1475 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1476 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1477 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1478 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1479 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1480 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1481 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1482 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1483 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1484 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1485 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1486 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1487 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1488 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1489 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1490 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1491 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1492 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1493 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1494 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1495 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1496 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1497 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1498 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1499 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1500 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1501 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1502 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1503 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1504 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1505 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1506 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1507 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1508 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1509 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1510 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1511 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1512 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1513 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1514 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1515 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1518 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1519 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1523 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1525 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1526 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1527 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1528 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1530 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1531 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1532 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1533 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1534 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1536 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1537 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1538 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1539 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1540 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1541 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1543 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1544 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1545 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1546 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1547 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1548 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1549 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1550 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1551 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1552 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1554 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1555 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1556 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1558 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1559 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1560 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1561 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1562 # in Latvian for subscribers only).
1564 # From RFE/RL Newsline
1565 # http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
1566 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1567 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1568 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1569 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1570 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1571 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1572 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1573 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1574 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1575 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1576 # appears that they will not do so....
1578 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1579 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1580 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1582 # Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1583 # Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1586 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1587 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880
1588 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT
1589 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST
1590 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1591 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1592 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11
1593 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1595 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1596 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1597 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1598 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1599 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1600 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1605 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1606 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1608 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1609 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1610 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1611 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1612 # ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1613 # introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
1614 # central European time was in force throughout the year.
1615 # From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1616 # regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1618 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1623 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1624 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1625 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1627 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1628 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1629 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1631 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1632 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1633 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1634 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1635 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1636 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1637 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1638 # already done by Estonia.
1640 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1641 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1642 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1644 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1645 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1646 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1647 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1648 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1649 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1650 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1653 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1654 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1655 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1656 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1657 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1658 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1659 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1660 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1661 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1662 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1663 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1664 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1665 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1666 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1667 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1671 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1672 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1673 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1674 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1675 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1676 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1677 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1678 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1679 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1680 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1681 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1682 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1683 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1684 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1685 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1686 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1687 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1688 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1689 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1690 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1691 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1692 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1693 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1694 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1695 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1696 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1697 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1698 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1699 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1700 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1701 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1702 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1703 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1707 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1710 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1711 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1712 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1713 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1714 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1715 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1716 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1717 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1718 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1719 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1720 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1721 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1722 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1723 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1728 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1729 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1730 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1731 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1732 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1733 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1734 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1735 # But [two people] separately reported via
1736 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1737 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1739 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1740 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1741 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1742 # to the Winter Time).
1744 # News (in Russian):
1745 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1746 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1748 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1749 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1751 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1752 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1753 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1755 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1757 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1758 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1759 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1760 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1761 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1762 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1763 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1764 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1767 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1768 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1769 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1770 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1771 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1772 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1773 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1774 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1775 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1777 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1778 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1779 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1783 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1784 # more precise 0:09:21.
1785 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1786 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1787 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1788 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1789 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1793 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1797 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1798 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1800 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1801 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1802 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1803 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1804 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1805 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1806 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1807 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1808 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1811 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1812 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1813 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1816 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1817 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1818 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1819 # actually followed.
1821 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1822 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1823 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1824 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1825 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1827 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1828 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1829 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1830 # Amsterdam mean time.
1832 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
1833 # http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm
1835 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1836 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1837 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1838 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1839 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1840 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1841 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1842 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1843 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1844 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1845 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1846 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1847 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1848 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1849 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1850 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1851 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1852 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1853 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1854 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1855 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1856 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1857 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1859 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1860 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1861 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1862 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1863 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1864 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1865 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1866 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1870 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1872 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1873 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1874 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1875 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1876 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1877 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1878 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1879 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1880 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1881 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1882 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1883 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1884 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1887 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1889 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1890 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1891 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1892 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1893 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1894 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1895 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
1896 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
1897 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1898 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1899 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1900 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
1901 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1902 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
1903 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1904 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1905 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1906 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1908 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
1910 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1911 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1912 # keeping Berlin time.
1914 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1915 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1916 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1917 # frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1918 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1919 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1920 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1922 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1923 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1924 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1925 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1926 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1927 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1928 # http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
1929 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1930 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1932 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
1933 # for these regions.
1934 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1938 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
1939 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
1941 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1942 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1943 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1944 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1945 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1946 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1947 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1948 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1949 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1950 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1951 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1952 # http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
1953 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1954 # He also gives these further references:
1955 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1956 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1957 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1958 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1959 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1960 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1961 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1962 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1963 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1964 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1965 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1966 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1967 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1968 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1969 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1970 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1971 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1972 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1973 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1974 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1975 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1976 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1977 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1978 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1979 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1984 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
1985 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
1986 # http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
1987 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
1988 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett but disagrees
1989 # with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
1990 # Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
1992 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1993 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1994 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1996 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1997 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1998 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2000 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2001 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2002 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
2003 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2004 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2005 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2006 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2008 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2009 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2010 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2011 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2012 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
2013 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2014 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
2015 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2016 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2017 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
2018 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2019 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
2020 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2021 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2022 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2023 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2024 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2025 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2026 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2027 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2028 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2029 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2030 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2031 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
2032 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
2033 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2034 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2035 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2036 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
2037 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2038 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2039 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
2040 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
2041 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2042 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2043 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2044 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2045 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2046 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2047 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2048 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2049 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2050 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2051 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2052 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2053 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2054 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2055 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2056 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2057 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2058 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2059 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2060 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2061 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2062 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2063 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2064 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2065 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2066 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2067 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2068 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2069 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2070 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2072 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2073 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2074 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2075 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2076 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2077 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2078 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2079 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2081 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2082 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 # Horta Mean Time
2083 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2084 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2085 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2086 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2088 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2089 -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 # Funchal Mean Time
2090 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2091 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2096 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2097 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2098 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2099 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2100 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2101 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2103 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2104 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2105 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2106 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2107 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2108 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2109 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2110 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2111 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2112 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2113 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2114 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2115 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2116 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2117 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2118 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2119 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2125 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2126 # Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
2127 # (Government document
2128 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2130 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2131 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2132 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2133 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2135 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2136 # Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2137 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2138 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2140 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2141 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2142 # changed in September 2011:
2145 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2146 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2147 # 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2150 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2151 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2152 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2153 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2154 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2155 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2158 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2159 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
2160 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2161 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2163 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2164 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2165 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2167 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2168 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2169 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2170 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2173 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2175 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2177 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2178 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2179 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2180 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2181 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
2182 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2183 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2184 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2185 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2186 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2187 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2189 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2190 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2191 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2192 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2193 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2194 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
2195 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2197 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2198 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
2199 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2200 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2201 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2202 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2204 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2205 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2206 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2207 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2208 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2210 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2211 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2212 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2213 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2214 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2216 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2217 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2218 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2219 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2221 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2222 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2223 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2224 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2225 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2226 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2228 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2229 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2230 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2231 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2232 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2233 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2234 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2235 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2237 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2238 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2239 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2240 # are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2241 # listing. The region codes listed come from
2242 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2243 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2244 # future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2245 # divisions where available.
2247 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2250 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2251 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2252 # 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
2254 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2255 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2256 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2257 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2258 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2259 3:00 - FET 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2263 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2264 # Europe/Moscow covers...
2265 # 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
2266 # 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
2267 # 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
2268 # 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2269 # 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
2270 # 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2271 # 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
2272 # 11 RU-KO Komi Republic
2273 # 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
2274 # 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
2275 # 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2276 # 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
2277 # 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
2278 # 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
2279 # 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
2280 # 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
2281 # 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
2282 # 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
2283 # 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
2284 # 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
2285 # 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
2286 # 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
2287 # 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
2288 # 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
2289 # 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
2290 # 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
2291 # 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
2292 # 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
2293 # 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
2294 # 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
2295 # 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2296 # 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
2297 # 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
2298 # 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
2299 # 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
2300 # 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
2301 # 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
2302 # 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
2303 # 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
2304 # 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
2305 # 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
2306 # 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast
2307 # 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
2309 # 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
2310 # 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2312 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2313 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2314 # Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
2315 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2316 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2317 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2318 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2319 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2320 # coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
2321 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2324 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2325 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2326 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2327 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2328 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2330 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2331 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2332 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2333 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2334 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2335 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2336 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2337 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2338 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2339 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2343 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2344 # Europe/Simferopol covers...
2345 # ** **** Crimea, Republic of
2346 # ** **** Sevastopol
2348 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2349 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2350 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2352 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2353 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2354 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2356 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2358 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2359 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2360 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2361 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2362 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2363 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2365 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2366 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2367 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2368 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2369 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2370 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2371 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2372 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2373 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2374 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2375 # http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2376 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2377 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2378 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2379 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2380 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2381 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2385 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2386 # Europe/Volgograd covers...
2387 # 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
2388 # 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
2389 # 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
2390 # 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast
2392 # From Paul Eggert (2006-05-09):
2393 # Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400 but Wikipedia says +0300.
2394 # Perhaps it switched after the others? But we have no data.
2396 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2397 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2398 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2399 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2400 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2401 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2402 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2403 3:00 Russia MSK 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2404 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2408 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2409 # Europe/Samara covers...
2410 # 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
2411 # 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast
2413 # Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
2415 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2416 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2417 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2418 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2419 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2420 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2421 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2422 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
2423 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2427 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2428 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2429 # 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of
2430 # 90 RU-PER Perm Krai
2431 # 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast
2432 # 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast
2433 # 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast
2434 # 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast
2435 # 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast
2436 # 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2437 # 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2439 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2440 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2442 # Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2443 # Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
2444 # Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
2445 # The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
2447 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3
2448 3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2449 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2450 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2451 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2452 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2453 6:00 - YEKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2457 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2458 # Asia/Omsk covers...
2459 # 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
2460 # 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
2461 # 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast
2463 # Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
2465 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2466 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk Time
2467 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2468 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2469 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2470 7:00 - OMST 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2474 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2475 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers...
2476 # 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast
2477 # 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast
2479 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2480 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2482 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2483 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2484 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2485 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2486 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2487 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2488 7:00 - NOVT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2492 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2493 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
2494 # 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast
2496 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2497 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2499 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2500 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2502 # This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2503 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2504 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2506 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2507 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2508 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2509 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2510 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2512 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2513 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2515 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2516 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2518 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2519 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
2520 # realigning itself with KRAT.
2522 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - LMT 1924 May 1
2523 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2524 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2525 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2526 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2527 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s # Novosibirsk
2528 7:00 - NOVT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2529 7:00 - KRAT # Krasnoyarsk Time
2532 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2533 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
2534 # 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
2535 # 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
2536 # 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
2538 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
2539 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
2541 # Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
2543 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2544 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2545 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2546 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2547 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2548 8:00 - KRAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2552 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2553 # Asia/Irkutsk covers...
2554 # 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
2555 # 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast
2557 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
2558 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
2560 # Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
2561 # Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
2564 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:05 - LMT 1880
2565 6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2566 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2567 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2568 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2569 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2570 9:00 - IRKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2574 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2575 # Asia/Chita covers...
2576 # 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
2578 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
2579 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
2581 Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2582 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2583 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2584 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2585 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2586 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2590 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2591 # Asia/Yakutsk covers...
2592 # 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
2594 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2595 # 14-02 **** Aldansky District
2596 # 14-04 **** Amginsky District
2597 # 14-05 **** Anabarsky District
2598 # 14-06 **** Bulunsky District
2599 # 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District
2600 # 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District
2601 # 14-11 **** Gorny District
2602 # 14-12 **** Zhigansky District
2603 # 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District
2604 # 14-14 **** Lensky District
2605 # 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District
2606 # 14-16 **** Mirninsky District
2607 # 14-18 **** Namsky District
2608 # 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District
2609 # 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District
2610 # 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District
2611 # 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District
2612 # 14-26 **** Suntarsky District
2613 # 14-27 **** Tattinsky District
2614 # 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District
2615 # 14-32 **** Khangalassky District
2616 # 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District
2617 # 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
2619 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2620 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
2621 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
2622 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
2624 # Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
2626 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2627 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2628 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2629 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2630 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2631 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2635 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2636 # Asia/Vladivostok covers...
2637 # 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
2638 # 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai
2639 # 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast
2641 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2642 # 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District
2643 # 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District
2645 # Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
2646 # Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
2649 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2650 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2651 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2652 9:00 Russia VLA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2653 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2654 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2658 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2659 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2660 # 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
2661 # 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District
2663 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2664 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
2667 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
2668 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
2669 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
2670 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
2672 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2673 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2674 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2675 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2676 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2004
2677 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2678 11:00 - VLAT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2679 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2683 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2684 # Asia/Sakhalin covers...
2685 # 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
2686 # ...with the exception of:
2687 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
2689 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2690 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2691 9:00 - JCST 1937 Oct 1
2692 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2693 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T
2694 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2695 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2696 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2697 11:00 - SAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2701 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2702 # Asia/Magadan covers...
2703 # 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast
2705 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2706 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
2707 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
2708 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
2709 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will
2710 # need their own zone.
2712 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2713 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2714 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2715 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2716 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2717 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2721 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2722 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2723 # 14-01 **** Abyysky District
2724 # 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District
2725 # 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District
2726 # 14-17 **** Momsky District
2727 # 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District
2728 # 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District
2730 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
2731 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
2733 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
2734 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
2735 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
2736 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
2737 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
2738 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
2740 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2741 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
2742 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
2743 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
2745 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
2746 # districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
2747 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
2749 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
2750 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
2751 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
2753 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
2754 # fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
2755 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
2756 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
2757 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
2758 # in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
2759 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
2760 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
2762 # Since Magadan Oblast moves to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26, we cannot keep using MAGT
2763 # as the abbreviation. Use SRET instead.
2765 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
2766 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2767 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2768 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2769 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2770 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2771 11:00 - SRET # Srednekolymsk Time
2774 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2775 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2776 # 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
2778 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2779 # Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
2780 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
2782 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2783 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
2784 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
2785 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
2786 # UTC+12 since at least then, too.
2788 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2789 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2790 9:00 Russia YAKT 1981 Apr 1
2791 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2792 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2793 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2794 12:00 - MAGT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2795 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2799 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2800 # Asia/Kamchatka covers...
2801 # 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
2803 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
2804 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
2806 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
2807 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
2808 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2809 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2810 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2811 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2812 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2813 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2817 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2818 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
2819 # 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
2821 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2822 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2823 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2824 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2825 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2826 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2827 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2835 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2836 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2837 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2838 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2839 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2840 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2841 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
2842 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2843 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
2844 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2846 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2847 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2848 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2849 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2850 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2853 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2856 # See Europe/Belgrade.
2859 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2860 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2861 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2862 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2863 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2864 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2865 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2866 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2867 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2868 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2869 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2870 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2871 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2872 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2873 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2874 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2875 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2876 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2877 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2878 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2879 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2880 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2881 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2882 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2883 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2884 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2885 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2886 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2887 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2888 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2889 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2890 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2891 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2892 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2893 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2894 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2895 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2896 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2897 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2898 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2899 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2900 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2901 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2902 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2903 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2904 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2905 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2906 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2907 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2908 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2909 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2910 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2911 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2912 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2914 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2915 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2916 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2918 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2919 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2922 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2923 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries T
2924 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2925 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2927 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2928 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2932 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2934 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2935 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2936 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2937 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2938 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2940 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2941 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2942 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2944 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2945 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2946 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2947 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2948 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2949 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2950 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2951 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2953 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2954 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2955 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2956 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2958 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2959 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2960 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2961 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2962 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2967 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2968 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2969 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2970 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2971 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2972 # hour before the event took place.
2974 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2976 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2977 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2978 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2979 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2980 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00
2986 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2987 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2988 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
2989 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2990 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
2991 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2992 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2993 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
2994 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2995 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2997 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
2998 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
3000 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
3001 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
3003 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
3004 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
3005 # federal law collection)...
3007 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
3008 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
3010 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
3011 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
3013 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
3014 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
3015 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
3016 # other years are made.
3018 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
3019 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
3020 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
3021 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
3023 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3024 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3025 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3026 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3028 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3029 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3030 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3032 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3034 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3035 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3036 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3037 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3038 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3039 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3041 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3042 # The Federal regulations say
3043 # http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3044 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
3045 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3047 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3048 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3049 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3050 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3051 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3052 # hour before the beginning of service.
3054 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3055 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3057 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3058 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3060 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3061 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3062 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3064 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3065 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
3066 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3067 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3068 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3069 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3070 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3071 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3072 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
3073 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3074 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3076 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3077 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3078 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3079 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3080 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3081 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3082 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
3087 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
3088 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
3089 # ... The latest rules are available at:
3090 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
3091 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
3092 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
3093 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
3094 # what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
3095 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
3096 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
3097 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
3098 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
3099 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
3100 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
3101 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
3102 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
3104 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3105 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3106 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3107 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3108 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3109 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3110 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3111 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3112 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3114 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3115 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3116 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3117 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3118 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3120 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
3122 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3123 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3124 # Turkish Local election....
3125 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3126 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3127 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3128 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3129 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3130 # change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3131 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3132 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3133 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
3134 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3135 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3136 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3138 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3139 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3140 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3141 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
3142 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
3143 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
3144 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
3145 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3146 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3147 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3148 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3149 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
3150 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3151 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3152 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
3153 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
3154 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
3155 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
3156 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3157 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
3158 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3159 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3160 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
3161 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3162 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3163 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3164 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
3165 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3166 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
3167 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
3168 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
3169 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3170 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
3171 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3172 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
3173 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3174 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
3175 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3176 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
3177 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
3178 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3179 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
3180 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
3181 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
3182 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3183 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3184 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
3185 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
3186 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
3187 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
3188 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
3189 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
3190 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
3191 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3192 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
3193 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
3194 Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3195 Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3196 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3197 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3198 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
3199 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3200 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
3201 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
3202 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
3203 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
3204 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
3205 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
3206 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
3208 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
3212 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3213 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3214 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3215 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3216 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3217 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3218 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3220 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3221 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3222 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3224 # Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3225 # approval from 266 deputies.
3227 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3228 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3230 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3231 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3233 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3234 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3236 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3237 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3238 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3239 # time this year after all.
3241 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3242 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3243 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3244 # to Russia) was reverted today:
3245 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3247 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3248 # The law documents themselves are at
3249 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3251 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3252 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3253 # 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
3254 # 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3255 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3256 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3258 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3259 # "summer time" was still in action):
3260 # 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3261 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3262 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3264 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3265 # 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3267 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3268 # 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST
3269 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3270 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3271 # This is an answer.
3273 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3274 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
3275 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
3276 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3277 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3279 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3280 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
3281 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3282 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
3283 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
3284 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
3285 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3286 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
3287 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
3288 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3289 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
3290 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3292 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3293 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3294 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3295 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
3297 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
3298 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
3299 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
3300 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
3301 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3302 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
3304 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3306 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
3307 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3308 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
3309 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
3310 # portable Posix file names.
3311 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
3312 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
3313 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3314 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
3315 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
3316 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3317 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3323 ###############################################################################
3325 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3326 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3327 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3329 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3330 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3331 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3332 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
3333 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3334 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3337 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3341 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3342 # most European countries started DST. Before that year, only
3343 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3344 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
3345 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3347 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3348 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3349 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3350 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
3352 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3353 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3355 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3356 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3360 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3361 # From: Dik T. Winter
3364 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3365 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3366 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
3368 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3369 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3370 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
3371 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
3372 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3373 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3376 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3377 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3378 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
3379 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
3380 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
3381 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
3382 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
3383 # in advance of normal time.
3386 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
3389 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
3391 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
3392 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
3394 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
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