1 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
4 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
7 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
9 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
11 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
12 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
13 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
14 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
16 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
17 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
18 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
19 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
20 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
21 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
23 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
24 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
26 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
27 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
29 # Other sources occasionally used include:
31 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
32 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
33 # which I found in the UCLA library.
35 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
36 # <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
39 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
40 # <https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
41 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
42 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
43 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
45 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
46 # This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
47 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
48 # The full Russian citation is:
49 # Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
50 # введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
51 # июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
52 # Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
53 # http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
55 # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
56 # History of Summer Time
57 # <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
58 # (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
60 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
61 # the rest are variants of the "xMT" pattern for a city's mean time,
62 # or are from other sources. Corrections are welcome!
65 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
66 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
67 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
68 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
69 # 0:19:32.13 AMT* NST* Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)
70 # 1:00 BST British Standard (1968-1971)
71 # 1:00 IST GMT Irish Standard (1968-) with winter DST
72 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
73 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)
74 # 1:36:34 RMT* LST* Riga, Latvian Summer (1880-1926)*
75 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
76 # 3:00 MSK MSD MDST* Moscow
78 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), re EEC/EC/EU members:
79 # The original six: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
80 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
81 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
82 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
83 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
84 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
85 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
86 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
87 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
88 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
90 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
91 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
93 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
94 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
95 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
96 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
100 ###############################################################################
102 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
104 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
106 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
107 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
108 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
111 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
112 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
113 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
114 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
115 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
116 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
117 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
119 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
120 # position is 51° 28' 30" N, 0° 18' 45" W. The longitude should
121 # be within about ±2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
123 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
125 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
127 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
128 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
129 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
130 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
131 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
132 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
133 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
134 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
135 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
136 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
137 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
138 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
139 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
140 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
141 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
142 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
143 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
144 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
145 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
146 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
148 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
149 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
150 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
152 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
153 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
154 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
155 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
156 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
157 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
158 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
159 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
160 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
161 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30°.
162 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
163 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
164 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
165 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
167 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
168 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
169 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
170 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
171 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
172 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
173 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
174 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
175 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
176 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
177 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
178 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
179 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
180 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
181 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
183 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
184 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
185 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
186 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
187 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
188 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
189 # -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
190 # republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
191 # https://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-114/a-silent-toast-to-william-willett-by-winston-s-churchill
193 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
194 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
195 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
196 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
197 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
198 # The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
199 # Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
200 # ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
202 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
203 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
204 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
206 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
207 # From: Jonathan Leffler
208 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
209 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
210 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
212 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
213 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
214 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
215 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
216 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
218 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
219 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
220 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
221 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
223 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
224 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
225 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
226 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
227 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
228 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
229 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
230 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
232 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
233 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
234 # which is to be introduced in May....
235 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
236 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
238 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
239 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
240 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
243 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
244 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
245 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
246 # and extending this list, which can be found in
247 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
249 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
251 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
252 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
253 # https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
254 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
256 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
258 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
260 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
262 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
263 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
264 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
265 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
266 # It actually just had one transition.
267 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
268 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
269 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
270 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
271 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
273 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
274 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
275 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
276 # conform with Great Britain.
277 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
279 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
280 # we'll ignore it for now.
281 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
283 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-04):
285 # Dunsink Observatory (8 km NW of Dublin's center) was to Dublin as
286 # Greenwich was to London. For example:
288 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
289 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
291 # The abbreviation DMT stood for "Dublin Mean Time" or "Dunsink Mean Time";
292 # this being Ireland, opinions differed.
294 # Whitman says Dublin/Dunsink Mean Time was UT-00:25:21, which agrees
295 # with measurements of recent visitors to the Meridian Room of Dunsink
296 # Observatory; see Malone D. Dunsink and timekeeping. 2016-01-24.
297 # <https://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwmalone/time/dunsink.html>. Malone
298 # writes that the Nautical Almanac listed UT-00:25:22 until 1896, when
299 # it moved to UT-00:25:21.1 (I confirmed that the 1893 edition used
300 # the former and the 1896 edition used the latter). Evidently the
301 # news of this change propagated slowly, as Milne 1899 still lists
302 # UT-00:25:22 and cites the International Telegraph Bureau. As it is
303 # not clear that there was any practical significance to the change
304 # from UT-00:25:22 to UT-00:25:21.1 in civil timekeeping, omit this
305 # transition for now and just use the latter value, omitting its
306 # fraction since our format cannot represent fractions.
308 # "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
309 # was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
310 # would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'. She claimed
311 # Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
312 # -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
313 # Irish Times 2014-10-27.
314 # https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
316 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
317 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
318 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
320 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
322 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
323 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
325 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
326 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
327 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
329 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
330 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
331 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
333 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
334 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
336 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
337 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
338 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
340 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
341 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
342 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
345 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
346 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
347 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
348 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
349 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
350 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
351 # and Frethun run in CT.
352 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
353 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
354 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
355 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
356 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
357 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
359 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
360 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
361 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
362 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
363 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
364 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
365 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
367 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-07):
368 # The 1996 anonymous contributor's goal was to determine the correct
369 # abbreviation for summer time in Dublin and so the contributor
370 # focused on the "IST", not on the "Irish Summer Time". Though the
371 # "IST" was correct, the "Irish Summer Time" appears to have been an
372 # error, as Ireland's Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 states that
373 # standard time in Ireland remains at UT +01 and is observed in
374 # summer, and that Greenwich mean time is observed in winter. (Thanks
375 # to Derick Rethans for pointing out the error.) That is, when
376 # Ireland amended the 1968 act that established UT +01 as Irish
377 # Standard Time, it left standard time unchanged and established GMT
378 # as a negative daylight saving time in winter. So, in this database
379 # IST stands for Irish Summer Time for timestamps before 1968, and for
380 # Irish Standard Time after that. See:
381 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1971/act/17/enacted/en/print
383 # Michael Deckers (2017-06-01) gave the following URLs for Ireland's
384 # Summer Time Act, 1925 and Summer Time Orders, 1926 and 1947:
385 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1925/act/8/enacted/en/print
386 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1926/sro/919/made/en/print
387 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1947/sro/71/made/en/print
389 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
390 # Summer Time Act, 1916
391 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
392 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
393 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
394 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
395 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
396 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
397 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
398 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
399 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
400 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
401 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
402 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
403 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
404 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
405 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
406 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
407 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
408 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
409 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
410 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
411 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
412 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
413 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
414 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
415 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
416 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
417 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
418 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
419 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
420 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
421 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
422 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
423 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
424 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
425 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
426 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
427 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
428 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
429 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
430 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
431 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
432 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
433 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
434 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
435 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
436 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
437 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
438 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
439 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
440 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
441 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
442 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
443 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
444 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
445 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
446 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
447 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
448 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
449 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
450 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
451 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
452 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
453 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
454 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
455 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
456 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
457 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
458 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
459 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
460 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
461 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
462 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
463 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
464 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
465 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
466 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
467 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
468 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
469 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
470 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
471 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
472 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
473 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
474 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
475 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
476 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
477 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
478 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
479 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
480 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
481 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
483 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
484 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
485 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
486 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
487 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
488 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
489 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
490 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
491 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
492 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
493 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
494 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
495 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
496 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
497 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
499 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
501 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
502 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
503 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
504 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
507 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
508 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
509 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
511 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-15):
512 # In January 2018 we discovered that the negative SAVE values in the
513 # Eire rules cause problems with tests for ICU:
514 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
515 # and with tests for OpenJDK:
516 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
518 # To work around this problem, the build procedure can translate the
519 # following data into two forms, one with negative SAVE values and the
520 # other form with a traditional approximation for Irish time stamps
521 # after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC; although this approximation has tm_isdst
522 # flags that are reversed, its UTC offsets are correct and this often
523 # suffices. This source file currently uses only nonnegative SAVE
524 # values, but this is intended to change and downstream code should
527 # The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
528 # summer and negative daylight saving time in winter. It is for when
529 # negative SAVE values are used.
530 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
531 #Rule Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 2:00u -1:00 GMT
532 #Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00u 0 IST
533 #Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00u -1:00 GMT
534 #Rule Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 0 IST
535 #Rule Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u -1:00 GMT
536 #Rule Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u -1:00 GMT
537 #Rule Eire 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u -1:00 GMT
539 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
540 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
541 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00s
542 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
543 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
544 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00s
545 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00s
546 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00s
547 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00s
548 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00s
549 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
550 # The next line is for when negative SAVE values are used.
552 # These three lines are for when SAVE values are always nonnegative.
553 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
554 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
558 ###############################################################################
562 # The following rules are for the European Union and for its
563 # predecessor organization, the European Communities.
564 # For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file.
566 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
567 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
568 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
569 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
570 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
571 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
572 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
573 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
574 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
575 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
576 # http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
578 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
579 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
580 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
581 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
582 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
583 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
584 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
586 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
587 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
588 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
589 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
590 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
591 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
592 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
593 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
594 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
595 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
596 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
597 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
598 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
599 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
601 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
602 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
603 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
604 # tz database itself, as seen below:
606 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
607 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
609 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
610 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
612 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
613 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
615 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
616 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
617 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
619 # The rule line to be changed is:
621 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
623 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
624 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
625 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
626 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
629 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
630 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
632 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
634 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
636 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
637 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
638 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
639 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
640 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
641 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
642 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
643 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
645 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
646 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
647 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
648 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
649 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
650 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
651 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
654 # Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
656 # The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).
658 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
659 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
661 # Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
662 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
664 # Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
665 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
666 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
668 # Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
669 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
671 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 0:00u 1:00 MSD
672 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK
674 # Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
675 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
677 # Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
678 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 +05
680 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
681 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
682 # Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
683 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
684 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
685 # Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
686 # Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
687 Rule Russia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
688 Rule Russia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
690 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
691 # As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
693 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
694 # Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
695 # Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
696 # Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
698 # I did not find full texts of these acts. For the 1989 one we have
699 # title at https://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
700 # "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
701 # Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
702 # Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
703 # And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
704 # contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
705 # of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
706 # oblasts. Since last Sunday of March 1989:
707 # a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
708 # second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
709 # b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
710 # rules (Moscow time)
711 # c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
713 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
714 # Unamended version of the act of the
715 # Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
716 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
717 # says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
718 # of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
719 # at 3 hours. It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
721 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
722 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
723 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
724 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
726 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
727 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
729 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
730 # https://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
732 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
733 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
736 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
738 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
739 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
740 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
741 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
742 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
744 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
745 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
747 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
748 # The official German names ... are
750 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
751 # Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
753 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
754 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
755 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
757 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
758 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
760 # D-38023 Braunschweig
761 # phone: +49 531 592-0
763 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
764 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
765 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
767 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
768 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
772 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
773 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
774 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
775 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
776 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
777 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
778 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
779 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
780 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
781 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
782 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
783 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
784 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
785 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
786 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
787 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
788 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
789 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
790 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
791 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
792 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
793 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
794 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
795 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
796 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
797 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
798 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
799 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
800 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
801 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
805 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
806 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
807 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
808 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
813 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
815 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
816 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
817 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
818 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
819 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
820 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
822 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
823 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
824 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
825 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
826 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
827 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
828 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
829 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
830 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
831 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
832 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
833 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
834 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
835 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
836 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
838 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
843 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
844 # http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
845 # (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
846 # 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
847 # on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
848 # (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
850 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
851 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
852 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
854 # Sources (Russian language):
855 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
856 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
857 # https://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
859 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
860 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
861 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
863 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
864 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
865 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
866 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
867 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
868 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
869 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
870 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
871 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
876 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
877 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
878 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
879 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
880 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
882 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
883 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
884 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
885 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
886 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
888 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
889 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
890 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
891 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
892 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
893 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
894 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
895 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
896 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
897 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
898 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
899 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
900 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
901 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
902 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
903 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
904 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
905 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
906 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
907 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
908 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
909 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
910 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
911 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
912 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
913 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
914 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
915 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
916 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
917 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
918 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
919 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
920 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
921 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
922 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
923 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
924 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
925 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
926 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
927 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
928 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
929 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
930 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
931 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
932 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
933 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
934 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
935 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
938 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
939 # See Europe/Belgrade.
943 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
944 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
945 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
946 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
948 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
949 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
950 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
951 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
952 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
953 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
954 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
955 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
956 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
957 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
958 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
959 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
960 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
961 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 3:00
962 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
963 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
967 # See Europe/Belgrade.
970 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
972 # Czech Republic / Czechia
973 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
974 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
975 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
976 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
977 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
978 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
979 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
980 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
981 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
982 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
983 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
984 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
985 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
987 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
989 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
991 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
992 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
993 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
994 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
995 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
997 # The EU [actually, EEC and Euratom] treaty with effect from 1973:
998 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
1000 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
1001 # in subsequent decrees with the law
1002 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
1004 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
1005 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
1006 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
1007 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
1008 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
1009 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
1010 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
1011 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
1012 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
1013 # was suspended on that night):
1014 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
1016 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
1017 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
1018 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
1020 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
1021 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
1022 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
1024 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1025 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1026 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1027 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1028 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1029 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1030 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
1031 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1032 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1033 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1034 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1035 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1037 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1038 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1039 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
1040 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1041 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1042 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
1044 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
1048 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
1049 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
1050 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
1051 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
1053 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-10):
1054 # Greenland joined the European Communities as part of Denmark,
1055 # obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, and left the European Communities
1056 # on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
1057 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
1058 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
1059 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
1061 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
1062 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
1063 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
1065 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
1066 # is according to the following time line:
1068 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
1069 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
1070 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
1073 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
1076 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
1078 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
1079 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
1080 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
1081 # info from earlier correspondence.]
1083 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
1084 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
1085 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
1087 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
1088 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
1089 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
1090 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
1091 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
1092 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
1093 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
1095 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
1096 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
1098 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
1099 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
1100 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
1102 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
1103 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
1104 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
1105 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be
1106 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
1108 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
1109 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
1112 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1113 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
1114 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
1115 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
1116 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1117 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1118 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1120 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
1121 # "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
1122 # "National Park" by Executive Order:
1123 # http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
1124 # It is their only National Park.
1126 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1127 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1128 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
1129 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1130 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1131 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1132 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
1134 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1135 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1136 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1137 -3:00 EU -03/-02 1996
1139 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1140 -2:00 - -02 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1141 -2:00 C-Eur -02/-01 1981 Mar 29
1143 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1144 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1146 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1151 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1152 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1154 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1155 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1156 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1157 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1159 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1160 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1161 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1162 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1163 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1164 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1165 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1166 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1167 # summer time next spring."
1169 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1170 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1171 # http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1172 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1173 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1175 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1176 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1177 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1179 # From The Baltic Times <https://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1180 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1181 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1182 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1183 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1184 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1185 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1188 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1189 # Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1190 # No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1191 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1193 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1194 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1195 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1197 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1198 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1200 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1201 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1202 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1203 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1204 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1205 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1206 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1207 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1208 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1209 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1210 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1211 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Oct 31 4:00
1212 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1217 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1218 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1219 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1221 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1223 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1224 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1225 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1226 # according to the central European standards.
1228 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1229 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1231 # https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1233 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1234 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1236 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1237 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1239 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1242 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1243 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1244 # https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1245 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1246 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1247 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1248 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1249 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1251 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1252 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1254 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1255 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1256 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1257 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1258 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1260 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1263 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1264 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1265 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1266 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1270 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1275 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1277 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1278 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1280 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1283 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1284 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1288 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1289 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1290 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1291 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1292 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1293 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1294 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1295 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1296 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1297 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1298 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1299 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1300 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1301 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1302 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1303 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1304 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1305 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1306 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1307 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1308 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1309 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1310 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1311 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1312 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1313 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1314 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1315 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1316 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1317 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1318 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1319 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1320 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1321 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1322 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1323 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1324 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1325 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1326 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1327 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1328 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1329 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1330 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1331 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1332 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1333 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1334 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1335 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1336 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1337 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1338 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1339 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1340 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1341 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1342 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1343 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1344 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1345 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1346 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1347 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1348 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1349 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1350 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1351 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1352 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1353 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1354 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1355 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1356 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1357 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1358 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1359 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1360 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1361 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1362 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1367 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1368 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1369 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1370 # [See tz-link.html for the URL.]
1372 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1373 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1374 # https://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1375 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1377 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1378 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1379 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1380 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1381 # this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
1384 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1385 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1386 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1387 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1388 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1389 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1391 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1392 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1393 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1394 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1395 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1397 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1398 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1399 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1401 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1402 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1403 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1404 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1405 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1408 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1409 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1410 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1411 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1412 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1413 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1415 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1416 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1418 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1419 # Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1421 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1424 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1425 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1426 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1429 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1430 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1431 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1436 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1437 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1438 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1439 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1440 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1441 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1442 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1443 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1444 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1445 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1446 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1447 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1448 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1449 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1450 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1451 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1452 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1453 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1454 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1455 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1456 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1457 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1458 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1459 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1460 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1461 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1462 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1463 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1464 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1465 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1466 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1467 # go with EU rules instead, since Greece joined Jan 1.
1471 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1472 # Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1473 # Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1474 # National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1475 # http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1476 # This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1477 # & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1478 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1479 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1480 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1481 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1482 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 -
1483 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1484 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1485 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1486 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1487 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1488 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1489 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1490 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1491 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1492 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1493 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1494 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1495 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1496 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1497 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1498 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1499 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1500 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8
1501 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1502 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1507 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1508 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1511 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1514 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1515 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1516 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1517 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1519 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1520 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1521 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1522 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1525 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1526 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1527 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1528 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1529 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1530 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1531 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1532 # might mean something else (???).
1534 # From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
1535 # The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
1536 # http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
1538 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1539 Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 -
1540 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1541 Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1542 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 -
1543 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
1544 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 -
1545 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
1546 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 -
1547 Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
1548 Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 -
1549 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1550 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
1551 Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1552 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1553 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
1554 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1555 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1556 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1557 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1558 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1559 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
1560 -1:00 Iceland -01/+00 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1565 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1566 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1567 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1568 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1569 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1570 # so record only the time in Rome.
1572 # From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
1573 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
1574 # ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
1575 # force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
1576 # the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
1578 # From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
1579 # The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
1580 # institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
1581 # http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
1583 # http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
1584 # has still different data for 1944. It divides Italy in two, as
1585 # there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
1586 # Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
1587 # of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
1589 # From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
1590 # Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
1591 # Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
1592 # Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
1593 # advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
1594 # Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
1596 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
1597 # Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
1598 # for the Kingdom of Italy. This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
1599 # Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
1600 # to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
1601 # was effectively controlled by Germany.
1603 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1604 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 24:00 1:00 S
1605 Rule Italy 1916 1917 - Sep 30 24:00 0 -
1606 Rule Italy 1917 only - Mar 31 24:00 1:00 S
1607 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 9 24:00 1:00 S
1608 Rule Italy 1918 only - Oct 6 24:00 0 -
1609 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 1 24:00 1:00 S
1610 Rule Italy 1919 only - Oct 4 24:00 0 -
1611 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 S
1612 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
1613 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 14 24:00 1:00 S
1614 Rule Italy 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
1615 Rule Italy 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1616 Rule Italy 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
1617 Rule Italy 1944 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1618 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
1619 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1620 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 1:00 0 -
1621 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1622 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1623 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1624 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1625 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1626 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1627 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1628 Rule Italy 1966 only - Sep 24 24:00 0 -
1629 Rule Italy 1967 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00s 0 -
1630 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1631 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1632 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1633 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1634 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1635 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1636 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1637 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1638 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00s 1:00 S
1639 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1640 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1641 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1642 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1643 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1644 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1645 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1646 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1647 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
1648 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1943 Sep 10
1649 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jun 4
1650 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1653 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1654 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1658 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1660 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1661 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1662 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1663 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1665 # Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1666 # according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1667 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1668 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1669 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1671 # Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1672 # according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1673 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1674 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1675 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1676 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1678 # Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1679 # according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1680 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1681 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1682 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1683 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1684 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1685 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1686 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1687 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1689 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1690 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1691 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1693 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1694 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1695 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1696 # 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1697 # in Latvian for subscribers only).
1699 # From RFE/RL Newsline
1700 # http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
1701 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1702 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1703 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1704 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1705 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1706 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1707 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1708 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1709 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1710 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1711 # appears that they will not do so....
1713 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1714 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1715 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1717 # Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1718 # Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1721 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1722 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880
1723 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT
1724 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST
1725 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1726 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1727 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11
1728 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1730 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1731 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1732 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1733 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1734 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1735 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1740 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1741 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1743 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1744 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1745 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1746 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1747 # ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1748 # introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
1749 # central European time was in force throughout the year.
1750 # From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1751 # regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1753 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1758 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1759 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1761 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1762 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1763 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1765 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1766 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1767 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1769 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1770 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1771 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1772 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1773 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1774 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1775 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1776 # already done by Estonia.
1778 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1779 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1780 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1782 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1783 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1784 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1785 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1786 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1787 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1788 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1791 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1792 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1793 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1794 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1795 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1796 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1797 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1798 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1799 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1800 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1801 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1802 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1803 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1804 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1805 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1809 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1810 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1811 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1812 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1813 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1814 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1815 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1816 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1817 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1818 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1819 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1820 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1821 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1822 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1823 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1824 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1825 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1826 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1827 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1828 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1829 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1830 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1831 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1832 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1833 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1834 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1835 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1836 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1837 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1838 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1839 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1840 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1841 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1845 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1849 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
1850 # Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
1852 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1853 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1854 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1855 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1856 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1857 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1858 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1859 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1860 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1861 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1862 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1863 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1868 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
1869 # the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
1870 # http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
1871 # ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
1872 # time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
1873 # plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
1874 # adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
1875 # time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
1876 # reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
1878 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1879 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1880 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1881 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1882 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1883 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1884 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1885 # But [two people] separately reported via
1886 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1887 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1889 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1890 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1891 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1892 # to the Winter Time).
1894 # News (in Russian):
1895 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1896 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1898 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1899 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1901 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1902 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1903 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1905 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1907 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1908 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1909 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1910 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1911 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1912 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1913 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1914 # https://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1916 # From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
1917 # http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
1918 # From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
1919 # The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
1920 # 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time. Also,
1921 # https://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
1922 # says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
1923 # Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
1925 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1926 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1927 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
1929 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1930 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1931 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1932 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1933 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1934 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1935 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1936 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 May 6 2:00
1937 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1938 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1939 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1943 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1944 # more precise 0:09:21.
1945 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1946 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1947 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1948 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1949 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1953 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1957 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1958 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1960 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1961 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1962 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1963 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1964 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1965 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1966 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1967 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1968 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1971 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1972 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1973 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1976 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1977 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1978 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1979 # actually followed.
1981 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1982 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1983 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1984 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1985 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1987 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1988 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1989 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1990 # Amsterdam mean time.
1992 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
1993 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
1995 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1996 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1997 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1998 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1999 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
2000 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2001 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
2002 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
2003 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
2004 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2005 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
2006 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2007 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
2008 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
2009 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
2010 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
2011 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
2012 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
2013 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
2014 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
2015 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2016 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
2017 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2019 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
2020 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
2021 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2022 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
2023 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
2024 0:20 Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16 0:00
2025 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
2026 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
2030 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
2032 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2033 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
2034 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2035 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
2036 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
2037 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
2038 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
2039 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
2040 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2041 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
2042 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
2043 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
2044 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
2047 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
2049 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
2050 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
2051 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
2052 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
2053 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
2054 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
2055 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
2056 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
2057 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
2058 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
2059 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
2060 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
2061 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
2062 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
2063 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
2064 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
2065 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
2066 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
2068 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
2070 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
2071 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
2072 # keeping Berlin time.
2074 # <https://www.jan-mayen.no/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
2075 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
2076 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
2077 # frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
2078 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
2079 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
2080 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
2082 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
2083 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
2084 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
2085 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
2086 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
2087 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
2088 # http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
2089 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
2090 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
2092 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
2093 # for these regions.
2094 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
2098 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
2099 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
2101 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2102 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2103 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2104 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
2105 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2106 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
2107 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2108 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
2109 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2110 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
2111 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
2112 # https://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
2113 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
2114 # He also gives these further references:
2115 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
2116 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
2117 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
2118 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
2119 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
2120 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2121 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
2122 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
2123 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
2124 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2125 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
2126 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
2127 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
2128 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
2129 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2130 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2131 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2132 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2133 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2134 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2135 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
2136 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
2137 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2138 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
2139 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
2144 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2145 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2146 # https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2147 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2148 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett....
2150 # From Michael Deckers (2018-02-15):
2151 # article 5 [of the 1911 decree; Deckers's translation] ...:
2152 # These dispositions shall enter into force at the instant at which,
2153 # according to the 2nd article, the civil day January 1, 1912 begins,
2154 # all clocks therefore having to be advanced or set back correspondingly ...
2156 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2157 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2158 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2160 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2161 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2162 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2164 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2165 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2166 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
2167 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2168 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2169 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2170 # harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2172 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2173 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2174 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2175 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2176 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
2177 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2178 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
2179 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2180 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2181 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
2182 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2183 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
2184 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2185 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2186 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2187 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2188 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2189 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2190 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2191 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2192 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2193 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2194 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2195 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
2196 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
2197 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2198 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2199 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2200 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
2201 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2202 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2203 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
2204 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
2205 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2206 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2207 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2208 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2209 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2210 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2211 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2212 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2213 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2214 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2215 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2216 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2217 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2218 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2219 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2220 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2221 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2222 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2223 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2224 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2225 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2226 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2227 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2228 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2229 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2230 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2231 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2232 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2233 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2234 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2236 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2237 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2238 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 0:00u # Lisbon MT
2239 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2240 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2241 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2242 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2243 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2245 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2246 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2247 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 2:00u # Horta MT
2248 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2249 -2:00 Port +00 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2250 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2251 -2:00 Port +00 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2252 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2253 -2:00 Port +00 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2254 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2255 -2:00 Port +00 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2256 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2257 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2258 -1:00 W-Eur -01/+00 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2259 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2261 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2262 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2263 -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 1:00u # Funchal MT
2264 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2265 -1:00 Port +01 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2266 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2267 -1:00 Port +01 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2268 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2269 -1:00 Port +01 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2270 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2271 -1:00 Port +01 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2272 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2273 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2278 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2279 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2280 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2281 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2282 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2283 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2285 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2286 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2287 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2288 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2289 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2290 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2291 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2292 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2293 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2294 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2295 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2296 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2297 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2298 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2299 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2300 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2301 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2307 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2308 # Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
2309 # (Government document
2310 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2312 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2313 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2314 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2315 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2317 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2318 # Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2319 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2320 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2322 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2323 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2324 # changed in September 2011:
2327 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2328 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2329 # 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2332 # https://rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2333 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2334 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2335 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2336 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2337 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2340 # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2341 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
2342 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2343 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2345 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2346 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2347 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2349 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2350 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2351 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2352 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2355 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2357 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2359 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2360 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2361 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2362 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2363 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
2364 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2365 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2366 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2367 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2368 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2369 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2371 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2372 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2373 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2374 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2375 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2376 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will look like this:
2377 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2379 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2380 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2381 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2382 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2383 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2385 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2386 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2387 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2388 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2389 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2391 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2392 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2393 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2394 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2395 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2397 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2398 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2399 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2400 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2402 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2403 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2404 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2405 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2406 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2407 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2409 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2410 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2411 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2412 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2413 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2414 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2415 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2416 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2418 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2419 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2420 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2421 # are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2422 # listing. The region codes listed come from
2423 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2424 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2425 # future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2426 # divisions where available.
2428 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2431 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2432 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2433 # 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
2435 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2436 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2438 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2439 # http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
2440 # confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
2441 # (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
2442 # summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
2443 # 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
2445 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2446 # says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
2447 # at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
2448 # Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
2450 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2451 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2452 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2453 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2454 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2455 3:00 - +03 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2459 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
2460 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2461 # Europe/Moscow covers...
2462 # 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
2463 # 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
2464 # 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
2465 # 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2466 # 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
2467 # 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2468 # 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
2469 # 11 RU-KO Komi Republic
2470 # 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
2471 # 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
2472 # 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2473 # 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
2474 # 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
2475 # 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
2476 # 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
2477 # 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
2478 # 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
2479 # 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
2480 # 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
2481 # 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
2482 # 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
2483 # 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
2484 # 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
2485 # 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
2486 # 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
2487 # 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
2488 # 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
2489 # 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
2490 # 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
2491 # 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
2492 # 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2493 # 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
2494 # 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
2495 # 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
2496 # 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
2497 # 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
2498 # 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
2499 # 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
2500 # 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
2501 # 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
2502 # 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
2503 # 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
2505 # 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
2506 # 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2508 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2509 # The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919. Decree No. 59
2510 # (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
2511 # zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
2512 # specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
2513 # No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
2514 # later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
2515 # taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
2516 # (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)
2518 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2519 # 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
2520 # Wikipedia refers to
2521 # http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
2522 # http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
2524 # The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
2525 # magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
2526 # the Trud newspaper from February 1982. The first link provides the
2527 # same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
2528 # time belt changes map).
2530 # The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
2531 # introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
2532 # border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
2533 # Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
2534 # according to the provided map (colored one). In addition to that
2535 # "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
2536 # belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
2537 # 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage. (Komi ASSR was
2538 # supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
2539 # hour difference.) Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
2542 # The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
2543 # and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
2544 # moving to summer time on 1982-04-01. Namely: Dagestan,
2545 # Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
2546 # Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
2547 # krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
2548 # Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
2549 # Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
2550 # district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. As a result Evenk Autonomous
2551 # Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
2552 # up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
2555 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2556 # attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
2557 # of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982. 1980-925.txt also adds
2558 # Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
2559 # district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. Probably erroneously.
2561 # The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
2562 # Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
2565 # The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
2566 # Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
2567 # Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
2568 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2569 # implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
2570 # Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
2574 # All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
2575 # 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
2576 # change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
2578 # There were some exceptions, though.
2579 # Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
2580 # Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
2581 # change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2582 # lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2584 # And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2585 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2586 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2587 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2588 # https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2589 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2590 # 2 days before the switch.
2593 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2594 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2595 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
2596 # should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2599 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2600 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2601 # Observatory (coordinates: 55° 45' 29.70", 37° 34' 05.30")....
2602 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2603 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2604 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2605 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2606 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2607 # coordinates: 59° 46' 18.70", 30° 19' 40.70") so 30° 19' 40.70" >
2608 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2611 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2612 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2613 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2614 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2615 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2617 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2618 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2619 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2620 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2621 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2622 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2623 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2624 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2625 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2626 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2630 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
2631 # Europe/Simferopol covers Crimea.
2633 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2634 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2635 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2637 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2638 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2639 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2641 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2643 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2644 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2645 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2646 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2647 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2648 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2650 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2651 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2652 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 0:00s
2653 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2654 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2655 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2656 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2657 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2658 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2659 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2660 # https://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2661 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2662 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2663 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2664 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2665 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2666 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2670 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2671 # Europe/Astrakhan covers:
2672 # 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
2674 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2676 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
2677 # On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
2678 # Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
2679 # This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
2680 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2681 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
2683 Zone Europe/Astrakhan 3:12:12 - LMT 1924 May
2684 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2685 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2686 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2687 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2688 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2689 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2690 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2693 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2694 # Europe/Volgograd covers:
2695 # 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
2696 # The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
2698 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2699 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2700 4:00 - +04 1961 Nov 11
2701 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
2702 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2703 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2704 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2705 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2708 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2709 # Europe/Saratov covers:
2710 # 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast
2712 # From Yuri Konotopov (2016-11-11):
2713 # Dec 4, 2016 02:00 UTC+3.... Saratov Region's local time will be ... UTC+4.
2714 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-11):
2715 # ... Byalokoz listed Saratov on 03:04:18.
2716 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-22):
2717 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201611220031
2719 Zone Europe/Saratov 3:04:18 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2720 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2721 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
2722 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2723 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2724 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2725 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2726 3:00 - +03 2016 Dec 4 2:00s
2729 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2730 # Europe/Kirov covers:
2731 # 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
2732 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2734 Zone Europe/Kirov 3:18:48 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2735 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2736 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2737 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2738 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2739 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2740 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2743 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2744 # Europe/Samara covers...
2745 # 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
2746 # 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast
2748 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2749 # Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
2750 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2752 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2753 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2754 4:00 - +04 1935 Jan 27
2755 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2756 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2757 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2758 3:00 - +03 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2759 4:00 Russia +04/+05 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2760 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2763 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2764 # Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
2765 # 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast
2767 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2769 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2770 # Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
2771 # Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
2772 # 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
2773 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2774 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
2776 Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk 3:13:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2777 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2778 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2779 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2780 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2781 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2782 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2783 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2786 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2787 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2788 # 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of
2789 # 90 RU-PER Perm Krai
2790 # 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast
2791 # 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast
2792 # 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast
2793 # 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast
2794 # 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast
2795 # 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2796 # 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2798 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2799 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2801 # Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2802 # Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
2803 # Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
2804 # The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
2806 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3
2807 3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2808 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2809 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2810 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2811 5:00 Russia +05/+06 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2812 6:00 - +06 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2816 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2817 # Asia/Omsk covers...
2818 # 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast
2820 # Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
2822 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2823 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2824 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2825 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2826 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2827 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2830 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
2831 # Asia/Barnaul covers:
2832 # 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
2833 # 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
2835 # Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2837 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2838 # Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
2839 # http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
2840 # suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
2843 # https://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
2844 # has some historical data for Altai Krai:
2845 # before 1957: west part on UT+6, east on UT+7
2848 # http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
2849 # confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
2851 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2852 # Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
2853 # by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
2854 # Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
2855 # Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
2856 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2857 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
2858 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
2860 Zone Asia/Barnaul 5:35:00 - LMT 1919 Dec 10
2861 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2862 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2863 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2864 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1995 May 28
2865 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2866 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2867 6:00 - +06 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2870 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2871 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
2872 # 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast
2874 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
2875 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
2876 # moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
2877 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
2878 # The law was signed yesterday and published today on
2879 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
2881 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2882 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2883 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2884 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2885 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2886 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2887 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2888 6:00 - +06 2016 Jul 24 2:00s
2891 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2892 # Asia/Tomsk covers:
2893 # 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast
2895 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
2896 # Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
2898 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2899 # Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
2901 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
2902 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
2903 # (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
2904 # / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
2905 # Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
2906 # GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
2907 # belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
2908 # with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
2909 # 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
2911 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
2912 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
2913 # This bill was approved in the first reading today. It moves Tomsk oblast
2914 # from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
2915 # 2:00. The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
2916 # the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
2917 # and published to become a law. Minor changes in the text are to be expected
2918 # before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
2921 # Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
2922 # the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
2923 # http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
2924 # http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
2925 # I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
2926 # bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
2927 # approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
2928 # published as a law around 2016-04-26.
2930 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
2931 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
2933 Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:51 - LMT 1919 Dec 22
2934 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2935 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2936 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2937 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2002 May 1 3:00
2938 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2939 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2940 6:00 - +06 2016 May 29 2:00s
2944 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2945 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
2946 # 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast
2948 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2949 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2951 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2952 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2954 # This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
2955 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2956 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2958 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2959 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2960 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2961 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2962 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2964 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2965 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2967 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2968 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
2969 # realigning itself with KRAT.
2971 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - LMT 1924 May 1
2972 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2973 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2974 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2975 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2976 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2979 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2980 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
2981 # 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
2982 # 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
2983 # 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
2985 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
2986 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
2988 # Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
2990 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2991 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2992 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2993 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2994 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2995 8:00 - +08 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2999 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3000 # Asia/Irkutsk covers...
3001 # 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
3002 # 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast
3004 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
3005 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
3007 # Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
3008 # Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
3011 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:05 - LMT 1880
3012 6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
3013 7:00 - +07 1930 Jun 21
3014 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3015 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3016 8:00 Russia +08/+09 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3017 9:00 - +09 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3021 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3022 # Asia/Chita covers...
3023 # 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
3025 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
3026 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
3028 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
3029 # [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
3030 # Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9. Effective date will
3031 # be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
3032 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
3034 Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3035 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3036 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3037 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3038 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3039 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3040 8:00 - +08 2016 Mar 27 2:00
3044 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3045 # Asia/Yakutsk covers...
3046 # 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
3048 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3049 # 14-02 **** Aldansky District
3050 # 14-04 **** Amginsky District
3051 # 14-05 **** Anabarsky District
3052 # 14-06 **** Bulunsky District
3053 # 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District
3054 # 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District
3055 # 14-11 **** Gorny District
3056 # 14-12 **** Zhigansky District
3057 # 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District
3058 # 14-14 **** Lensky District
3059 # 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District
3060 # 14-16 **** Mirninsky District
3061 # 14-18 **** Namsky District
3062 # 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District
3063 # 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District
3064 # 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District
3065 # 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District
3066 # 14-26 **** Suntarsky District
3067 # 14-27 **** Tattinsky District
3068 # 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District
3069 # 14-32 **** Khangalassky District
3070 # 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District
3071 # 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
3073 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3074 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
3075 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
3076 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
3078 # Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
3080 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3081 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3082 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3083 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3084 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3085 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3089 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3090 # Asia/Vladivostok covers...
3091 # 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
3092 # 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai
3093 # 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast
3095 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3096 # 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District
3097 # 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District
3099 # Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
3100 # Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
3103 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
3104 9:00 - +09 1930 Jun 21
3105 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3106 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3107 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3108 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3112 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3113 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3114 # 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
3115 # 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District
3117 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3118 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
3121 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
3122 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
3123 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
3124 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
3126 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3127 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3128 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3129 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3130 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2004
3131 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3132 11:00 - +11 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3133 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3137 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3138 # Asia/Sakhalin covers...
3139 # 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
3140 # ...with the exception of:
3141 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3143 # From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
3144 # Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3146 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
3148 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
3149 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
3150 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 25
3151 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T
3152 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3153 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
3154 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3155 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3156 10:00 - +10 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
3160 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3161 # Asia/Magadan covers...
3162 # 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast
3164 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3165 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
3166 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
3167 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
3168 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will
3169 # need their own zone.
3171 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
3172 # ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3173 # will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
3175 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
3176 # ... signed by the President today ...
3177 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
3179 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
3180 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
3181 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3182 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3183 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3184 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3185 10:00 - +10 2016 Apr 24 2:00s
3189 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3190 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3191 # 14-01 **** Abyysky District
3192 # 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District
3193 # 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District
3194 # 14-17 **** Momsky District
3195 # 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District
3196 # 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District
3198 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
3199 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3201 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
3202 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
3203 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
3204 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
3205 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
3206 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
3208 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3209 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
3210 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
3211 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
3213 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
3214 # districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
3215 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
3217 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
3218 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
3219 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
3221 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
3222 # fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
3223 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
3224 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
3225 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
3226 # in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
3227 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
3228 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
3230 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
3231 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21
3232 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3233 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3234 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3235 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3239 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3240 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3241 # 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
3243 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3244 # Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
3245 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
3247 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3248 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
3249 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
3250 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
3251 # UTC+12 since at least then, too.
3253 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3254 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3255 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1981 Apr 1
3256 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3257 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3258 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3259 12:00 - +12 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3260 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3264 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3265 # Asia/Kamchatka covers...
3266 # 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
3268 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
3269 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
3271 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
3272 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
3273 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
3274 11:00 - +11 1930 Jun 21
3275 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3276 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3277 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3278 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3282 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3283 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
3284 # 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
3286 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
3287 12:00 - +12 1930 Jun 21
3288 13:00 Russia +13/+14 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
3289 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3290 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3291 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3292 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3300 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3301 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
3302 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
3303 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
3304 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
3305 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
3306 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
3307 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
3308 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
3309 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
3311 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
3312 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
3313 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
3314 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
3315 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
3318 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
3321 # See Europe/Belgrade.
3325 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-14):
3327 # The source for Europe/Madrid before 2013 is:
3328 # Planesas P. La hora oficial en España y sus cambios.
3329 # Anuario del Observatorio Astronómico de Madrid (2013, in Spanish).
3330 # http://astronomia.ign.es/rknowsys-theme/images/webAstro/paginas/documentos/Anuario/lahoraoficialenespana.pdf
3331 # As this source says that historical time in the Canaries is obscure,
3332 # and it does not discuss Ceuta, stick with Shanks for now for that data.
3334 # In the 1918 and 1919 fallback transitions in Spain, the clock for
3335 # the hour-longer day officially kept going after midnight, so that
3336 # the repeated instances of that day's 00:00 hour were 24 hours apart,
3337 # with a fallback transition from the second occurrence of 00:59... to
3338 # the next day's 00:00. Our data format cannot represent this
3339 # directly, and instead repeats the first hour of the next day, with a
3340 # fallback transition from the next day's 00:59... to 00:00.
3342 # From Michael Deckers (2016-12-15):
3343 # The Royal Decree of 1900-06-26 quoted by Planesas, online at
3344 # https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1900/209/A00383-00384.pdf
3345 # says in its article 5 (my translation):
3346 # These dispositions will enter into force beginning with the
3347 # instant at which, according to the time indicated in article 1,
3348 # the 1st day of January of 1901 will begin.
3350 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3351 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S
3352 Rule Spain 1918 1919 - Oct 6 24:00s 0 -
3353 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 6 23:00 1:00 S
3354 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00 1:00 S
3355 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 24:00s 0 -
3356 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
3357 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
3358 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
3359 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
3360 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
3361 # Republican Spain during the civil war; it controlled Madrid until 1939-03-28.
3362 Rule Spain 1937 only - Jun 16 23:00 1:00 S
3363 Rule Spain 1937 only - Oct 2 24:00s 0 -
3364 Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3365 Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr 30 23:00 2:00 M
3366 Rule Spain 1938 only - Oct 2 24:00 1:00 S
3367 # The following rules are for unified Spain again.
3369 # Planesas does not say what happened in Madrid between its fall on
3370 # 1939-03-28 and the Nationalist spring-forward transition on
3371 # 1939-04-15. For lack of better info, assume Madrid's clocks did not
3372 # change during that period.
3374 # The first rule is commented out, as it is redundant for Republican Spain.
3375 #Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S
3376 Rule Spain 1939 only - Oct 7 24:00s 0 -
3377 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 23:00 1:00 S
3378 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 1:00 0 -
3379 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
3380 Rule Spain 1943 1944 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
3381 Rule Spain 1945 1946 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3382 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
3383 Rule Spain 1949 only - Oct 2 1:00 0 -
3384 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=12 23:00 1:00 S
3385 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
3386 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
3387 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3388 Rule Spain 1977 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3389 Rule Spain 1978 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
3390 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
3391 # Nationalist Spain during the civil war
3392 #Rule NatSpain 1937 only - May 22 23:00 1:00 S
3393 #Rule NatSpain 1937 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
3394 #Rule NatSpain 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00 1:00 S
3395 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
3396 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
3397 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3398 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
3399 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3400 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3401 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3402 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3403 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3404 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
3405 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3406 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:45:16
3407 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1940 Mar 16 23:00
3408 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
3410 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:38:44
3411 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
3412 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
3414 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
3415 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
3418 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3419 -1:00 - -01 1946 Sep 30 1:00
3420 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
3421 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u
3423 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3424 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3428 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
3430 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
3431 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
3432 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
3433 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
3434 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
3436 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18° 03' 30"
3437 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
3438 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
3440 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
3441 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
3442 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
3443 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
3444 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
3445 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
3446 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
3447 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
3449 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
3450 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
3451 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
3452 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
3454 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
3455 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
3456 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
3457 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
3458 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
3463 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
3464 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
3465 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
3466 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
3467 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
3468 # hour before the event took place.
3470 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
3472 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3473 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
3474 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
3475 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
3476 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00
3482 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
3483 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
3484 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
3485 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3486 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
3487 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
3488 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
3489 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
3490 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
3491 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
3493 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
3494 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
3496 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
3497 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
3499 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
3500 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
3501 # federal law collection)...
3503 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
3504 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
3506 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
3507 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
3509 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
3510 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
3511 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
3512 # other years are made.
3514 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
3515 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
3516 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
3517 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
3519 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3520 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3521 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3522 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3524 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3525 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3526 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3528 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3530 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3531 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3532 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3533 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3534 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3535 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3537 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3538 # The Federal regulations say
3539 # https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3540 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7° 26' 22.50".
3541 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3543 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3544 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3545 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3546 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3547 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3548 # hour before the beginning of service.
3550 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3551 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3553 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3554 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3556 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3557 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3558 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3560 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3561 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
3562 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3563 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3564 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3565 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3566 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3567 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3568 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
3569 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3570 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3572 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3573 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3574 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3575 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3576 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3577 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3578 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
3583 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
3584 # 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
3586 # 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
3587 # Here are official papers:
3588 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf - page 2 for 1986
3589 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf - page 4 for 1987
3590 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf - page 15 for 1988
3591 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf - page 6 for 1989
3592 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf - page 1 for 1990 - 1992
3593 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf - page 15 for 1993 - 1995
3594 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf - page 1 for overriding 1994
3595 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf - page 1 for 1996, 1997
3596 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf - page 10 for 1998 - 2000
3597 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2 - for 2001
3598 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2 - for 2002-2006
3599 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
3600 # Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1985.
3602 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3603 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3604 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3605 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3606 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3607 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3608 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3609 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3610 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3612 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3613 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3614 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3615 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3616 # https://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3618 # https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-bir-gun-ileri-alindi-17230464
3620 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3621 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3622 # Turkish Local election....
3623 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3624 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3625 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3626 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3627 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3628 # change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3629 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3630 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3631 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
3632 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3633 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3634 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3636 # From Fatih (2015-09-29):
3637 # It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
3638 # Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
3639 # http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
3641 # From BBC News (2015-10-25):
3642 # Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
3643 # government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
3644 # Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
3645 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
3647 # From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
3648 # Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
3649 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
3651 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
3652 # The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
3653 # It takes effect today, which is not much notice.
3655 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2017-10-28):
3656 # Turkey will go back to Daylight Saving Time starting 2018-10.
3657 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/10/20171028-5.pdf
3659 # From Even Scharning (2017-11-08):
3660 # ... today it was announced that the DST will become "continuous":
3661 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/son-dakika-yaz-saati-uygulamasi-surekli-hale-geldi-40637482
3662 # From Paul Eggert (2017-11-08):
3663 # Although Google Translate misfires on that source, it looks like
3664 # Turkey reversed last month's decision, and so will stay at +03.
3666 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3667 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3668 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3669 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
3670 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
3671 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
3672 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
3673 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3674 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3675 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3676 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3677 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
3678 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3679 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3680 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
3681 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
3682 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
3683 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
3684 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3685 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
3686 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3687 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3688 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
3689 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3690 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3691 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3692 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
3693 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3694 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
3695 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
3696 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
3697 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3698 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
3699 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3700 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
3701 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3702 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
3703 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3704 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
3705 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
3706 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3707 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
3708 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
3709 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
3710 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3711 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3712 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
3713 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
3714 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
3715 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
3716 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
3717 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
3718 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
3719 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3720 Rule Turkey 1986 1993 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3721 Rule Turkey 1986 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3722 Rule Turkey 1994 only - Mar 20 1:00s 1:00 S
3723 Rule Turkey 1995 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3724 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3725 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3726 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
3727 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3728 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
3729 3:00 Turkey +03/+04 1985 Apr 20
3730 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
3731 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
3732 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
3733 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
3734 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
3735 2:00 EU EE%sT 2015 Oct 25 1:00u
3736 2:00 1:00 EEST 2015 Nov 8 1:00u
3737 2:00 EU EE%sT 2016 Sep 7
3739 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
3743 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3744 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3745 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3746 # regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3747 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3748 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3749 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3751 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3752 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3753 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3755 # Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3756 # approval from 266 deputies.
3758 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3759 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3761 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3762 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3764 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3765 # https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3767 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3768 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3769 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3770 # time this year after all.
3772 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3773 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3774 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3775 # to Russia) was reverted today:
3776 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3778 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3779 # The law documents themselves are at
3780 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3782 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3783 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3784 # 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
3785 # 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3786 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3787 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3789 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3790 # "summer time" was still in action):
3791 # 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3792 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3793 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3795 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3796 # 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3798 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3799 # 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST
3800 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3801 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3802 # This is an answer.
3804 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3805 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
3806 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
3807 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3808 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3810 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3811 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
3812 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3813 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
3814 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
3815 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
3816 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3817 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
3818 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
3819 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3820 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
3821 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3823 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3824 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3825 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3826 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
3828 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
3829 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
3830 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
3831 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
3832 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3833 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
3835 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3837 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
3838 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3839 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
3840 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
3841 # portable Posix file names.
3842 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
3843 2:20 - +0220 1924 May 2
3844 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3845 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
3846 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
3847 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3848 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3854 ###############################################################################
3856 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3857 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3858 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3860 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3861 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3862 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3863 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
3864 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3865 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3868 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3872 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3873 # most European countries started DST. Before that year, only
3874 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3875 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
3876 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3878 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3879 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3880 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3881 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
3883 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3884 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3886 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3887 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3891 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3892 # From: Dik T. Winter
3895 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3896 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3897 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
3899 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3900 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3901 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
3902 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
3903 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3904 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3907 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3908 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3909 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
3910 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
3911 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
3912 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
3913 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
3914 # in advance of normal time.
3917 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
3920 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
3922 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
3923 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
3925 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
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