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36 .\" @(#)stdarg.3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
37 .\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man3/stdarg.3,v 1.15 2005/01/21 08:36:36 ru Exp $
38 .\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man3/stdarg.3,v 1.3 2005/11/20 11:05:44 swildner Exp $
45 .Nd variable argument lists
49 .Fn va_start "va_list ap" last
51 .Fn va_arg "va_list ap" type
53 .Fn va_copy "va_list dest" "va_list src"
55 .Fn va_end "va_list ap"
57 A function may be called with a varying number of arguments of varying
63 and defines three macros for stepping
64 through a list of arguments whose number and types are not known to
67 The called function must declare an object of type
69 which is used by the macros
84 and must be called first.
88 is the name of the last parameter before the variable argument list,
89 i.e., the last parameter of which the calling function knows the type.
91 Because the address of this parameter is used in the
93 macro, it should not be declared as a register variable, or as a
94 function or an array type.
98 macro returns no value.
102 macro expands to an expression that has the type and value of the next
103 argument in the call.
114 so that the next call returns the next argument.
117 is a type name specified so that the type of a pointer to an
118 object that has the specified type can be obtained simply by
123 If there is no next argument, or if
125 is not compatible with the type of the actual next argument
126 (as promoted according to the default argument promotions),
127 random errors will occur.
131 macro after that of the
133 macro returns the argument after
135 Successive invocations return the values of the remaining
140 macro copies a variable argument list, previously initialized by
146 The state is preserved such that it is equivalent to calling
148 with the same second argument used with
152 the same number of times as called with
157 macro returns no value.
161 macro handles a normal return from the function whose variable argument
162 list was initialized by
167 macro returns no value.
171 takes a string of format characters and prints out the argument
172 associated with each format character based on the type.
173 .Bd -literal -offset indent
174 void foo(char *fmt, ...)
183 case 's': /* string */
184 s = va_arg(ap, char *);
185 printf("string %s\en", s);
189 printf("int %d\en", d);
192 /* Note: char is promoted to int. */
194 printf("char %c\en", c);
203 compatible with the historic macros they replace.
204 A backward compatible version can be found in the include
221 macros do not permit programmers to
222 code a function with no fixed arguments.
223 This problem generates work mainly when converting
228 but it also creates difficulties for variadic functions that
229 wish to pass all of their arguments on to a function