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32 .\" @(#)ps.1 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
33 .\" $FreeBSD: src/bin/ps/ps.1,v 1.24.2.7 2002/06/20 22:43:33 charnier Exp $
34 .\" $DragonFly: src/bin/ps/ps.1,v 1.10 2006/04/07 09:57:37 swildner Exp $
44 .Op Fl aCcefhjlmrSTuvwxyY
58 displays a header line followed by lines containing information about your
59 processes that have controlling terminals.
60 This information is sorted by controlling terminal, then by process ID.
62 The information displayed is selected based on a set of keywords (see the
68 The default output format includes, for each process, the process' ID,
69 controlling terminal, CPU time (including both user and system time),
70 state, and associated command.
72 The process file system (see
74 should be mounted when
76 is executed, otherwise not all information will be available.
78 The options are as follows:
79 .Bl -tag -width indent
81 Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.
82 This can be disabled by setting the
83 .Va kern.ps_showallprocs
86 Change the ``command'' column output to just contain the executable name,
87 rather than the full command line.
89 Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a ``raw''
90 CPU calculation that ignores ``resident'' time (this normally has
93 Display the environment as well.
95 Show commandline and environment information about swapped out processes.
96 This option is honored only if the uid of the user is 0.
98 Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one
99 header per page of information.
101 Print information associated with the following keywords:
102 .Cm user , pid , ppid , pgid , sess , jobc , state , tt , time ,
106 List the set of available keywords.
108 Display information associated with the following keywords:
109 .Cm uid , pid , ppid , cpu , pri , nice , vsz , rss , wchan , state ,
114 Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core
115 instead of the default
118 Sort by memory usage, instead of by process ID.
120 Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default
123 Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list
124 of keywords specified, after the process ID,
125 in the default information
127 Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string.
128 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
131 Display information associated with the space or comma separated list
132 of keywords specified.
133 Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string.
134 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
137 Display information associated with the specified process ID.
139 Sort by current CPU usage, instead of by process ID.
141 Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited
142 children to their parent process.
144 Display information about processes attached to the device associated
145 with the standard input.
147 Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal
150 Display the processes belonging to the specified
153 Display information associated with the following keywords:
154 .Cm user , pid, %cpu , %mem , vsz , rss , tt , state , start , time ,
163 Display information associated with the following keywords:
164 .Cm pid , state , time , sl , re , pagein , vsz , rss , lim , tsiz ,
174 Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which
178 option is specified more than once,
180 will use as many columns as necessary without regard for your window size.
182 Display information about processes without controlling terminals.
184 Display information associated with the following keywords:
185 .Cm uid , pid , ppid , cpu , pri , iac , nice , wchan , state , tt , time ,
188 Sort by iac (interactivity measure).
190 Sort by iac (interactivity measure).
193 A complete list of the available keywords are listed below.
194 Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:
195 .Bl -tag -width ".Cm lstart"
197 The CPU utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to
198 a minute of previous (real) time.
199 Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may
200 be very young) it is possible for the sum of all
202 fields to exceed 100%.
204 The percentage of real memory used by this process.
206 The flags associated with the process as in
209 .Bl -column P_BREAKTSLEEP 0x10000000
210 .It Dv "P_ADVLOCK" Ta No "0x00001 Process may hold a POSIX advisory lock"
211 .It Dv "P_CONTROLT" Ta No "0x00002 Has a controlling terminal"
212 .It Dv "P_SWAPPEDOUT" Ta No "0x00004 Swapped out of memory"
213 .It Dv "P_BREAKTSLEEP" Ta No "0x00008 Event pending, break tsleep on sigcont"
214 .It Dv "P_PPWAIT" Ta No "0x00010 Parent is waiting for child to exec/exit"
215 .It Dv "P_PROFIL" Ta No "0x00020 Has started profiling"
216 .It Dv "P_SELECT" Ta No "0x00040 Selecting; wakeup/waiting danger"
217 .It Dv "P_SINTR" Ta No "0x00080 Sleep is interruptible"
218 .It Dv "P_SUGID" Ta No "0x00100 Had set id privileges since last exec"
219 .It Dv "P_SYSTEM" Ta No "0x00200 System proc: no sigs, stats or swapping"
220 .It Dv "P_STOPPED" Ta No "0x00400 SIGSTOP status"
221 .It Dv "P_TRACED" Ta No "0x00800 Debugged process being traced"
222 .It Dv "P_WAITED" Ta No "0x01000 SIGSTOP status was returned by wait3/4"
223 .It Dv "P_WEXIT" Ta No "0x02000 Working on exiting"
224 .It Dv "P_EXEC" Ta No "0x04000 Process called exec"
225 .It Dv "P_UPCALLPEND" Ta No "0x20000 An upcall is pending"
226 .It Dv "P_SWAPWAIT" Ta No "0x40000 Waiting for a swapin"
227 .It Dv "P_ZOMBIE" Ta No "0x80000 Now in a zombied state"
228 .It Dv "P_ONRUNQ" Ta No "0x100000 On a user scheduling run queue"
229 .It Dv "P_KTHREADP" Ta No "0x200000 Process is really a kernel thread"
230 .It Dv "P_IDLESWAP" Ta No "0x400000 Swapout was due to idleswap, not load"
231 .It Dv "P_DEADLKTREAT" Ta No "0x800000 Lock aquisition - deadlock treatment"
232 .It Dv "P_JAILED" Ta No "0x1000000 Process is in jail"
233 .It Dv "P_OLDMASK" Ta No "0x2000000 Need to restore mask before pause"
234 .It Dv "P_ALTSTACK" Ta No "0x4000000 have alternate signal stack"
235 .It Dv "P_INEXEC" Ta No "0x8000000 Process is in execve()"
236 .It Dv "P_PASSIVE_ACQ" Ta No "0x10000000 Passive acquire cpu (see kern_switch)"
237 .It Dv "P_UPCALLWAIT" Ta No "0x20000000 Wait for upcall or signal"
240 The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
243 The exact time the command started, using the ``%c'' format described in
246 The process scheduling increment (see
247 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
249 the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
251 The time the command started.
252 If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is
253 displayed using the ``%l:ps.1p'' format described in
255 If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is
256 displayed using the ``%a6.15p'' format.
257 Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the ``%e%b%y'' format.
259 The state is given by a sequence of letters, for example,
261 The first letter indicates the run state of the process:
263 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
265 Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait.
267 Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds).
269 Marks a process which is in
271 The hostname of the prison can be found in
272 .Pa /proc/ Ns Ao Ar pid Ac Ns Pa /status .
274 Marks a runnable process.
276 Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.
278 Marks a stopped process.
280 Marks a dead process (a
284 Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state
287 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
289 The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
291 The process has raised CPU scheduling priority.
293 The process has specified a soft limit on memory requirements and is
294 currently exceeding that limit; such a process is (necessarily) not
297 the process has asked for random page replacement
298 .Pf ( Dv MADV_RANDOM ,
303 in a garbage collect).
305 The process is trying to exit.
307 The process has pages locked in core (for example, for raw
310 On SMP systems indicates a process or thread which is
312 holding the MP lock (the Big Giant Lock).
314 The process has reduced CPU scheduling priority (see
315 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
317 The process has asked for FIFO page replacement
318 .Pf ( Dv MADV_SEQUENTIAL ,
321 for example, a large image processing program using virtual memory to
322 sequentially address voluminous data).
324 The process is a session leader.
326 The process is suspended during a
329 The process is swapped out.
331 The process is being traced or debugged.
334 An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any.
335 The abbreviation consists of the three letters following
337 or, for the console, ``con''.
338 This is followed by a ``-'' if the process can no longer reach that
339 controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).
341 The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
342 When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
343 trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints
347 When printing using the
349 keyword, a process that has exited and
350 has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie)
351 is listed as ``<defunct>'', and a process which is blocked while trying
352 to exit is listed as ``<exiting>''.
356 makes an educated guess as to the file name and arguments given when the
357 process was created by examining memory or the swap area.
358 The method is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any event a process
359 is entitled to destroy this information, so the names cannot be depended
363 (accounting) keyword can, however, be depended on.
365 The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their
367 Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).
369 .Bl -tag -width ".Cm sigignore" -compact
371 percentage CPU usage (alias
374 percentage memory usage (alias
377 accounting flag (alias
380 batchness of the process (higher numbers mean less interactivity)
382 command and arguments
384 short-term CPU usage factor (for scheduling)
386 the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias
389 total blocks read (alias
400 CPU ID the process was last scheduled on
404 login name of user who started the process (alias
413 total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
415 total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
420 total involuntary context switches
422 total signals taken (alias
427 total voluntary context switches
429 wait channel (as an address)
431 total blocks written (alias
434 resource usage (valid only for zombie)
447 scheduling priority (lower == better)
449 core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
453 reverse link on run queue, or 0
457 resident set size + (text size / text use count) (alias
460 realtime priority (101 = not a realtime process)
464 user name (from ruid)
468 pending signals (alias
471 caught signals (alias
474 ignored signals (alias
477 blocked signals (alias
480 sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
484 symbolic process state (alias
487 saved gid from a setgid executable
489 saved uid from a setuid executable
491 control terminal device number
493 LWKT thread priority (0-31, 31 highest), and critical section count
495 accumulated CPU time, user + system (alias
498 control terminal process group ID
500 .\"text resident set size (in Kbytes)
502 control terminal session pointer
504 text size (in Kbytes)
506 control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
508 full name of control terminal
510 name to be used for accounting
516 virtual size in Kbytes (alias
519 wait channel (as a symbolic name)
521 exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)
524 .Bl -tag -width /var/db/kvm_kernel.db -compact
526 default kernel memory
527 .It Pa /var/run/dev.db
529 .It Pa /var/db/kvm_kernel.db
530 system namelist database
532 default system namelist
553 cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled
554 process, the information it displays can never be exact.