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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
33 .\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $
34 .\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.5 2005/05/07 17:38:33 swildner Exp $
41 .Nd layout of filesystems
43 A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy.
44 .Bl -tag -width "/stand/"
46 root directory of the filesystem
48 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
50 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
52 .Bl -tag -width defaults/ -compact
54 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
58 block and character device files
60 .Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact
62 script for creating device files;
66 file descriptor files;
71 system configuration files and scripts
73 .Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact
75 default system configuration files;
79 gnats configuration files;
83 isdn4bsd configuration files;
87 local timezone information;
91 Sendmail control files
93 mtree configuration files;
97 named configuration files;
101 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
106 ppp configuration files;
110 OpenSSL configuration files
112 uucp configuration files;
117 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
120 loadable kernel modules;
124 empty directory commonly used by
125 system administrators as a temporary mount point
132 root's HOME directory
134 system programs and administration utilities
135 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
137 programs used in a standalone environment
139 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
141 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
143 .Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact
145 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
147 useful and semi-frivolous programs
149 standard C include files
151 .Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact
153 C include files for Internet service protocols
155 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
156 .Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact
158 The SCSI device on top of CAM
161 C include files for programming various
164 .Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact
166 The parallel port bus;
173 .Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact
178 GNU C++ include files
179 .Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact
181 GNU C++ libstdc++ include files
184 ISC utility library libisc include files
186 .Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact
191 C include files for libmilter,
192 the sendmail mail filter API
194 machine-specific C include files
198 misc network C include files
206 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
210 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
214 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
216 kernel key-management service
226 C include files for NFS (Network File System)
228 Objective C include files
230 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
234 POSIX real-time extensions includes;
238 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
240 get a line from a user, with editing;
244 remote procedure calls;
248 definition of RPC service structures; see
256 library, part of Kerberos IV.
258 system C include files (kernel data structures)
263 .\" .Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact
270 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
271 .Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact
289 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
291 a.out archive libraries
293 shared libraries for compatibility
294 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
296 a.out backward compatibility libraries
301 misc. utility data files
302 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
304 files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.);
307 .Bl -tag -width 6n -compact
318 various prebuilt lint libraries;
322 Character set conversion tables
324 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
326 contains Perl modules for Perl version 5.00503;
331 holds the download firmware images
335 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
336 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
338 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
340 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
342 utilities and filters for LP print system;
352 restricted shell for sendmail;
362 local executables, libraries, etc.
363 Also used as the default destination for the
366 Within local/, the general layout sketched out by
369 should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/
370 rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/),
371 and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc).
373 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree
377 ports collection (optional).
379 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
381 architecture-independent files
383 .Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact
385 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
393 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
395 words from Webster's 2nd International
405 miscellaneous documentation;
406 source for most of the printed
412 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
414 Frequently Asked Questions
416 implementation notes for IPv6
418 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
420 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
425 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
427 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
431 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
435 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
437 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
439 UNIX System Manager's Manual
444 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
446 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
450 various examples for users and programmers
452 ASCII text files used by various games
454 device description file for device name
456 GNU Info hypertext system
460 libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files
468 macros for use with the me macro package;
472 misc system-wide ASCII text files
473 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
475 terminal characteristics database;
484 national language support files;
492 sendmail configuration files;
496 example . (dot) files for new accounts
498 files used by syscons;
501 .Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact
509 console keyboard maps;
518 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
523 text processing macros;
529 localization support and utilities for
532 timezone configuration information;
538 third-party, and/or local source files
540 .Bl -tag -width "contrib/" -compact
542 source code for files in /bin
544 source code for contributed software
546 source code for contributed cryptography software
548 source code for files in /etc
550 source code for files in /usr/games
552 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
554 source code for files in /usr/include
556 source code for kerberos version IV
558 source code for files in /usr/lib
560 source code for files in /usr/libexec
562 files required to produce a
566 source code for files in /sbin
568 build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto
570 source for files in /usr/share
574 tools used for maintenance and testing of
577 source code for files in /usr/bin
579 source code for files in /usr/sbin
583 X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional).
584 .Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact
586 X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports).
588 X11R6 configuration files and scripts.
596 architecture-independent files.
600 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
602 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
604 system accounting files
606 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
608 execution accounting file;
614 timed command scheduling files;
617 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
619 directory containing job files
621 directory containing output spool files
627 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
635 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
643 misc. automatically generated system-specific database files
645 empty directory used by sshd(8) for privilege separation;
649 misc. game status and score files
651 kerberos server databases; see
654 misc. system log files
656 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
666 system messages database;
670 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
675 filesystem quota information files
677 system information files describing various info about
678 system since it was booted
680 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
684 group for command connection sockets; see
687 database of current users;
700 misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
702 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
704 undelivered submission mail queue;
708 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
710 undelivered mail queue;
714 line printer spooling directories
718 commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory
722 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
723 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
725 the directory where recovery files are stored
732 This manual page documents the default
734 filesystem layout, but
735 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
736 administrator's discretion.
737 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
752 manual page appeared in