1 The UNIX system family tree: Research and BSD
2 ---------------------------------------------
14 Sixth Edition (V6) -----*
18 Seventh Edition (V7) |
22 \ 2BSD---------------*
30 4.1BSD --------------> 2.8BSD
32 4.1aBSD -----------\ |
36 *------ 4.1cBSD --------------> 2.9BSD
38 Eighth Edition | 2.9BSD-Seismo
40 +----<--- 4.2BSD 2.9.1BSD
42 +----<--- 4.3BSD -------------> 2.10BSD
44 Ninth Edition | / 2.10.1BSD
45 | 4.3BSD Tahoe-----+ |
55 *---------- 4.3BSD NET/2 -------------------+-------------*
57 386BSD 0.0 | | BSD/386 ALPHA
59 386BSD 0.1 ------------>+ | BSD/386 0.3.[13]
61 | 386BSD 1.0 | | BSD/386 0.9.[34]
64 | | 4.4BSD-Encumbered | |
65 | NetBSD 0.8 | BSD/386 1.0
67 FreeBSD 1.0 NetBSD 0.9 | BSD/386 1.1
68 | | .----- 4.4BSD Lite |
69 FreeBSD 1.1 | / / | \ |
71 FreeBSD 1.1.5 .---|--------' / | \ |
73 FreeBSD 1.1.5.1 / | / | \ |
74 | / NetBSD 1.0 <-' | \ |
76 FreeBSD 2.0 <--' | | BSD/OS 2.0
78 FreeBSD 2.0.5 \ | BSD/OS 2.0.1
79 | .-----\------------- 4.4BSD Lite2 |
81 | | .-----|------Rhapsody | | | |
82 | | | | NetBSD 1.3 | | |
83 | | | | OpenBSD 2.3 | |
86 | | | | NetBSD 1.1 ------. BSD/OS 2.1
87 | FreeBSD 2.1.5 | | | \ |
88 | | | | NetBSD 1.2 \ BSD/OS 3.0
89 | FreeBSD 2.1.6 | | | \ OpenBSD 2.0 |
91 | FreeBSD 2.1.6.1 | | | \ | |
93 | FreeBSD 2.1.7 | | | | | |
94 | | | | | NetBSD 1.2.1 | |
95 | FreeBSD 2.1.7.1 | | | | |
98 *-FreeBSD 2.2 | | | | |
100 | FreeBSD 2.2.1 | | | | |
102 | FreeBSD 2.2.2 | | | OpenBSD 2.1 |
104 | FreeBSD 2.2.5 | | | | |
105 | | | | | OpenBSD 2.2 |
106 | | | | NetBSD 1.3 | |
107 | FreeBSD 2.2.6 | | | | | |
108 | | | | | NetBSD 1.3.1 | BSD/OS 3.1
109 | | | | | | OpenBSD 2.3 |
110 | | | | | NetBSD 1.3.2 | |
111 | FreeBSD 2.2.7 | | | | | |
112 | | | | | | | BSD/OS 4.0
114 | FreeBSD 2.2.8 | | | | | |
115 | | | | | OpenBSD 2.4 |
116 FreeBSD 3.0 <--------* | | v | |
117 | | | NetBSD 1.3.3 | |
118 *---FreeBSD 3.1 | | | |
119 | | | | | BSD/OS 4.0.1
120 | FreeBSD 3.2----* | NetBSD 1.4 OpenBSD 2.5 |
124 | FreeBSD 3.3 | | | | NetBSD 1.4.1 | |
125 | | | | | | | OpenBSD 2.6 |
126 | FreeBSD 3.4 | | | | | | |
127 | | | | | | | | BSD/OS 4.1
128 FreeBSD 4.0 | | | | | NetBSD 1.4.2 | |
131 | FreeBSD 3.5 | | | | | OpenBSD 2.7 |
133 | FreeBSD 3.5.1 | | | | | | |
135 *---FreeBSD 4.1 | | | | | | |
137 | FreeBSD 4.1.1 | | / | | | |
139 | FreeBSD 4.2 Darwin/ | NetBSD 1.4.3 | |
140 | | Mac OS X | OpenBSD 2.8 BSD/OS 4.2
143 | | 10.0 NetBSD 1.5 | |
144 | FreeBSD 4.3 | | | | |
145 | | | | | OpenBSD 2.9 |
146 | | | | NetBSD 1.5.1 | |
148 | FreeBSD 4.4-. | | NetBSD 1.5.2 | |
149 | | | Mac OS X | | | |
150 | | | 10.1 | | OpenBSD 3.0 |
151 | FreeBSD 4.5 | | | | | |
152 | | \ | | | | BSD/OS 4.3
153 | FreeBSD 4.6 \ | | | OpenBSD 3.1 |
154 | | \ | | NetBSD 1.5.3 | |
155 | FreeBSD 4.6.2 Mac OS X | | |
157 | FreeBSD 4.7 | | | |
158 | | | NetBSD 1.6 OpenBSD 3.2 |
159 | FreeBSD 4.8 | | | | |
160 | | | | NetBSD 1.6.1 | |
161 | |--------. | | | OpenBSD 3.3 BSD/OS 5.0
163 | FreeBSD 4.9 | | | | OpenBSD 3.4 BSD/OS 5.1 ISE
165 | | | | | NetBSD 1.6.2 |
167 | | | | | | OpenBSD 3.5
169 | FreeBSD 4.10 | | | |
171 | FreeBSD 4.11 | | | |
173 | `-|------|-----------------|---------------------.
177 FreeBSD 5.1 | | | DragonFly 1.0
179 | ----- Mac OS X | | |
183 | FreeBSD 5.2.1 | | | |
185 *-------FreeBSD 5.3 | | | |
186 | | | | OpenBSD 3.6 |
188 | | | | | | | DragonFly 1.2.0
189 | | Mac OS X | | NetBSD 2.0.2 | |
191 | FreeBSD 5.4 | | | | | |
192 | | | | | | OpenBSD 3.7 |
193 | | | | | NetBSD 2.0.3 | |
195 *--FreeBSD | | | | v OpenBSD 3.8 |
198 | | | | | NetBSD 2.1 | |
200 | | | | NetBSD 3.0 | |
201 | | | | | | | | DragonFly 1.4.0
202 | | | | | | | OpenBSD 3.9 |
203 | FreeBSD | | | | | | |
205 | | FreeBSD 5.5 | | | | | |
206 | | | | | NetBSD 3.0.1 | DragonFly 1.6.0
208 | | | | | | OpenBSD 4.0 |
209 | | | | | NetBSD 3.0.2 | |
210 | | | | NetBSD 3.1 | |
211 | FreeBSD 6.2 | | | |
212 | | | | | DragonFly 1.8.0
213 | | | | OpenBSD 4.1 |
214 | | | | | DragonFly 1.10.0
217 | | | | OpenBSD 4.2 |
219 | FreeBSD 6.3 | | | |
221 *--FreeBSD | | | | DragonFly 1.12.0
223 | | | | | OpenBSD 4.3 |
224 | V | | | | DragonFly 2.0.0
225 | FreeBSD | | OpenBSD 4.4 |
228 FreeBSD 8 -current | NetBSD -current OpenBSD -current |
235 Time tolerance +/- 6 months, depending on which book/article you read; if it
236 was the announcement in Usenet or if it was available as tape.
238 [44B] McKusick, Marshall Kirk, Keith Bostic, Michael J Karels,
239 and John Quarterman. The Design and Implementation of
240 the 4.4BSD Operating System.
241 [APL] Apple website [http://www.apple.com/macosx/]
242 [BSDI] Berkeley Software Design, Inc.
243 [DFB] DragonFlyBSD Project, The.
244 [DOC] README, COPYRIGHT on tape.
245 [FBD] FreeBSD Project, The.
246 [KB] Keith Bostic. BSD2.10 available from Usenix. comp.unix.sources,
247 Volume 11, Info 4, April, 1987.
248 [KKK] Mike Karels, Kirk McKusick, and Keith Bostic. tahoe announcement.
249 comp.bugs.4bsd.ucb-fixes, June 15, 1988.
250 [KSJ] Michael J. Karels, Carl F. Smith, and William F. Jolitz.
251 Changes in the Kernel in 2.9BSD. Second Berkeley Software
252 Distribution UNIX Version 2.9, July, 1983.
253 [NBD] NetBSD Project, The.
254 [OBD] OpenBSD Project, The.
255 [QCU] Salus, Peter H. A quarter century of UNIX.
256 [SMS] Steven M. Schultz. 2.11BSD, UNIX for the PDP-11.
257 [USE] Usenet announcement.
258 [WRS] Wind River Systems, Inc.
259 [dmr] Dennis Ritchie, via E-Mail
264 First Edition 1971-11-03 [QCU]
265 DEC PDP-11/20, Assembler
266 Second Edition 1972-06-12 [QCU]
267 10 UNIX installations
268 Third Edition 1973-02-xx [QCU]
269 Pipes, 16 installations
270 Fourth Edition 1973-11-xx [QCU]
271 rewriting in C effected,
272 above 30 installations
273 Fifth Edition 1974-06-xx [QCU]
274 above 50 installations
275 Sixth Edition 1975-05-xx [QCU]
277 Seventh Edition 1979-01-xx [QCU]
279 Eighth Edition 1985-02-xx [QCU]
280 VAX 11/750, VAX 11/780 [dmr]
281 descended from 4.1c BSD [dmr]
282 descended from 4.1 BSD [44B]
283 scooping-out and replacement of the character-device
284 and networking part by the streams mechanism
286 Ninth Edition 1986-09-xx [QCU]
287 Tenth Edition 1989-10-xx [QCU]
291 PDP-11, Pascal, ex(1)
292 30 free copies of 1BSD sent out
293 35 tapes sold for 50 USD [QCU]
295 75 2BSD tapes shipped
297 2.8BSD 1981-07-xx [KSJ]
299 2.8.1BSD 1982-01-xx [QCU]
300 set of performance improvements
301 2.9BSD 1983-07-xx [KSJ]
303 2.9BSD-Seismo 1985-08-xx [SMS]
304 2.10BSD 1987-04-xx [KKK]
305 2.10.1BSD 1989-01-xx [SMS]
306 2.11BSD 1992-02-xx [SMS]
307 2.11BSD rev #430 1999-12-13 [SMS]
309 32V 1978-1[01]-xx [QCU]
311 virtual memory, page replacement,
314 4.1BSD 1981-07-08 [DOC]
316 alpha release, 100 sites, networking [44B]
317 4.1bBSD internal release, fast filesystem [44B]
319 beta release, IPC [44B]
320 4.2BSD 1983-09-xx [QCU]
322 4.3BSD 1986-06-xx [QCU]
323 1986-04-05 [KB], [DOC]
324 4.3BSD Tahoe 1988-06-15 [QCU], [DOC]
325 4.3BSD NET/1 1988-11-xx [QCU]
327 4.3BSD Reno 1990-06-29 [QCU], [DOC]
328 4.3BSD NET/2 1991-06-28 [QCU], [DOC]
330 BSD/386 ALPHA 1991-12-xx [BSDI]
331 first code released to people outside BSDI
332 386BSD 0.0 1992-02-xx [DOC]
333 BSD/386 0.3.1 1992-04-xx [BSDI] first ext. beta; B customers
334 BSD/386 0.3.3 1992-06-xx [BSDI] first CDROM version
335 386BSD 0.1 1992-07-28 [DOC]
336 4.4BSD Alpha 1992-07-07
337 BSD/386 0.9.3 1992-10-xx [BSDI]
338 first external gamma; G customers
339 BSD/386 0.9.4 1992-12-xx [BSDI]
340 would have been 1.0 except for request
341 for preliminary injunction
342 BSD/386 1.0 1993-03-xx [BSDI]
343 injunction denied; first official release
344 NetBSD 0.8 1993-04-20 [NBD]
345 4.4BSD 1993-06-01 [USE]
346 NetBSD 0.9 1993-08-23 [NBD]
347 FreeBSD 1.0 1993-11-01 [FBD]
348 FreeBSD 1.0.2 1993-11-14 [FBD]
349 supersedes 1.0 13 days after release.
350 BSD/386 1.1 1994-02-xx [BSDI]
351 4.4BSD Lite 1994-03-01 [USE]
352 FreeBSD 1.1 1994-05-07 [FBD]
353 FreeBSD 1.1.5 1994-06-30 [FBD]
354 FreeBSD 1.1.5.1 1994-07-05 [FBD]
355 supersedes 1.1.5 5 days after release.
356 NetBSD 1.0 1994-10-26 [NBD]
357 386BSD 1.0 1994-11-12 [USE]
358 FreeBSD 2.0 1994-11-23 [FBD]
359 BSD/OS 2.0 1995-01-xx [BSDI] 4.4 lite based
360 FreeBSD 2.0.5 1995-06-10 [FBD]
361 BSD/OS 2.0.1 1995-06-xx [BSDI]
362 4.4BSD Lite Release 2 1995-06-xx [44B]
363 the true final distribution from the CSRG
364 FreeBSD 2.1.0 1995-11-19 [FBD]
365 NetBSD 1.1 1995-11-26 [NBD]
366 BSD/OS 2.1 1996-01-xx [BSDI]
367 FreeBSD 2.1.5 1996-07-14 [FBD]
368 NetBSD 1.2 1996-10-04 [NBD]
369 OpenBSD 2.0 1996-10-18 [OBD]
370 FreeBSD 2.1.6 1996-11-16 [FBD]
371 FreeBSD 2.1.6.1 1996-11-25 [FBD] (sendmail security release)
373 FreeBSD 2.1.7 1997-02-20 [FBD]
374 BSD/OS 3.0 1997-02-xx [BSDI] 4.4 lite2 based
375 FreeBSD 2.2.0 1997-03-16 [FBD]
376 FreeBSD 2.2.1 1997-03-25 [FBD]
377 FreeBSD 2.2.2 1997-05-16 [FBD]
378 NetBSD 1.2.1 1997-05-20 [NBD] (patch release)
379 OpenBSD 2.1 1997-06-01 [OBD]
380 FreeBSD 2.2.5 1997-10-22 [FBD]
381 OpenBSD 2.2 1997-12-01 [OBD]
382 NetBSD 1.3 1998-01-04 [NBD]
383 FreeBSD 2.2.6 1998-03-25 [FBD]
384 NetBSD 1.3.1 1998-03-09 [NBD] (patch release)
385 BSD/OS 3.1 1998-03-xx [BSDI]
386 OpenBSD 2.3 1998-05-19 [OBD]
387 NetBSD 1.3.2 1998-05-29 [NBD] (patch release)
388 FreeBSD 2.2.7 1998-07-22 [FBD]
389 BSD/OS 4.0 1998-08-xx [BSDI]
390 2-lock MP support, ELF executables
391 FreeBSD 3.0 1998-10-16 [FBD]
392 FreeBSD-3.0 is a snapshot from -current,
393 while 3.1 and 3.2 are from 3.x-stable which
394 was branched quite some time after 3.0-release
395 FreeBSD 2.2.8 1998-11-29 [FBD]
396 OpenBSD 2.4 1998-12-01 [OBD]
397 NetBSD 1.3.3 1998-12-23 [NBD] (patch release)
398 FreeBSD 3.1 1999-02-15 [FBD]
399 BSD/OS 4.0.1 1999-03-xx [BSDI]
400 NetBSD 1.4 1999-05-12 [NBD]
401 FreeBSD 3.2 1999-05-17 [FBD]
402 OpenBSD 2.5 1999-05-19 [OBD]
403 NetBSD 1.4.1 1999-08-26 [NBD] (patch release)
404 FreeBSD 3.3 1999-09-17 [FBD]
405 OpenBSD 2.6 1999-12-01 [OBD]
406 FreeBSD 3.4 1999-12-20 [FBD]
407 BSD/OS 4.1 1999-12-xx [BSDI]
408 FreeBSD 4.0 2000-03-13 [FBD]
409 NetBSD 1.4.2 2000-03-19 [NBD] (patch release)
410 OpenBSD 2.7 2000-06-15 [OBD]
411 FreeBSD 3.5 2000-06-24 [FBD]
412 FreeBSD 4.1 2000-07-27 [FBD]
413 FreeBSD 3.5.1 2000-07-28 [FBD]
414 FreeBSD 4.1.1 2000-09-25 [FBD] (a network-only patch release)
415 FreeBSD 4.2 2000-11-21 [FBD]
416 NetBSD 1.4.3 2000-11-25 [NBD] (patch release)
417 BSD/OS 4.2 2000-11-29 [BSDI]
418 OpenBSD 2.8 2000-12-01 [OBD]
419 NetBSD 1.5 2000-12-06 [NBD]
420 Mac OS X 10.0 2001-03-24 [APL]
421 FreeBSD 4.3 2001-04-20 [FBD]
422 OpenBSD 2.9 2001-06-01 [OBD]
423 NetBSD 1.5.1 2001-07-11 [NBD] (patch release)
424 NetBSD 1.5.2 2001-09-13 [NBD] (patch release)
425 FreeBSD 4.4 2001-09-18 [FBD]
426 Mac OS X 10.1 2001-09-29 [APL]
427 OpenBSD 3.0 2001-12-01 [OBD]
428 FreeBSD 4.5 2002-01-29 [FBD]
429 BSD/OS 4.3 2002-03-14 [WRS]
430 OpenBSD 3.1 2002-05-19 [OBD]
431 FreeBSD 4.6 2002-06-15 [FBD]
432 NetBSD 1.5.3 2002-07-22 [NBD] (patch release)
433 FreeBSD 4.6.2 2002-08-15 [FBD] (patch release)
434 Mac OS X 10.2 2002-08-23 [APL]
435 NetBSD 1.6 2002-09-14 [NBD]
436 FreeBSD 4.7 2002-10-08 [FBD]
437 OpenBSD 3.2 2002-11-01 [OBD]
438 FreeBSD 5.0 2003-01-17 [FBD]
439 FreeBSD 5.0 is a separate branch off of
440 -current, similar to 3.0.
441 FreeBSD 4.8 2003-04-03 [FBD]
442 NetBSD 1.6.1 2003-04-21 [NBD] (patch release)
443 OpenBSD 3.3 2003-05-01 [OBD]
444 BSD/OS 5.0 2003-05-?? [WRS]
445 FreeBSD 5.1 2003-06-09 [FBD]
446 Mac OS X 10.3 2003-10-24 [APL]
447 FreeBSD 4.9 2003-10-28 [FBD]
448 BSD/OS 5.1 ISE 2003-10-?? [WRS] (final version)
449 OpenBSD 3.4 2003-11-01 [OBD]
450 FreeBSD 5.2 2004-01-12 [FBD]
451 FreeBSD 5.2.1 2004-02-22 [FBD] (patch release)
452 NetBSD 1.6.2 2004-03-01 [NBD] (patch release)
453 OpenBSD 3.5 2004-04-01 [OBD]
454 FreeBSD 4.10 2004-05-27 [FBD]
455 DragonFly 1.0 2004-07-12 [DFB]
456 OpenBSD 3.6 2004-10-29 [OBD]
457 FreeBSD 5.3 2004-11-06 [FBD]
458 NetBSD 2.0 2004-12-09 [NBD]
459 FreeBSD 4.11 2005-01-25 [FBD]
460 DragonFly 1.2.0 2005-04-08 [DFB]
461 NetBSD 2.0.2 2005-04-14 [NBD] (security/critical release)
462 Mac OS X 10.4 2005-04-29 [APL]
463 FreeBSD 5.4 2005-05-09 [FBD]
464 OpenBSD 3.7 2005-05-19 [OBD]
465 NetBSD 2.0.3 2005-10-31 [NBD] (security/critical release)
466 OpenBSD 3.8 2005-11-01 [OBD]
467 FreeBSD 6.0 2005-11-01 [FBD]
468 NetBSD 2.1 2005-11-02 [NBD]
469 NetBSD 3.0 2005-12-23 [NBD]
470 DragonFly 1.4.0 2006-01-08 [DFB]
471 OpenBSD 3.9 2006-05-01 [OBD]
472 FreeBSD 6.1 2006-05-08 [FBD]
473 FreeBSD 5.5 2006-05-25 [FBD]
474 NetBSD 3.0.1 2006-07-24 [NBD] (security/critical release)
475 DragonFly 1.6.0 2006-07-24 [DFB]
476 OpenBSD 4.0 2006-11-01 [OBD]
477 NetBSD 3.0.2 2006-11-04 [NBD] (security/critical release)
478 NetBSD 3.1 2006-11-04 [NBD]
479 FreeBSD 6.2 2007-01-15 [FBD]
480 DragonFly 1.8.0 2007-01-30 [DFB]
481 OpenBSD 4.1 2007-05-01 [OBD]
482 DragonFly 1.10.0 2007-08-06 [DFB]
483 Mac OS X 10.5 2007-10-26 [APL]
484 OpenBSD 4.2 2007-11-01 [OBD]
485 NetBSD 4.0 2007-12-19 [NBD]
486 FreeBSD 6.3 2008-01-18 [FBD]
487 DragonFly 1.12.0 2008-02-26 [DFB]
488 FreeBSD 7.0 2008-02-27 [FBD]
489 OpenBSD 4.3 2008-05-01 [OBD]
490 DragonFly 2.0.0 2008-07-21 [DFB]
491 OpenBSD 4.4 2008-11-01 [OBD]
492 FreeBSD 6.4 2008-11-28 [FBD]
495 ------------------------
497 Leffler, Samuel J., Marshall Kirk McKusick, Michael J Karels and John
498 Quarterman. The Design and Implementation of the 4.3BSD UNIX Operating
499 System. Reading, Mass. Addison-Wesley, 1989. ISBN 0-201-06196-1
501 Salus, Peter H. A quarter century of UNIX. Addison-Wesley Publishing
502 Company, Inc., 1994. ISBN 0-201-54777-5
504 McKusick, Marshall Kirk, Keith Bostic, Michael J Karels, and John
505 Quarterman. The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating
506 System. Reading, Mass. Addison-Wesley, 1996. ISBN 0-201-54979-4
508 McKusick, Marshall Kirk, George Neville-Neil. The Design and
509 Implementation of the FreeBSD Operating System.
510 Addison-Wesley Professional, Published: Aug 2, 2004. ISBN 0-201-70245-2
512 Doug McIlroy. Research Unix Reader.
514 Michael G. Brown. The Role of BSD in the Development of Unix.
515 Presented to the Tasmanian Unix Special Interest Group of the
516 Australian Computer Society, Hobart, August 1993.
518 Peter H. Salus. Unix at 25. Byte Magazine, October 1994.
519 URL: http://www.byte.com/art/9410/sec8/art3.htm
521 Andreas Klemm, Lars Köller. If you're going to San Francisco ...
522 Die freien BSD-Varianten von Unix. c't April 1997, page 368ff.
524 BSD Release Announcements collection.
525 URL: http://www.de.FreeBSD.org/de/ftp/releases/
527 BSD Hypertext Man Pages
528 URL: http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi
530 UNIX history graphing project
531 URL: http://minnie.tuhs.org/Unix_History/index.html
534 URL: http://www.levenez.com/unix/
536 James Howard: The BSD Family Tree
537 URL: http://ezine.daemonnews.org/200104/bsd_family.html
538 ("what are the differences between FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD?")
544 Josh Gilliam for suggestions, bug fixes, and finding very old
545 original BSD announcements from Usenet or tapes.
547 Steven M. Schultz for providing 2.8BSD, 2.10BSD, 2.11BSD manual pages.
550 Copyright (c) 1997-2007 Wolfram Schneider <wosch@FreeBSD.ORG>
551 URL: http://cvsweb.freebsd.org/src/share/misc/bsd-family-tree
553 $FreeBSD: src/share/misc/bsd-family-tree,v 1.123 2008/11/28 19:35:48 maxim Exp $