2 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
4 # Notes are at the end of this file
6 ###############################################################################
10 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
12 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
13 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 -
14 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 -
15 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 -
16 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 -
17 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 -
18 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
19 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 -
20 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
21 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
22 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
24 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
26 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
30 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
32 8:00 - WST 1974 Oct lastSun 2:00s
33 8:00 1:00 WST 1975 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
34 8:00 - WST 1983 Oct lastSun 2:00s
35 8:00 1:00 WST 1984 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
36 8:00 - WST 1991 Nov 17 2:00s
37 8:00 1:00 WST 1992 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
41 # From Alex Livingston <alex@agsm.unsw.edu.au> (1996-11-01):
42 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
43 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
44 # Queensland ceased to.
46 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
47 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
48 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
49 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
52 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
53 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
54 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
55 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
56 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
57 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
58 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
59 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
62 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
68 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
69 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
70 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
71 Rule AS 1987 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
72 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
73 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
74 Rule AS 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
75 Rule AS 1990 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
76 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
77 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
78 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
79 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
80 Rule AS 1995 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
81 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
82 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
88 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
89 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
90 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
91 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
92 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 -
93 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
94 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
95 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
96 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
97 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
98 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
99 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 -
100 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
101 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
102 Rule AT 1991 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
103 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
104 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
105 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
106 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
107 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
108 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
113 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
114 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
115 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
116 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
117 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
118 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
119 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
120 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
121 Rule AV 1995 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
122 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
123 Rule AV 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
124 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
125 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
130 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
131 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
132 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
133 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
134 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
135 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
136 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
137 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
138 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
139 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
140 Rule AN 1996 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
141 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
142 Rule AN 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
143 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
144 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
147 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
148 10:00 - EST 1896 Aug 23
155 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
156 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
157 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
158 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
159 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
160 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
161 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
162 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
163 Rule LH 1996 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
164 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
165 Rule LH 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
166 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
170 # Australian miscellany
172 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
173 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
174 # like Australia/Perth, says Turner
177 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
181 # permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
182 # sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
183 # like Australia/Hobart, says Turner
186 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
187 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
188 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
192 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
193 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
194 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
195 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
196 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
197 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
198 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
202 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
203 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
204 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
205 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
206 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
209 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
210 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
211 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
212 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
213 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
214 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
217 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
218 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
219 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time
220 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
221 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time
222 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
223 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time
224 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
228 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
229 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
230 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
231 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
232 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
235 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
236 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
237 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time
238 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
239 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
242 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
243 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time
248 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
249 Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
251 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
252 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23
253 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
256 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
257 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
258 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
260 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
262 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
266 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
267 Zone Pacific/Yap 9:12:32 - LMT 1901 # Colonia
268 9:00 - YAPT 1969 Oct # Yap Time
270 Zone Pacific/Truk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
271 10:00 - TRUT # Truk Time
272 Zone Pacific/Ponape 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
273 11:00 - PONT # Ponape Time
274 Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
275 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
280 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
281 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
282 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
283 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15
288 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
289 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
290 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
291 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
292 # Shanks says the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
293 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
294 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
295 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13
299 ###############################################################################
303 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
304 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
305 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
306 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
307 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
308 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
309 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
310 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
311 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
312 # convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
313 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
314 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
315 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
316 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S
317 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
318 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
319 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
320 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
321 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
322 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D
323 Rule NZ 1990 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
324 Rule Chatham 1990 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
325 Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
326 Rule Chatham 1990 max - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
327 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
328 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
329 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
331 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1957 Jan 1
336 # uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
337 # and scientific personnel have wintered
340 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
341 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
342 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
343 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
345 ###############################################################################
349 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
350 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
351 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time
352 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1
356 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
357 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
358 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
359 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time
362 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
363 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
364 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
367 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
368 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
369 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
370 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
373 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
374 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
375 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00
376 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
379 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
381 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
382 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
383 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
384 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
387 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
389 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
390 -11:00 - WST # Samoa Time
393 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
394 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
395 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
396 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time
399 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
400 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
401 -10:00 - TKT # Tokelau Time
404 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
405 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
406 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
407 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
408 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
409 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
410 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
411 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
416 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
417 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
418 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
421 # US minor outlying islands
424 # uninhabited since World War II
425 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Pago_Pago
428 # uninhabited since 1958
429 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
432 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
433 Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST
440 # From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
441 # [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
442 # published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
443 # reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly
444 # "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
445 # flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone
446 # designations that I've never seen before:....
447 # Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
448 # " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A "
450 Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
451 -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3
452 -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2
453 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
454 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
455 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
458 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
461 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
462 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
463 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
467 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
468 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
469 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
470 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
471 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
472 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
473 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
474 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
475 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
476 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
479 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
480 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
481 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
483 ###############################################################################
487 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
488 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
489 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
491 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
492 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
493 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
494 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
496 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
497 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
498 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
499 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
500 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
502 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
503 # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
505 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
506 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
507 # I found in the UCLA library.
509 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
510 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
512 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
513 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
514 # Corrections are welcome!
516 # LMT Local Mean Time
517 # 8:00 WST WST Western Australia
519 # 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
520 # 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
521 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
522 # 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
523 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
524 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
525 # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
528 # - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
530 # See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
531 # See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
533 ###############################################################################
537 # <a href="http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html">
538 # Australia's Daylight Saving Times
539 # </a>, by Margaret Turner, summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
541 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
542 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
543 # It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
544 # and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
545 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
546 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
547 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
548 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
549 # the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
551 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
552 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
553 # or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
554 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
555 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
556 # prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
557 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
559 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
560 # Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
561 # CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
562 # WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
563 # EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
565 # From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
566 # versus "AEST" etc.:
568 # I see the following points of dispute:
570 # * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
572 # Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
573 # Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
574 # operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
575 # (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
576 # Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
577 # In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
578 # abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
579 # think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
581 # On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
582 # abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
583 # particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
584 # time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
586 # * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
588 # Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
589 # many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
590 # which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
593 # Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
594 # refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
597 # * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
598 # Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
599 # the word "Australian"?
601 # My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
602 # common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
603 # popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
604 # often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
605 # following count of page hits:
607 # 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
608 # 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
609 # 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
610 # 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
612 # Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
613 # particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
614 # say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
615 # Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
617 # For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
618 # ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
619 # many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
620 # are the hit counts anyway:
622 # 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
623 # 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
624 # 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
625 # 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
627 # 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
628 # 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
629 # 176 "ACST" and domain:au
630 # 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
632 # 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
633 # 68 "AWST" and domain:au
635 # This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
636 # practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
637 # the ambiguities involved.
639 # * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
641 # If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
642 # against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
643 # saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
644 # understood in Australia.
646 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
647 # Shanks reports 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and New Zealand.
648 # Mark Prior <mrp@itd.adelaide.edu.au> writes that his newspaper
649 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
650 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
651 # and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
652 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
654 # From Eric Ulevik <eau@zip.com.au> (1998-01-05):
656 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
657 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
658 # relevant entries in this database.
660 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
661 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
662 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
665 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
666 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
669 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">
670 # Standard Time Act, 1898
675 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
676 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
678 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
680 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
682 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
683 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
684 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
688 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
689 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
691 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
692 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
693 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
694 # # before reaching parliament.
696 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
698 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
699 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
700 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
701 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
703 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
704 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
705 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
707 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
708 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
709 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
711 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
714 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
715 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
716 # it matches what was used in the past.
718 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
719 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
720 # </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
721 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
724 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
725 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
728 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
730 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
731 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
732 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
733 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
735 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
736 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
739 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
740 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
741 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
742 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
744 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
745 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
746 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
749 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
750 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
751 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
753 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
754 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
757 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
758 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
760 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
761 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
762 # southern coast of Australia, population 10 at last report, along with
763 # 50,000 sheep, about 100 kilometers long and 40 kilometers into the
764 # continent. The primary town is Madura, with the other towns being
765 # Mundrabilla and Eucla. According to the sheriff of Madura, the
766 # residents got tired of having to change the time so often, as they are
767 # located in a strip overlapping the border of South Australia and Western
768 # Australia. South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
769 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
770 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
771 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
772 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
773 # Australia and Western Australia. As it only affects about 10 people and
774 # tourists staying at the Madura Motel, it has never really made as big an
775 # impact as Broken Hill. However, as tourist visiting there or anyone
776 # calling the local sheriff will attest, they do keep time in this way.
778 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
779 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
780 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
781 # <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>,
782 # which says a few other things:
784 # * Border Village, SA also is 45 minutes ahead of Perth.
785 # * The locals call this time zone "central W.A. Time" (presumably "CWAT").
786 # * The locals also call Western Australia time "Perth time".
788 # It's not clear from context whether everyone in Western Australia
789 # knows of this naming convention, or whether it's just the people in
792 # South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria
794 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
795 # The rules from version 7.1 follow.
796 # There are lots of differences between these rules and
797 # the Shepherd et al. rules. Since the Shepherd et al. rules
798 # and Bradley White's newspaper article are in agreement on
799 # current DST ending dates, no worries.
801 # Rule Oz 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
802 # Rule Oz 1986 max - Oct Sun<=24 2:00 1:00 -
803 # Rule Oz 1972 only - Feb 27 3:00 0 -
804 # Rule Oz 1973 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
805 # Rule Oz 1987 max - Mar Sun<=21 3:00 0 -
806 # Zone Australia/Tasmania 10:00 Oz EST
807 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 Oz CST
808 # Zone Australia/Victoria 10:00 Oz EST 1985 Oct lastSun 2:00
809 # 10:00 1:00 EST 1986 Mar Sun<=21 3:00
812 # From Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
813 # I believe that the current start date for DST is "lastSun" in Oct...
814 # that changed Oct 89. That is, we're back to the
815 # original rule, and that rule currently applies in all the states
816 # that have dst, incl Qld. (Certainly it was true in Vic).
817 # The file I'm including says that happened in 1988, I think
818 # that's incorrect, but I'm not 100% certain.
822 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
823 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
824 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
825 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
827 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
828 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
831 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
833 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
834 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
835 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun<=21 3:00 0 C
836 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
838 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
839 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
840 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
841 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
843 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
844 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
845 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
846 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
849 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
850 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
851 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
852 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
854 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
855 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
856 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
857 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
859 # From John Warburton <jwarb@SACBH.com.au> (1994-10-07):
860 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
861 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
862 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
866 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
867 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
868 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
871 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
872 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
873 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
874 # (but nothing new about that).
876 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
877 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
878 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
879 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
880 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
881 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
883 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
884 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
888 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
889 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
890 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
893 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
894 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
895 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
896 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
897 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
898 # in Melbourne, Australia.
900 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
901 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
902 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
903 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
904 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
907 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
908 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
909 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
910 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
912 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
913 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
917 # From Arthur David Olson:
918 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
919 # Based on law library research by John Mackin (john@basser.cs.su.oz),
921 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
922 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
923 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
924 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
925 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
926 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
928 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
929 # The Information Service of the Australian National Standards Commission
930 # <a href="http://www.nsc.gov.au/InfoServ/Ileaflet/il27.htm">
932 # </a> page (1995-04) has an excellent overall history of Australian DST.
933 # The Community Relations Division of the NSW Attorney General's Department
934 # publishes a history of daylight saving in NSW. See:
935 # <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/crd.nsf/pages/time2">
936 # Lawlink NSW: Daylight Saving in New South Wales
939 # From Eric Ulevik <eau@ozemail.com.au> (1999-05-26):
940 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
941 # October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
942 # <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
943 # Two months more daylight saving
945 # Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
947 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
948 # See the following official NSW source:
949 # <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
950 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
953 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
954 # daylight saving next year. See:
955 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
956 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
957 # </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
959 # Victoria will following NSW. See:
960 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
961 # Vic to extend daylight saving
964 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
965 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
966 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
969 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
970 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
971 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
972 # </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
973 # ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
974 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
975 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
976 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
977 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
979 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
980 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
981 # Broken Hill to be behind the times
984 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
985 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
986 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
988 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
989 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
990 # towns to use Queensland time.
994 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
995 # `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
997 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
998 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1001 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1002 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1003 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1004 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1005 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1006 # # presently available.
1007 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1009 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1010 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1011 # [followed by other Rules]
1015 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1016 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen.. pauline@Aus ]
1018 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1019 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1021 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1022 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1023 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1024 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1025 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1026 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1027 # instead of only 30 minutes. Dependant on the wishes of residents
1028 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1029 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1030 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1032 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1033 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1034 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1035 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1036 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1037 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1039 # From Paul Eggert (2001-02-09):
1040 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks through 1989, and Lonergan thereafter.
1041 # For times we use Lonergan.
1043 ###############################################################################
1047 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1048 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1049 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1050 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1051 # source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1053 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1054 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1055 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1056 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Geofft@Aus.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1059 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1060 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1061 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1062 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1064 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1065 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1067 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1068 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1069 # rather than the October 1 value.
1071 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1072 # Shanks reports 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and New Zealand.
1073 # Robert Uzgalis <buz@cs.aukuni.ac.nz> writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1074 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1075 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1076 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1078 # From Paul Eggert (2003-05-26):
1079 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1080 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1081 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks.
1083 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1084 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1085 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1087 ###############################################################################
1092 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1093 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1094 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1096 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1097 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1098 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1099 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1101 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1102 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1104 # From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
1105 # The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1106 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it
1107 # also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
1108 # islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
1111 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1112 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1116 # Johnston data is from usno1995.
1121 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1122 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1123 # ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
1124 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1129 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1130 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1131 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1132 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1133 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1136 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1138 # Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1139 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
1140 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1141 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1144 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1145 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1146 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1147 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1152 # Alan Eugene Davis <adavis@kuentos.guam.net> writes (1996-03-16),
1153 # ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
1154 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
1156 # Shanks writes that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11 on 1978-10-01;
1157 # ignore this for now.
1159 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1160 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1161 # <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
1162 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
1164 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1165 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1170 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1171 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1172 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1173 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1174 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1175 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1176 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1177 # air at 6am your time.
1179 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1180 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1181 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1182 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1187 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1188 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1189 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1191 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1192 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1193 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1195 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1196 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1197 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1199 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1200 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1203 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1204 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1205 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1206 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1211 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1212 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1213 # ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1214 # ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
1215 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
1220 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1221 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
1222 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
1223 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1225 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1226 # <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">
1227 # How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
1230 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1231 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1232 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1233 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1234 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1235 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1237 # Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1238 # Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1239 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1241 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1242 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1243 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1244 # minutes we have lost?"
1246 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1247 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1248 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1250 # From Paul Eggert (1999-08-12):
1251 # Shanks says the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1253 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1254 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
1255 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1256 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1257 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1260 # From Steffen Thorsen [straen@thorsen.priv.no] (1999-09-09):
1261 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1263 # I was given this link by John Letts <johnletts@earthlink.net>:
1264 # <a hef="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
1265 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1268 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1269 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1270 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1271 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1273 # From Arthur David Olson [arthur_david_olson@nih.gov] (1999-09-20):
1274 # According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>
1275 # http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
1277 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1278 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1279 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1280 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1281 # set back an hour on the closing date."
1282 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1284 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1285 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1286 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1288 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1289 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1290 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1291 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1292 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1293 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1294 # (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
1296 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1297 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1299 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1300 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1301 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1302 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1305 # From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1306 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1311 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1312 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1314 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the
1315 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1316 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1317 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1318 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1321 # http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
1323 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1324 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1326 ###############################################################################
1328 # The International Date Line
1330 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1332 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1333 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1334 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1335 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1337 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1338 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1339 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1340 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1341 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1342 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1343 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.
1345 # An Anglo-French Conference on Time-Keeping at Sea (June, 1917) agreed that
1346 # legal time on the high seas would be zone time, i.e., the standard time at
1347 # the nearest meridian that is a multiple of fifteen degrees. The date is
1348 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1349 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1350 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1351 # correct date is ambiguous.
1353 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1356 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1357 # <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187>
1358 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1359 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
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