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# tzdb data for Europe and environs

# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.

# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.

# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
#
# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
#
# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
#
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
#
# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
#
# Other sources occasionally used include:
#
#       Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
#       Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
#       which I found in the UCLA library.
#
#       William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
#       <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
#       [PDF] (1914-03)
#
#       Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
#       <https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.  He writes:
#       "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
#       may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
#       Savile Row, London."  Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
#
#       Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
#       This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
#       https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
#       The full Russian citation is:
#       Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
#       введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
#       июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
#       Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
#       http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
#
#       Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
#       History of Summer Time
#       <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
#       (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
#
# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
# the rest are variants of the "xMT" pattern for a city's mean time,
# or are from other sources.  Corrections are welcome!
#                   std  dst  2dst
#                   LMT             Local Mean Time
#       -4:00       AST  ADT        Atlantic
#        0:00       GMT  BST  BDST  Greenwich, British Summer
#        0:00       GMT  IST        Greenwich, Irish Summer
#        0:00       WET  WEST WEMT  Western Europe
#        0:19:32.13 AMT* NST*       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)
#        1:00       BST             British Standard (1968-1971)
#        1:00       IST  GMT        Irish Standard (1968-) with winter DST
#        1:00       CET  CEST CEMT  Central Europe
#        1:00:14    SET             Swedish (1879-1899)
#        1:36:34    RMT* LST*       Riga, Latvian Summer (1880-1926)*
#        2:00       EET  EEST       Eastern Europe
#        3:00       MSK  MSD  MDST* Moscow

# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), re EEC/EC/EU members:
# The original six: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
# ...
# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
# ...
# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
# in the Directive.


###############################################################################

# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)

# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
#
# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
# of the text said:
#
# 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
#
# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
# position is 51° 28' 30" N, 0° 18' 45" W. The longitude should
# be within about ±2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
#
# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]

# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
#
# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
# (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847-09-22 the
# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
# railways as using GMT.  By 1855 the vast majority of public
# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
# one for local time and one for GMT).  The last major holdout was the legal
# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
#
# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much
# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.

# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
# The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
# informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
# Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
# New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
# whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
# after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
# In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
# that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift.  See:
# Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30°.
# Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
# http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
# Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
# did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
#
# In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
# who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
# subscription and open to the public.  On the south face of the monolith,
# designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
# which is permanently set to Summer Time.

# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
#       -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
#       republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
#       https://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-114/a-silent-toast-to-william-willett-by-winston-s-churchill

# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
# The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
# Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
# ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.

# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.

# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
# From: Jonathan Leffler
# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
# politics making a fortune, not computing.

# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time.  Look for the published
# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."

# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).

# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png

# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
# which is to be introduced in May....
# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.

# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
# Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
# so we use 'BDST'.

# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
# and extending this list, which can be found in
# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/

# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
#
# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
# https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
#
# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
#
# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
# are incorrect:
#     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
#       1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
#     * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
# It actually just had one transition.
#     * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
#     * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
#
# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
#     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
#       to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
#       conform with Great Britain.
# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
#
# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
# we'll ignore it for now.
#     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.

# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-04):
#
# Dunsink Observatory (8 km NW of Dublin's center) was to Dublin as
# Greenwich was to London.  For example:
#
#   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."
#   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
#
# The abbreviation DMT stood for "Dublin Mean Time" or "Dunsink Mean Time";
# this being Ireland, opinions differed.
#
# Whitman says Dublin/Dunsink Mean Time was UT-00:25:21, which agrees
# with measurements of recent visitors to the Meridian Room of Dunsink
# Observatory; see Malone D. Dunsink and timekeeping. 2016-01-24.
# <https://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwmalone/time/dunsink.html>.  Malone
# writes that the Nautical Almanac listed UT-00:25:22 until 1896, when
# it moved to UT-00:25:21.1 (I confirmed that the 1893 edition used
# the former and the 1896 edition used the latter).  Evidently the
# news of this change propagated slowly, as Milne 1899 still lists
# UT-00:25:22 and cites the International Telegraph Bureau.  As it is
# not clear that there was any practical significance to the change
# from UT-00:25:22 to UT-00:25:21.1 in civil timekeeping, omit this
# transition for now and just use the latter value, omitting its
# fraction since our format cannot represent fractions.

# "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
# was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
# would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'.  She claimed
# Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
# -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
# Irish Times 2014-10-27.
# https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411

# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
# Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
# These include various relating to legal time, for example:
#
# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
#
# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
#
# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
#
# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
#
# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
#
# (These are those I found, but there could be more.  In any case these
# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
#
# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
# being GMT+1.)

# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
# and Frethun run in CT.
# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.

# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
#
# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-07):
# The 1996 anonymous contributor's goal was to determine the correct
# abbreviation for summer time in Dublin and so the contributor
# focused on the "IST", not on the "Irish Summer Time".  Though the
# "IST" was correct, the "Irish Summer Time" appears to have been an
# error, as Ireland's Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 states that
# standard time in Ireland remains at UT +01 and is observed in
# summer, and that Greenwich mean time is observed in winter.  (Thanks
# to Derick Rethans for pointing out the error.)  That is, when
# Ireland amended the 1968 act that established UT +01 as Irish
# Standard Time, it left standard time unchanged and established GMT
# as a negative daylight saving time in winter.  So, in this database
# IST stands for Irish Summer Time for timestamps before 1968, and for
# Irish Standard Time after that.  See:
# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1971/act/17/enacted/en/print

# Michael Deckers (2017-06-01) gave the following URLs for Ireland's
# Summer Time Act, 1925 and Summer Time Orders, 1926 and 1947:
# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1925/act/8/enacted/en/print
# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1926/sro/919/made/en/print
# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1947/sro/71/made/en/print

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
# Summer Time Act, 1916
Rule    GB-Eire 1916    only    -       May     21      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1916    only    -       Oct      1      2:00s   0       GMT
# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
Rule    GB-Eire 1917    only    -       Apr      8      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1917    only    -       Sep     17      2:00s   0       GMT
# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
Rule    GB-Eire 1918    only    -       Mar     24      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1918    only    -       Sep     30      2:00s   0       GMT
# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
Rule    GB-Eire 1919    only    -       Mar     30      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1919    only    -       Sep     29      2:00s   0       GMT
# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
Rule    GB-Eire 1920    only    -       Mar     28      2:00s   1:00    BST
# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
Rule    GB-Eire 1920    only    -       Oct     25      2:00s   0       GMT
# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
Rule    GB-Eire 1921    only    -       Apr      3      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1921    only    -       Oct      3      2:00s   0       GMT
# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
Rule    GB-Eire 1922    only    -       Mar     26      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1922    only    -       Oct      8      2:00s   0       GMT
# The Summer Time Act, 1922
Rule    GB-Eire 1923    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1923    1924    -       Sep     Sun>=16 2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1924    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9  2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1925    1926    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
# The Summer Time Act, 1925
Rule    GB-Eire 1925    1938    -       Oct     Sun>=2  2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1927    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9  2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1928    1929    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1930    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9  2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1931    1932    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1933    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9  2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1934    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1935    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9  2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1936    1937    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1938    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9  2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1939    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
Rule    GB-Eire 1939    only    -       Nov     Sun>=16 2:00s   0       GMT
# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
Rule    GB-Eire 1940    only    -       Feb     Sun>=23 2:00s   1:00    BST
# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
Rule    GB-Eire 1941    only    -       May     Sun>=2  1:00s   2:00    BDST
Rule    GB-Eire 1941    1943    -       Aug     Sun>=9  1:00s   1:00    BST
# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
Rule    GB-Eire 1942    1944    -       Apr     Sun>=2  1:00s   2:00    BDST
# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
Rule    GB-Eire 1944    only    -       Sep     Sun>=16 1:00s   1:00    BST
# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
Rule    GB-Eire 1945    only    -       Apr     Mon>=2  1:00s   2:00    BDST
Rule    GB-Eire 1945    only    -       Jul     Sun>=9  1:00s   1:00    BST
# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
Rule    GB-Eire 1945    1946    -       Oct     Sun>=2  2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1946    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9  2:00s   1:00    BST
# The Summer Time Act, 1947
Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Mar     16      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Apr     13      1:00s   2:00    BDST
Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Aug     10      1:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Nov      2      2:00s   0       GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
Rule    GB-Eire 1948    only    -       Mar     14      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1948    only    -       Oct     31      2:00s   0       GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
Rule    GB-Eire 1949    only    -       Apr      3      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1949    only    -       Oct     30      2:00s   0       GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
Rule    GB-Eire 1950    1952    -       Apr     Sun>=14 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1950    1952    -       Oct     Sun>=21 2:00s   0       GMT
# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
Rule    GB-Eire 1953    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1953    1960    -       Oct     Sun>=2  2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1954    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9  2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1955    1956    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1957    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9  2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1958    1959    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1960    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9  2:00s   1:00    BST
# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
Rule    GB-Eire 1961    1963    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1961    1968    -       Oct     Sun>=23 2:00s   0       GMT
# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
Rule    GB-Eire 1964    1967    -       Mar     Sun>=19 2:00s   1:00    BST
# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
Rule    GB-Eire 1968    only    -       Feb     18      2:00s   1:00    BST
# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
#       (no summer time)
# The Summer Time Act, 1972
Rule    GB-Eire 1972    1980    -       Mar     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1972    1980    -       Oct     Sun>=23 2:00s   0       GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
Rule    GB-Eire 1981    1995    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00u   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1981    1989    -       Oct     Sun>=23 1:00u   0       GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
Rule    GB-Eire 1990    1995    -       Oct     Sun>=22 1:00u   0       GMT
# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
#
# Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/London   -0:01:15 -      LMT     1847 Dec  1  0:00s
                         0:00   GB-Eire %s      1968 Oct 27
                         1:00   -       BST     1971 Oct 31  2:00u
                         0:00   GB-Eire %s      1996
                         0:00   EU      GMT/BST
Link    Europe/London   Europe/Jersey
Link    Europe/London   Europe/Guernsey
Link    Europe/London   Europe/Isle_of_Man

# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-15):
# In January 2018 we discovered that the negative SAVE values in the
# Eire rules cause problems with tests for ICU:
# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
# and with tests for OpenJDK:
# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
#
# To work around this problem, the build procedure can translate the
# following data into two forms, one with negative SAVE values and the
# other form with a traditional approximation for Irish timestamps
# after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC; although this approximation has tm_isdst
# flags that are reversed, its UTC offsets are correct and this often
# suffices.  This source file currently uses only nonnegative SAVE
# values, but this is intended to change and downstream code should
# not rely on it.
#
# The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
# summer and negative daylight saving time in winter.  It is for when
# negative SAVE values are used.
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Eire    1971    only    -       Oct     31       2:00u  -1:00   -
Rule    Eire    1972    1980    -       Mar     Sun>=16  2:00u  0       -
Rule    Eire    1972    1980    -       Oct     Sun>=23  2:00u  -1:00   -
Rule    Eire    1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
Rule    Eire    1981    1989    -       Oct     Sun>=23  1:00u  -1:00   -
Rule    Eire    1990    1995    -       Oct     Sun>=22  1:00u  -1:00   -
Rule    Eire    1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00u  -1:00   -

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Dublin   -0:25:00 -      LMT     1880 Aug  2
                        -0:25:21 -      DMT     1916 May 21  2:00s
                        -0:25:21 1:00   IST     1916 Oct  1  2:00s
                         0:00   GB-Eire %s      1921 Dec  6 # independence
                         0:00   GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25  2:00s
                         0:00   1:00    IST     1946 Oct  6  2:00s
                         0:00   -       GMT     1947 Mar 16  2:00s
                         0:00   1:00    IST     1947 Nov  2  2:00s
                         0:00   -       GMT     1948 Apr 18  2:00s
                         0:00   GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
# The next line is for when negative SAVE values are used.
                         1:00   Eire    IST/GMT
# These three lines are for when SAVE values are always nonnegative.
#                        1:00   -       IST     1971 Oct 31  2:00u
#                        0:00   GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
#                        0:00   EU      GMT/IST


###############################################################################

# Europe

# The following rules are for the European Union and for its
# predecessor organization, the European Communities.
# For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file.

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    EU      1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1   1:00u  1:00    S
Rule    EU      1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
Rule    EU      1978    only    -       Oct      1       1:00u  0       -
Rule    EU      1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
Rule    EU      1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00u  1:00    S
Rule    EU      1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002.  See:
# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
# http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT

# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
Rule    W-Eur   1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1   1:00s  1:00    S
Rule    W-Eur   1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
Rule    W-Eur   1978    only    -       Oct      1       1:00s  0       -
Rule    W-Eur   1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
Rule    W-Eur   1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00s  1:00    S
Rule    W-Eur   1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00s  0       -

# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
Rule    C-Eur   1916    only    -       Apr     30      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    C-Eur   1916    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1917    1918    -       Apr     Mon>=15  2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    C-Eur   1917    1918    -       Sep     Mon>=15  2:00s  0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1940    only    -       Apr      1       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    C-Eur   1942    only    -       Nov      2       2:00s  0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1943    only    -       Mar     29       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    C-Eur   1943    only    -       Oct      4       2:00s  0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1944    1945    -       Apr     Mon>=1   2:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule    C-Eur   1944    only    -       Oct      2       2:00s  0       -
# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
#
# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
# tz database itself, as seen below:
#
# Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15  0:01
#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
#
# Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
#
# Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
#    1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16  2:00s
#
# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16  3:00 0 -
# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
#
# The rule line to be changed is:
#
# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00 0 -
#
# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time.  However there are no
# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
# affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
# CET and MET:
#
# Zone CET  1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
# Zone MET  1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
#
# It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
#
# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
#
# A small step for mankind though 8-)
Rule    C-Eur   1945    only    -       Sep     16       2:00s  0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1   2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    C-Eur   1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1978    only    -       Oct      1       2:00s  0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    C-Eur   1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -

# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
Rule    E-Eur   1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1   0:00   1:00    S
Rule    E-Eur   1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
Rule    E-Eur   1978    only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
Rule    E-Eur   1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
Rule    E-Eur   1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  0:00   1:00    S
Rule    E-Eur   1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  0:00   0       -


# Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
#
# The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Russia  1917    only    -       Jul      1      23:00   1:00    MST  # Moscow Summer Time
#
# Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
Rule    Russia  1917    only    -       Dec     28       0:00   0       MMT  # Moscow Mean Time
#
# Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
Rule    Russia  1918    only    -       May     31      22:00   2:00    MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
Rule    Russia  1918    only    -       Sep     16       1:00   1:00    MST
#
# Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       May     31      23:00   2:00    MDST
#
Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       Jul      1       0:00u  1:00    MSD
Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       Aug     16       0:00   0       MSK
#
# Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Feb     14      23:00   1:00    MSD
#
# Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Mar     20      23:00   2:00    +05
#
Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Sep      1       0:00   1:00    MSD
Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
# Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
Rule    Russia  1981    1984    -       Apr      1       0:00   1:00    S
Rule    Russia  1981    1983    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
# Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
# Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
Rule    Russia  1984    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
Rule    Russia  1985    2010    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
#
Rule    Russia  1996    2010    -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
# As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
# Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
# Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
# Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
#
# I did not find full texts of these acts.  For the 1989 one we have
# title at https://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
# "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
# Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
# Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
# And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
# contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
# of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
# oblasts.  Since last Sunday of March 1989:
# a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
# second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
# b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
# rules (Moscow time)
# c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
# Unamended version of the act of the
# Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
# says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
# of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
# at 3 hours.  It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
# According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
# signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
# According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
#
# Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
# http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
#
# Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
# https://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html

# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
# Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
# to be standard.

# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    WET             0:00    EU      WE%sT
Zone    CET             1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT
Zone    MET             1:00    C-Eur   ME%sT
Zone    EET             2:00    EU      EE%sT

# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.

# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
# The official German names ... are
#
#       Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
#       Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
#
# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
#
#       Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
#       Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
#       Postfach 3345
#       D-38023 Braunschweig
#       phone: +49 531 592-0
#
# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
# department for time and frequency transmission.  He explained that the
# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
#
#       Central European Time (CET)         = UTC+01:00
#       Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00


# Albania
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Albania 1940    only    -       Jun     16      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1942    only    -       Nov      2      3:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1943    only    -       Mar     29      2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1943    only    -       Apr     10      3:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1974    only    -       May      4      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1974    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1975    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1975    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1976    only    -       May      2      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1976    only    -       Oct      3      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1977    only    -       May      8      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1977    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1978    only    -       May      6      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1978    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1979    only    -       May      5      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1979    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1980    only    -       May      3      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1980    only    -       Oct      4      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1981    only    -       Apr     26      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1981    only    -       Sep     27      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1982    only    -       May      2      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1982    only    -       Oct      3      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1983    only    -       Apr     18      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1983    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1984    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Tirane   1:19:20 -       LMT     1914
                        1:00    -       CET     1940 Jun 16
                        1:00    Albania CE%sT   1984 Jul
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Andorra
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Andorra  0:06:04 -       LMT     1901
                        0:00    -       WET     1946 Sep 30
                        1:00    -       CET     1985 Mar 31  2:00
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Austria

# Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
# date of 1945-04-12 with no time.  For the 1980-04-06 transition
# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00.  Go with the BEV,
# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Austria 1920    only    -       Apr      5      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Austria 1920    only    -       Sep     13      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Austria 1946    only    -       Apr     14      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Austria 1946    1948    -       Oct     Sun>=1  2:00s   0       -
Rule    Austria 1947    only    -       Apr      6      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Austria 1948    only    -       Apr     18      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Austria 1980    only    -       Apr      6      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Austria 1980    only    -       Sep     28      0:00    0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Vienna   1:05:21 -       LMT     1893 Apr
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1920
                        1:00    Austria CE%sT   1940 Apr  1  2:00s
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2  2:00s
                        1:00    1:00    CEST    1945 Apr 12  2:00s
                        1:00    -       CET     1946
                        1:00    Austria CE%sT   1981
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Belarus
#
# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
# http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
# (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
# 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
# on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
# (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
#
# From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
# By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
# GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
#
# Sources (Russian language):
# http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
# http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
# https://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
#
# From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
# Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
# http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
#
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Minsk    1:50:16 -       LMT     1880
                        1:50    -       MMT     1924 May  2 # Minsk Mean Time
                        2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
                        3:00    -       MSK     1941 Jun 28
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Jul  3
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990
                        3:00    -       MSK     1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                        2:00    Russia  EE%sT   2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                        3:00    -       +03

# Belgium
#
# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
#       Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
#       Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
#       (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
#       pp 8-9.
# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
#       Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Belgium 1918    only    -       Mar      9       0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1918    1919    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1919    only    -       Mar      1      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1920    only    -       Feb     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1920    only    -       Oct     23      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1921    only    -       Mar     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1921    only    -       Oct     25      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1922    only    -       Mar     25      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1922    1927    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1923    only    -       Apr     21      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1924    only    -       Mar     29      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1925    only    -       Apr      4      23:00s  1:00    S
# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
Rule    Belgium 1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1928    1938    -       Oct     Sun>=2   2:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1929    only    -       Apr     21       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1930    only    -       Apr     13       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1931    only    -       Apr     19       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1932    only    -       Apr      3       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1933    only    -       Mar     26       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1934    only    -       Apr      8       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1935    only    -       Mar     31       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1936    only    -       Apr     19       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1937    only    -       Apr      4       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1938    only    -       Mar     27       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1939    only    -       Apr     16       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1939    only    -       Nov     19       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1940    only    -       Feb     25       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1944    only    -       Sep     17       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1945    only    -       Apr      2       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1945    only    -       Sep     16       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1946    only    -       May     19       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1946    only    -       Oct      7       2:00s  0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 -       LMT     1880
                        0:17:30 -       BMT     1892 May  1 12:00  # Brussels MT
                        0:00    -       WET     1914 Nov  8
                        1:00    -       CET     1916 May  1  0:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1918 Nov 11 11:00u
                        0:00    Belgium WE%sT   1940 May 20  2:00s
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Sep  3
                        1:00    Belgium CE%sT   1977
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Bosnia and Herzegovina
# See Europe/Belgrade.

# Bulgaria
#
# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
# EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
# EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Bulg    1979    only    -       Mar     31      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Bulg    1979    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
Rule    Bulg    1980    1982    -       Apr     Sat>=1  23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Bulg    1980    only    -       Sep     29       1:00   0       -
Rule    Bulg    1981    only    -       Sep     27       2:00   0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Sofia    1:33:16 -       LMT     1880
                        1:56:56 -       IMT     1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
                        2:00    -       EET     1942 Nov  2  3:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945
                        1:00    -       CET     1945 Apr  2  3:00
                        2:00    -       EET     1979 Mar 31 23:00
                        2:00    Bulg    EE%sT   1982 Sep 26  3:00
                        2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1991
                        2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1997
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT

# Croatia
# See Europe/Belgrade.

# Cyprus
# Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.

# Czech Republic / Czechia
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-04-15):
# The source for Czech data is: Kdy začíná a končí letní čas. 2018-04-15.
# https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas
# We know of no English-language name for historical Czech winter time;
# abbreviate it as "GMT", as it happened to be GMT.
#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Czech   1945    only    -       Apr     Mon>=1  2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Czech   1945    only    -       Oct      1      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Czech   1946    only    -       May      6      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Czech   1946    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1  2:00s   0       -
Rule    Czech   1947    1948    -       Apr     Sun>=15 2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Czech   1949    only    -       Apr      9      2:00s   1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Prague   0:57:44 -       LMT     1850
                        0:57:44 -       PMT     1891 Oct    # Prague Mean Time
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 May  9
                        1:00    Czech   CE%sT   1946 Dec  1  3:00
# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
                        1:00    -1:00   GMT     1947 Feb 23  2:00
# Rearguard section, for parsers that do not support negative DST.
#                       0:00    -       GMT     1947 Feb 23  2:00
# End of rearguard section.
                        1:00    Czech   CE%sT   1979
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT
# Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.

# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland

# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
#
# The EU [actually, EEC and Euratom] treaty with effect from 1973:
# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
#
# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
# in subsequent decrees with the law
# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
#
# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980.  I have
# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
# 1980-09-28 at 02:00.  If this is true, this differs slightly from
# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00.  We don't know
# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
# was suspended on that night):
# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL

# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.

# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Denmark 1916    only    -       May     14      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Denmark 1916    only    -       Sep     30      23:00   0       -
Rule    Denmark 1940    only    -       May     15       0:00   1:00    S
Rule    Denmark 1945    only    -       Apr      2       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Denmark 1945    only    -       Aug     15       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Denmark 1946    only    -       May      1       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Denmark 1946    only    -       Sep      1       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Denmark 1947    only    -       May      4       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Denmark 1947    only    -       Aug     10       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Denmark 1948    only    -       May      9       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Denmark 1948    only    -       Aug      8       2:00s  0       -
#
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Copenhagen   0:50:20 -      LMT     1890
                         0:50:20 -      CMT     1894 Jan  1 # Copenhagen MT
                         1:00   Denmark CE%sT   1942 Nov  2  2:00s
                         1:00   C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2  2:00
                         1:00   Denmark CE%sT   1980
                         1:00   EU      CE%sT
Zone Atlantic/Faroe     -0:27:04 -      LMT     1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
                         0:00   -       WET     1981
                         0:00   EU      WE%sT
#
# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-10):
# Greenland joined the European Communities as part of Denmark,
# obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, and left the European Communities
# on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
# rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.

# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
#
# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
# is according to the following time line:
#
# The military zone near Thule  UTC-4
# Standard Greenland time       UTC-3
# Scoresbysund                  UTC-1
# Danmarkshavn                  UTC
#
# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
# introduced.

# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
#
# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
# the time to clarify the situation in Thule.  Unfortunately, I have
# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter.  [But I have
# info from earlier correspondence.]
#
# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
#
# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
# email.  The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
#
# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
#
# The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
#
# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
# maintaining traffic in these areas.  However, the official status of
# this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time.  This area might be
# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.

# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
# there at 2:00 AM.

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
# the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.

# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
# "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
# "National Park" by Executive Order:
# http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
# It is their only National Park.
#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Thule   1991    1992    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Thule   1991    1992    -       Sep     lastSun 2:00    0       S
Rule    Thule   1993    2006    -       Apr     Sun>=1  2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Thule   1993    2006    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    0       S
Rule    Thule   2007    max     -       Mar     Sun>=8  2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Thule   2007    max     -       Nov     Sun>=1  2:00    0       S
#
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 -    LMT     1916 Jul 28
                        -3:00   -       -03     1980 Apr  6  2:00
                        -3:00   EU      -03/-02 1996
                        0:00    -       GMT
Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 -    LMT     1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
                        -2:00   -       -02     1980 Apr  6  2:00
                        -2:00   C-Eur   -02/-01 1981 Mar 29
                        -1:00   EU      -01/+00
Zone America/Godthab    -3:26:56 -      LMT     1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
                        -3:00   -       -03     1980 Apr  6  2:00
                        -3:00   EU      -03/-02
Zone America/Thule      -4:35:08 -      LMT     1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
                        -4:00   Thule   A%sT

# Estonia
#
# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
#
# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
#
# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
# "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
# human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
# summer time next spring."

# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
# http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
#
# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).

# From The Baltic Times <https://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
# via Steffen Thorsen:
# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
# Union are still unclear.  In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
# for all member states until 2001.  Brussels has yet to decide what to do
# after that.

# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
# Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
# No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
# the year round.  The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.

# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
# Now we are using again EU rules.
#
# From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Tallinn  1:39:00 -       LMT     1880
                        1:39:00 -       TMT     1918 Feb    # Tallinn Mean Time
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1919 Jul
                        1:39:00 -       TMT     1921 May
                        2:00    -       EET     1940 Aug  6
                        3:00    -       MSK     1941 Sep 15
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Sep 22
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
                        2:00    1:00    EEST    1989 Sep 24  2:00s
                        2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1998 Sep 22
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT   1999 Oct 31  4:00
                        2:00    -       EET     2002 Feb 21
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT

# Finland

# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
# and it's supposed to change at 4am...

# From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
#
# I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
# During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
# earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
# according to the central European standards.
#
# This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
# Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
# Finnish) at
# https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
#
# Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
# transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
#
# This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
# http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
#
# The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
# exist tonight."

# From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
# [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
# https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
# pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
# say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
# 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
# mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
# On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
# Go with Oja over Shanks.

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Finland 1942    only    -       Apr     2       24:00   1:00    S
Rule    Finland 1942    only    -       Oct     4       1:00    0       -
Rule    Finland 1981    1982    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Finland 1981    1982    -       Sep     lastSun 3:00    0       -

# Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
# round to nearest.

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 -       LMT     1878 May 31
                        1:39:49 -       HMT     1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
                        2:00    Finland EE%sT   1983
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT

# Åland Is
Link    Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn


# France

# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
#
# Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
#
# Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
# Paris, 1991
#
# Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
# Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987


#
# Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    France  1916    only    -       Jun     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1916    1919    -       Oct     Sun>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    France  1917    only    -       Mar     24      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1918    only    -       Mar      9      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1919    only    -       Mar      1      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1920    only    -       Feb     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1920    only    -       Oct     23      23:00s  0       -
Rule    France  1921    only    -       Mar     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1921    only    -       Oct     25      23:00s  0       -
Rule    France  1922    only    -       Mar     25      23:00s  1:00    S
# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
# were Apr 12 and Oct 5.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule    France  1922    1938    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    France  1923    only    -       May     26      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1924    only    -       Mar     29      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1925    only    -       Apr      4      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1930    only    -       Apr     12      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1931    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1932    only    -       Apr      2      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1933    only    -       Mar     25      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1934    only    -       Apr      7      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1935    only    -       Mar     30      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1936    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1937    only    -       Apr      3      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1938    only    -       Mar     26      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1939    only    -       Apr     15      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1939    only    -       Nov     18      23:00s  0       -
Rule    France  1940    only    -       Feb     25       2:00   1:00    S
# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
# Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
Rule    France  1941    only    -       May      5       0:00   2:00    M # Midsummer
# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
# who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
Rule    France  1941    only    -       Oct      6       0:00   1:00    S
Rule    France  1942    only    -       Mar      9       0:00   2:00    M
Rule    France  1942    only    -       Nov      2       3:00   1:00    S
Rule    France  1943    only    -       Mar     29       2:00   2:00    M
Rule    France  1943    only    -       Oct      4       3:00   1:00    S
Rule    France  1944    only    -       Apr      3       2:00   2:00    M
Rule    France  1944    only    -       Oct      8       1:00   1:00    S
Rule    France  1945    only    -       Apr      2       2:00   2:00    M
Rule    France  1945    only    -       Sep     16       3:00   0       -
# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
Rule    France  1976    only    -       Mar     28       1:00   1:00    S
Rule    France  1976    only    -       Sep     26       1:00   0       -
# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
# Go with Howse.  Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Paris    0:09:21 -       LMT     1891 Mar 15  0:01
                        0:09:21 -       PMT     1911 Mar 11  0:01 # Paris MT
# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
                        0:00    France  WE%sT   1940 Jun 14 23:00
# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Aug 25
                        0:00    France  WE%sT   1945 Sep 16  3:00
                        1:00    France  CE%sT   1977
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Germany

# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
# [See tz-link.html for the URL.]

# From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
# https://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
# General [Nikolai] Bersarin.

# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
# this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.


# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Germany 1946    only    -       Apr     14      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Germany 1946    only    -       Oct      7      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Germany 1947    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1  2:00s   0       -
# http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
# occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
# Go with the PTB.
Rule    Germany 1947    only    -       Apr      6      3:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Germany 1947    only    -       May     11      2:00s   2:00    M
Rule    Germany 1947    only    -       Jun     29      3:00    1:00    S
Rule    Germany 1948    only    -       Apr     18      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Germany 1949    only    -       Apr     10      2:00s   1:00    S

Rule SovietZone 1945    only    -       May     24      2:00    2:00    M # Midsummer
Rule SovietZone 1945    only    -       Sep     24      3:00    1:00    S
Rule SovietZone 1945    only    -       Nov     18      2:00s   0       -

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Berlin   0:53:28 -       LMT     1893 Apr
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 May 24  2:00
                        1:00 SovietZone CE%sT   1946
                        1:00    Germany CE%sT   1980
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
# Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
# Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
# (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
# DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
# which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
#
# Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
# http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3

# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
# Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.

Link    Europe/Zurich   Europe/Busingen

# Georgia
# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
# is in Europe.  Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.

# Gibraltar
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Gibraltar   -0:21:24 -      LMT     1880 Aug  2  0:00s
                        0:00    GB-Eire %s      1957 Apr 14  2:00
                        1:00    -       CET     1982
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Greece
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule    Greece  1932    only    -       Jul      7      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1932    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    0       -
# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule    Greece  1941    only    -       Apr      7      0:00    1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule    Greece  1942    only    -       Nov      2      3:00    0       -
Rule    Greece  1943    only    -       Mar     30      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1943    only    -       Oct      4      0:00    0       -
# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule    Greece  1952    only    -       Jul      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1952    only    -       Nov      2      0:00    0       -
Rule    Greece  1975    only    -       Apr     12      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1975    only    -       Nov     26      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Greece  1976    only    -       Apr     11      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1976    only    -       Oct     10      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Greece  1977    1978    -       Apr     Sun>=1  2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1977    only    -       Sep     26      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Greece  1978    only    -       Sep     24      4:00    0       -
Rule    Greece  1979    only    -       Apr      1      9:00    1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1979    only    -       Sep     29      2:00    0       -
Rule    Greece  1980    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1980    only    -       Sep     28      0:00    0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Athens   1:34:52 -       LMT     1895 Sep 14
                        1:34:52 -       AMT     1916 Jul 28  0:01 # Athens MT
                        2:00    Greece  EE%sT   1941 Apr 30
                        1:00    Greece  CE%sT   1944 Apr  4
                        2:00    Greece  EE%sT   1981
                        # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
                        # go with EU rules instead, since Greece joined Jan 1.
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT

# Hungary
# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
# Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
# Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
# National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
# http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
# This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
# & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Hungary 1918    only    -       Apr      1       3:00   1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1918    only    -       Sep     16       3:00   0       -
Rule    Hungary 1919    only    -       Apr     15       3:00   1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1919    only    -       Nov     24       3:00   0       -
Rule    Hungary 1945    only    -       May      1      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1945    only    -       Nov      1       0:00   0       -
Rule    Hungary 1946    only    -       Mar     31       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1946    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1   2:00s  0       -
Rule    Hungary 1947    1949    -       Apr     Sun>=4   2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1950    only    -       Apr     17       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1950    only    -       Oct     23       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Hungary 1954    1955    -       May     23       0:00   1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1954    1955    -       Oct      3       0:00   0       -
Rule    Hungary 1956    only    -       Jun     Sun>=1   0:00   1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1956    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
Rule    Hungary 1957    only    -       Jun     Sun>=1   1:00   1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1957    only    -       Sep     lastSun  3:00   0       -
Rule    Hungary 1980    only    -       Apr      6       1:00   1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 -       LMT     1890 Oct
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1918
                        1:00    Hungary CE%sT   1941 Apr  8
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945
                        1:00    Hungary CE%sT   1980 Sep 28  2:00s
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Iceland
#
# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
#
# (1993-12-05):
# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
# Iceland Almanak.
#
# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
#
# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
# time the norsemen first settled Iceland.  The first day of winter is always
# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
#
# (1993-12-10):
# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
#       the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
#       (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
# might mean something else (???).
#
# From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
# The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
# http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Iceland 1917    1919    -       Feb     19      23:00   1:00    -
Rule    Iceland 1917    only    -       Oct     21       1:00   0       -
Rule    Iceland 1918    1919    -       Nov     16       1:00   0       -
Rule    Iceland 1921    only    -       Mar     19      23:00   1:00    -
Rule    Iceland 1921    only    -       Jun     23       1:00   0       -
Rule    Iceland 1939    only    -       Apr     29      23:00   1:00    -
Rule    Iceland 1939    only    -       Oct     29       2:00   0       -
Rule    Iceland 1940    only    -       Feb     25       2:00   1:00    -
Rule    Iceland 1940    1941    -       Nov     Sun>=2   1:00s  0       -
Rule    Iceland 1941    1942    -       Mar     Sun>=2   1:00s  1:00    -
# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
Rule    Iceland 1943    1946    -       Mar     Sun>=1   1:00s  1:00    -
Rule    Iceland 1942    1948    -       Oct     Sun>=22  1:00s  0       -
# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
Rule    Iceland 1947    1967    -       Apr     Sun>=1   1:00s  1:00    -
# 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
Rule    Iceland 1949    only    -       Oct     30       1:00s  0       -
Rule    Iceland 1950    1966    -       Oct     Sun>=22  1:00s  0       -
Rule    Iceland 1967    only    -       Oct     29       1:00s  0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28   -       LMT     1908
                        -1:00   Iceland -01/+00 1968 Apr  7  1:00s
                         0:00   -       GMT

# Italy
#
# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
# so record only the time in Rome.
#
# From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
# http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
# ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
# force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
# the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
#
# From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
# The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
# institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
# http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
# (2016-10-24):
# http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
# has still different data for 1944.  It divides Italy in two, as
# there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
# Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
# of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
#
# From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
# Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
# Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
# Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
# advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
# Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
# Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
# for the Kingdom of Italy.  This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
# Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
# to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
# was effectively controlled by Germany.
#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Italy   1916    only    -       Jun      3      24:00   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1916    1917    -       Sep     30      24:00   0       -
Rule    Italy   1917    only    -       Mar     31      24:00   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1918    only    -       Mar      9      24:00   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1918    only    -       Oct      6      24:00   0       -
Rule    Italy   1919    only    -       Mar      1      24:00   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1919    only    -       Oct      4      24:00   0       -
Rule    Italy   1920    only    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1920    only    -       Sep     18      24:00   0       -
Rule    Italy   1940    only    -       Jun     14      24:00   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1942    only    -       Nov      2       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Italy   1943    only    -       Mar     29       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1943    only    -       Oct      4       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Italy   1944    only    -       Apr      2       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1944    only    -       Sep     17       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Italy   1945    only    -       Apr      2       2:00   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1945    only    -       Sep     15       1:00   0       -
Rule    Italy   1946    only    -       Mar     17       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1946    only    -       Oct      6       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Italy   1947    only    -       Mar     16       0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1947    only    -       Oct      5       0:00s  0       -
Rule    Italy   1948    only    -       Feb     29       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1948    only    -       Oct      3       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Italy   1966    1968    -       May     Sun>=22  0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1966    only    -       Sep     24      24:00   0       -
Rule    Italy   1967    1969    -       Sep     Sun>=22  0:00s  0       -
Rule    Italy   1969    only    -       Jun      1       0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1970    only    -       May     31       0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1970    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00s  0       -
Rule    Italy   1971    1972    -       May     Sun>=22  0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1971    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00s  0       -
Rule    Italy   1972    only    -       Oct      1       0:00s  0       -
Rule    Italy   1973    only    -       Jun      3       0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1973    1974    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00s  0       -
Rule    Italy   1974    only    -       May     26       0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1975    only    -       Jun      1       0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1975    1977    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00s  0       -
Rule    Italy   1976    only    -       May     30       0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1977    1979    -       May     Sun>=22  0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1978    only    -       Oct      1       0:00s  0       -
Rule    Italy   1979    only    -       Sep     30       0:00s  0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Rome     0:49:56 -       LMT     1866 Sep 22
                        0:49:56 -       RMT     1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
                        1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1943 Sep 10
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Jun  4
                        1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1980
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

Link    Europe/Rome     Europe/Vatican
Link    Europe/Rome     Europe/San_Marino

# Latvia

# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):

# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
#
# Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
# according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
#
# Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
# according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
#
# Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
# according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward.  The end of
# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
#
# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.

# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
# 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
# in Latvian for subscribers only).

# From RFE/RL Newsline
# http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
# (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
# clocks one hour in the spring....
# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
# appears that they will not do so....

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Latvia  1989    1996    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Latvia  1989    1996    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -

# Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
# Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
# Go with Byalokoz.

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Riga     1:36:34 -       LMT     1880
                        1:36:34 -       RMT     1918 Apr 15  2:00 # Riga MT
                        1:36:34 1:00    LST     1918 Sep 16  3:00 # Latvian ST
                        1:36:34 -       RMT     1919 Apr  1  2:00
                        1:36:34 1:00    LST     1919 May 22  3:00
                        1:36:34 -       RMT     1926 May 11
                        2:00    -       EET     1940 Aug  5
                        3:00    -       MSK     1941 Jul
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Oct 13
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun  2:00s
                        2:00    1:00    EEST    1989 Sep lastSun  2:00s
                        2:00    Latvia  EE%sT   1997 Jan 21
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT   2000 Feb 29
                        2:00    -       EET     2001 Jan  2
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT

# Liechtenstein

# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
# Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.

# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
# http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
# ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
# I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
#    ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
#    introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland.  From 1943 on
#    central European time was in force throughout the year.
#    From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
#    regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.

Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz


# Lithuania

# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).

# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.

# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.

# From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
# via Steffen Thorsen:
# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
# to be valid here starting from October 31,
# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
# already done by Estonia.

# From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
# <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
# Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.

# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm


# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Vilnius  1:41:16 -       LMT     1880
                        1:24:00 -       WMT     1917        # Warsaw Mean Time
                        1:35:36 -       KMT     1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
                        1:00    -       CET     1920 Jul 12
                        2:00    -       EET     1920 Oct  9
                        1:00    -       CET     1940 Aug  3
                        3:00    -       MSK     1941 Jun 24
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Aug
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
                        2:00    Russia  EE%sT   1991 Sep 29  2:00s
                        2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1998
                        2:00    -       EET     1998 Mar 29  1:00u
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT   1999 Oct 31  1:00u
                        2:00    -       EET     2003 Jan  1
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT

# Luxembourg
# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Lux     1916    only    -       May     14      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1916    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1917    only    -       Apr     28      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1917    only    -       Sep     17       1:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1918    only    -       Apr     Mon>=15  2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1918    only    -       Sep     Mon>=15  2:00s  0       -
Rule    Lux     1919    only    -       Mar      1      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1919    only    -       Oct      5       3:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1920    only    -       Feb     14      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1920    only    -       Oct     24       2:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1921    only    -       Mar     14      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1921    only    -       Oct     26       2:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1922    only    -       Mar     25      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1922    only    -       Oct     Sun>=2   1:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1923    only    -       Apr     21      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1923    only    -       Oct     Sun>=2   2:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1924    only    -       Mar     29      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1924    1928    -       Oct     Sun>=2   1:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1925    only    -       Apr      5      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00   1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Luxembourg  0:24:36 -       LMT     1904 Jun
                        1:00    Lux     CE%sT   1918 Nov 25
                        0:00    Lux     WE%sT   1929 Oct  6  2:00s
                        0:00    Belgium WE%sT   1940 May 14  3:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   WE%sT   1944 Sep 18  3:00
                        1:00    Belgium CE%sT   1977
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Macedonia
# See Europe/Belgrade.

# Malta
#
# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
# Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Malta   1973    only    -       Mar     31      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Malta   1973    only    -       Sep     29      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Malta   1974    only    -       Apr     21      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Malta   1974    only    -       Sep     16      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Malta   1975    1979    -       Apr     Sun>=15 2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Malta   1975    1980    -       Sep     Sun>=15 2:00    0       -
Rule    Malta   1980    only    -       Mar     31      2:00    1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Malta    0:58:04 -       LMT     1893 Nov  2  0:00s # Valletta
                        1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1973 Mar 31
                        1:00    Malta   CE%sT   1981
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Moldova

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
# the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
# http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
# ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
# time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
# plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
# adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
# time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
# reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
# But [two people] separately reported via
# Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
#
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
# Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
# "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
# to the Winter Time).
#
# News (in Russian):
# http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
# http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
#
# The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
# is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
#
# From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
# In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
# a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
#
# (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
#
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
# NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
# As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
# decision to abolish DST this winter.
# Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
# Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
# News from Moldova (in russian):
# https://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html

# From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
# http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
# The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
# 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time.  Also,
# https://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
# says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
# Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Moldova 1997    max     -       Mar     lastSun  2:00   1:00    S
Rule    Moldova 1997    max     -       Oct     lastSun  3:00   0       -

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 -       LMT     1880
                        1:55    -       CMT     1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
                        1:44:24 -       BMT     1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
                        2:00    Romania EE%sT   1940 Aug 15
                        2:00    1:00    EEST    1941 Jul 17
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Aug 24
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990 May  6  2:00
                        2:00    Russia  EE%sT   1992
                        2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1997
# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
                        2:00    Moldova EE%sT

# Monaco
# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
# more precise 0:09:21.
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Monaco   0:29:32 -       LMT     1891 Mar 15
                        0:09:21 -       PMT     1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
                        0:00    France  WE%sT   1945 Sep 16  3:00
                        1:00    France  CE%sT   1977
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Montenegro
# See Europe/Belgrade.

# Netherlands

# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.

# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
#
# (2001-04-08):
# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
#
# (2001-04-09):
# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
# actually followed.
#
# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
#
# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
# Amsterdam mean time.

# The data entries before 1945 are taken from
# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Neth    1916    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    NST     # Netherlands Summer Time
Rule    Neth    1916    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       AMT     # Amsterdam Mean Time
Rule    Neth    1917    only    -       Apr     16      2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1917    only    -       Sep     17      2:00s   0       AMT
Rule    Neth    1918    1921    -       Apr     Mon>=1  2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1918    1921    -       Sep     lastMon 2:00s   0       AMT
Rule    Neth    1922    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1922    1936    -       Oct     Sun>=2  2:00s   0       AMT
Rule    Neth    1923    only    -       Jun     Fri>=1  2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1924    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1925    only    -       Jun     Fri>=1  2:00s   1:00    NST
# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
Rule    Neth    1926    1931    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1932    only    -       May     22      2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1933    1936    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1937    only    -       May     22      2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1937    only    -       Jul      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Neth    1937    1939    -       Oct     Sun>=2  2:00s   0       -
Rule    Neth    1938    1939    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Neth    1945    only    -       Apr      2      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Neth    1945    only    -       Sep     16      2:00s   0       -
#
# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13, but the .13 is omitted
# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Amsterdam   0:19:32 -       LMT     1835
                        0:19:32 Neth    %s      1937 Jul  1
                        0:20    Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16  0:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2  2:00
                        1:00    Neth    CE%sT   1977
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Norway
# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
# Pottenger.
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Norway  1916    only    -       May     22      1:00    1:00    S
Rule    Norway  1916    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
Rule    Norway  1945    only    -       Apr      2      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Norway  1945    only    -       Oct      1      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Norway  1959    1964    -       Mar     Sun>=15 2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Norway  1959    1965    -       Sep     Sun>=15 2:00s   0       -
Rule    Norway  1965    only    -       Apr     25      2:00s   1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Oslo     0:43:00 -       LMT     1895 Jan  1
                        1:00    Norway  CE%sT   1940 Aug 10 23:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2  2:00
                        1:00    Norway  CE%sT   1980
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Svalbard & Jan Mayen

# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
# time they were declared as parts of Norway.  Svalbard was declared
# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>).  The law/regulation
# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
# since 1921.  Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).

# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
#
# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
# keeping Berlin time.
#
# <https://www.jan-mayen.no/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
# frequent air attacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City".  Possibly
# the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
#
# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>).  The Svalbard FAQ
# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
# expelled on 1942-05-14.  However, small parties of Germans did return,
# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
# http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
#
# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
# for these regions.
Link    Europe/Oslo     Arctic/Longyearbyen

# Poland

# The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
# <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Poland  1918    1919    -       Sep     16      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Poland  1919    only    -       Apr     15      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1944    only    -       Apr      3      2:00s   1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule    Poland  1944    only    -       Oct      4      2:00    0       -
# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule    Poland  1945    only    -       Apr     29      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1945    only    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       -
# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
# Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
# https://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
# Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
# He also gives these further references:
# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
Rule    Poland  1946    only    -       Apr     14      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1946    only    -       Oct      7      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Poland  1947    only    -       May      4      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1947    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1  2:00s   0       -
Rule    Poland  1948    only    -       Apr     18      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1949    only    -       Apr     10      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1957    only    -       Jun      2      1:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1957    1958    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
Rule    Poland  1958    only    -       Mar     30      1:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1959    only    -       May     31      1:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1959    1961    -       Oct     Sun>=1  1:00s   0       -
Rule    Poland  1960    only    -       Apr      3      1:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1961    1964    -       May     lastSun 1:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1962    1964    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Warsaw   1:24:00 -       LMT     1880
                        1:24:00 -       WMT     1915 Aug  5 # Warsaw Mean Time
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1918 Sep 16  3:00
                        2:00    Poland  EE%sT   1922 Jun
                        1:00    Poland  CE%sT   1940 Jun 23  2:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Oct
                        1:00    Poland  CE%sT   1977
                        1:00    W-Eur   CE%sT   1988
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Portugal

# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
# https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
# Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
# Round the old offset to -0:36:45.  This agrees with Willett....
#
# From Michael Deckers (2018-02-15):
# article 5 [of the 1911 decree; Deckers's translation] ...:
# These dispositions shall enter into force at the instant at which,
# according to the 2nd article, the civil day January 1, 1912 begins,
# all clocks therefore having to be advanced or set back correspondingly ...

# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
#
# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
#
# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
# at 02:00u, not 01:00u.  Assume that these are typos.
# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
# harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
# Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule    Port    1916    only    -       Jun     17      23:00   1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule    Port    1916    only    -       Nov      1       1:00   0       -
Rule    Port    1917    only    -       Feb     28      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1917    1921    -       Oct     14      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1918    only    -       Mar      1      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1919    only    -       Feb     28      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1920    only    -       Feb     29      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1921    only    -       Feb     28      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1924    only    -       Apr     16      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1924    only    -       Oct     14      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1926    1929    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1931    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule    Port    1931    1932    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1932    only    -       Apr      2      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1934    only    -       Apr      7      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule    Port    1934    1938    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
Rule    Port    1935    only    -       Mar     30      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1936    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule    Port    1937    only    -       Apr      3      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1938    only    -       Mar     26      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1939    only    -       Apr     15      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule    Port    1939    only    -       Nov     18      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1940    only    -       Feb     24      23:00s  1:00    S
# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
Rule    Port    1940    1941    -       Oct      5      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1941    only    -       Apr      5      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1942    1945    -       Mar     Sat>=8  23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1942    only    -       Apr     25      22:00s  2:00    M # Midsummer
Rule    Port    1942    only    -       Aug     15      22:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1942    1945    -       Oct     Sat>=24 23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1943    only    -       Apr     17      22:00s  2:00    M
Rule    Port    1943    1945    -       Aug     Sat>=25 22:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1944    1945    -       Apr     Sat>=21 22:00s  2:00    M
Rule    Port    1946    only    -       Apr     Sat>=1  23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1946    only    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1947    1949    -       Apr     Sun>=1   2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1947    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1   2:00s  0       -
# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule    Port    1951    1965    -       Apr     Sun>=1   2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1951    1965    -       Oct     Sun>=1   2:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1977    only    -       Mar     27       0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1977    only    -       Sep     25       0:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1978    1979    -       Apr     Sun>=1   0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1978    only    -       Oct      1       0:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1979    1982    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1980    only    -       Mar     lastSun  0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1981    1982    -       Mar     lastSun  1:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1983    only    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
#
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Lisbon   -0:36:45 -      LMT     1884
                        -0:36:45 -      LMT     1912 Jan  1  0:00u # Lisbon MT
                         0:00   Port    WE%sT   1966 Apr  3  2:00
                         1:00   -       CET     1976 Sep 26  1:00
                         0:00   Port    WE%sT   1983 Sep 25  1:00s
                         0:00   W-Eur   WE%sT   1992 Sep 27  1:00s
                         1:00   EU      CE%sT   1996 Mar 31  1:00u
                         0:00   EU      WE%sT
# This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
Zone Atlantic/Azores    -1:42:40 -      LMT     1884        # Ponta Delgada
                        -1:54:32 -      HMT     1912 Jan  1  2:00u # Horta MT
                        -2:00   Port    -02/-01 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
                        -2:00   Port    +00     1942 Aug 15 22:00s
                        -2:00   Port    -02/-01 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
                        -2:00   Port    +00     1943 Aug 28 22:00s
                        -2:00   Port    -02/-01 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
                        -2:00   Port    +00     1944 Aug 26 22:00s
                        -2:00   Port    -02/-01 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
                        -2:00   Port    +00     1945 Aug 25 22:00s
                        -2:00   Port    -02/-01 1966 Apr  3  2:00
                        -1:00   Port    -01/+00 1983 Sep 25  1:00s
                        -1:00   W-Eur   -01/+00 1992 Sep 27  1:00s
                         0:00   EU      WE%sT   1993 Mar 28  1:00u
                        -1:00   EU      -01/+00
# This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
Zone Atlantic/Madeira   -1:07:36 -      LMT     1884        # Funchal
                        -1:07:36 -      FMT     1912 Jan  1  1:00u # Funchal MT
                        -1:00   Port    -01/+00 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
                        -1:00   Port    +01     1942 Aug 15 22:00s
                        -1:00   Port    -01/+00 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
                        -1:00   Port    +01     1943 Aug 28 22:00s
                        -1:00   Port    -01/+00 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
                        -1:00   Port    +01     1944 Aug 26 22:00s
                        -1:00   Port    -01/+00 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
                        -1:00   Port    +01     1945 Aug 25 22:00s
                        -1:00   Port    -01/+00 1966 Apr  3  2:00
                         0:00   Port    WE%sT   1983 Sep 25  1:00s
                         0:00   EU      WE%sT

# Romania
#
# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
# Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
# (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
# 04:00 local time in fall 1998.  For lack of better info,
# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
# the same year as Bulgaria.
#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Romania 1932    only    -       May     21       0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Romania 1932    1939    -       Oct     Sun>=1   0:00s  0       -
Rule    Romania 1933    1939    -       Apr     Sun>=2   0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Romania 1979    only    -       May     27       0:00   1:00    S
Rule    Romania 1979    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
Rule    Romania 1980    only    -       Apr      5      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Romania 1980    only    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00   0       -
Rule    Romania 1991    1993    -       Mar     lastSun  0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Romania 1991    1993    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00s  0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Bucharest   1:44:24 -       LMT     1891 Oct
                        1:44:24 -       BMT     1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
                        2:00    Romania EE%sT   1981 Mar 29  2:00s
                        2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1991
                        2:00    Romania EE%sT   1994
                        2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1997
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT


# Russia

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
# Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
# (Government document
# http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
# in Russian)
# there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
# All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
# by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm

# From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
# Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
# http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
# They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).

# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
# Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
# changed in September 2011:
#
# One source is
# http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
# 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
#
# Another source is
# https://rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
# Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
# contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
# does not contain any "effective date" information.
#
# Another source is
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
# Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
# but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
#
# The Wikipedia article refers to
# http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
# which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
#
# Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
# "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
# get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
# Conradi notes).
#
# None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
#
# Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
# According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
# http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
# the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
# winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones.  The new
# regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
# Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
# 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
# areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
#
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
# Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
# http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
# http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
# http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
# From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will look like this:
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
# are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
#
# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
#
# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
# 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
#
# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
#
# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
# News - often false - is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
# the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
#
# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade.  I start with the
# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
# since September 1997....  Although the Kuril Islands are
# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.

# From Marat Nigametzianov (2018-07-16):
# this is link to order from 1956 about timezone in USSR
# http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2011/11/novyie-granitsyi-chasovyih-poyasov-v-sssr/
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-07-16):
# Perhaps someone could translate the above-mentioned link and use it
# to correct our data for the ex-Soviet Union.  It cites the following:
# «Поясное время и новые границы часовых поясов» / сост. П.Н. Долгов,
# отв. ред. Г.Д. Бурдун - М: Комитет стандартов, мер и измерительных
# приборов при Совете Министров СССР, Междуведомственная комиссия
# единой службы времени, 1956 г.
# This book looks like it would be a helpful resource for the Soviet
# Union through 1956.  Although a copy was in the Scientific Library
# of Tomsk State University, I have not been able to track down a copy nearby.
#
# From Stepan Golosunov (2018-07-21):
# http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2015/05/center-reforma-ischisleniya-vremeni-br-na-territorii-sssr-v-1957-godu-center/
# says that the 1956 decision to change time belts' borders was not
# implemented as planned in 1956 and the change happened in 1957.
# There is also the problem that actual time zones were different from
# the official time belts (and from many time belts' maps) as there were
# numerous exceptions to application of time belt rules.  For example,
# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток
# says that by 1962 there were many regions in the 3rd time belt that
# were on Moscow time, referring to a 1962 map.  By 1989 number of such
# exceptions grew considerably.

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
# The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
# with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
# are covered by each zone.  They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
# listing.  The region codes listed come from
# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
# and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
# future stability.  ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
# divisions where available.

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
# 39    RU-KGD  Kaliningrad Oblast

# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
# http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
# confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
# (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
# summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
# 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
# ...
# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
# says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
# at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
# Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.

Zone Europe/Kaliningrad  1:22:00 -      LMT     1893 Apr
                         1:00   C-Eur   CE%sT   1945
                         2:00   Poland  CE%sT   1946
                         3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
                         2:00   Russia  EE%sT   2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                         3:00   -       +03     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                         2:00   -       EET


# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
# Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Europe/Moscow covers...
# 01    RU-AD   Adygea, Republic of
# 05    RU-DA   Dagestan, Republic of
# 06    RU-IN   Ingushetia, Republic of
# 07    RU-KB   Kabardino-Balkar Republic
# 08    RU-KL   Kalmykia, Republic of
# 09    RU-KC   Karachay-Cherkess Republic
# 10    RU-KR   Karelia, Republic of
# 11    RU-KO   Komi Republic
# 12    RU-ME   Mari El Republic
# 13    RU-MO   Mordovia, Republic of
# 15    RU-SE   North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
# 16    RU-TA   Tatarstan, Republic of
# 20    RU-CE   Chechen Republic
# 21    RU-CU   Chuvash Republic
# 23    RU-KDA  Krasnodar Krai
# 26    RU-STA  Stavropol Krai
# 29    RU-ARK  Arkhangelsk Oblast
# 31    RU-BEL  Belgorod Oblast
# 32    RU-BRY  Bryansk Oblast
# 33    RU-VLA  Vladimir Oblast
# 35    RU-VLG  Vologda Oblast
# 36    RU-VOR  Voronezh Oblast
# 37    RU-IVA  Ivanovo Oblast
# 40    RU-KLU  Kaluga Oblast
# 44    RU-KOS  Kostroma Oblast
# 46    RU-KRS  Kursk Oblast
# 47    RU-LEN  Leningrad Oblast
# 48    RU-LIP  Lipetsk Oblast
# 50    RU-MOS  Moscow Oblast
# 51    RU-MUR  Murmansk Oblast
# 52    RU-NIZ  Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
# 53    RU-NGR  Novgorod Oblast
# 57    RU-ORL  Oryol Oblast
# 58    RU-PNZ  Penza Oblast
# 60    RU-PSK  Pskov Oblast
# 61    RU-ROS  Rostov Oblast
# 62    RU-RYA  Ryazan Oblast
# 67    RU-SMO  Smolensk Oblast
# 68    RU-TAM  Tambov Oblast
# 69    RU-TVE  Tver Oblast
# 71    RU-TUL  Tula Oblast
# 76    RU-YAR  Yaroslavl Oblast
# 77    RU-MOW  Moscow
# 78    RU-SPE  Saint Petersburg
# 83    RU-NEN  Nenets Autonomous Okrug

# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
# The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919.  Decree No. 59
# (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
# zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
# specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
# No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
# later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
# taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
# (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
# 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
# Wikipedia refers to
# http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
# http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
#
# The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
# magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
# the Trud newspaper from February 1982.  The first link provides the
# same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
# time belt changes map).
#
# The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
# introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
# border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
# Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
# according to the provided map (colored one).  In addition to that
# "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
# belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
# 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage.  (Komi ASSR was
# supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
# hour difference.)  Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
# is also provided.
#
# The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
# and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
# moving to summer time on 1982-04-01.  Namely: Dagestan,
# Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
# Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
# krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
# Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
# Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
# district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.  As a result Evenk Autonomous
# Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
# up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
# time.
#
# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
# attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
# of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982.  1980-925.txt also adds
# Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
# district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.  Probably erroneously.
#
# The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
# Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
#
# 12. Udmurtia
# The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
# Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
# Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
# implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
# Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
#
# ...
#
# All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
# 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
# change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
#
# There were some exceptions, though.
# Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
# Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
# change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
# lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
#
# And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
# says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
# 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
# https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
# says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
# 2 days before the switch.
#
#
# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
# chaotic early 1980s in Russia.  It's not clear what these entries
# should be.  For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
# time in Moscow.

# From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
# LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
# Observatory (coordinates: 55° 45' 29.70", 37° 34' 05.30")....
# LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
# (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
# The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
# Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg.  In 1916 LMT Moscow
# was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
# coordinates: 59° 46' 18.70", 30° 19' 40.70") so 30° 19' 40.70" >
# 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19.  LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
# 2:31:19 ...
#
# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
# Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
# Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
# Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
# Russian and French.  This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.

Zone Europe/Moscow       2:30:17 -      LMT     1880
                         2:30:17 -      MMT     1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
                         2:31:19 Russia %s      1919 Jul  1  0:00u
                         3:00   Russia  %s      1921 Oct
                         3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
                         2:00   -       EET     1930 Jun 21
                         3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                         2:00   Russia  EE%sT   1992 Jan 19  2:00s
                         3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                         4:00   -       MSK     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                         3:00   -       MSK


# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
# Europe/Simferopol covers Crimea.

Zone Europe/Simferopol   2:16:24 -      LMT     1880
                         2:16   -       SMT     1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
                         2:00   -       EET     1930 Jun 21
                         3:00   -       MSK     1941 Nov
                         1:00   C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Apr 13
                         3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1990
                         3:00   -       MSK     1990 Jul  1  2:00
                         2:00   -       EET     1992
# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
# Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
# sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
# changed in May.
                         2:00   E-Eur   EE%sT   1994 May
# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
                         3:00   E-Eur   MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31  0:00s
                         3:00   1:00    MSD     1996 Oct 27  3:00s
# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
                         3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1997
                         3:00   -       MSK     1997 Mar lastSun  1:00u
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
# time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
# https://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
# Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
# late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
# and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
                         2:00   EU      EE%sT   2014 Mar 30  2:00
                         4:00   -       MSK     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                         3:00   -       MSK


# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Europe/Astrakhan covers:
# 30    RU-AST  Astrakhan Oblast
#
# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
# On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
# Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
# This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056

Zone Europe/Astrakhan    3:12:12 -      LMT     1924 May
                         3:00   -       +03     1930 Jun 21
                         4:00   Russia  +04/+05 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
                         3:00   Russia  +03/+04 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                         4:00   -       +04     1992 Mar 29  2:00s
                         3:00   Russia  +03/+04 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                         4:00   -       +04     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                         3:00   -       +03     2016 Mar 27  2:00s
                         4:00   -       +04

# From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
# Europe/Volgograd covers:
# 34    RU-VGG  Volgograd Oblast
# The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).

# From Alexander Fetisov (2018-09-20):
# Volgograd region in southern Russia (Europe/Volgograd) change
# timezone from UTC+3 to UTC+4 from 28oct2018.
# http://sozd.parliament.gov.ru/bill/452878-7
#
# From Stepan Golosunov (2018-10-11):
# The law has been published today on
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201810110037

Zone Europe/Volgograd    2:57:40 -      LMT     1920 Jan  3
                         3:00   -       +03     1930 Jun 21
                         4:00   -       +04     1961 Nov 11
                         4:00   Russia  +04/+05 1988 Mar 27  2:00s
                         3:00   Russia  +03/+04 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                         4:00   -       +04     1992 Mar 29  2:00s
                         3:00   Russia  +03/+04 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                         4:00   -       +04     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                         3:00   -       +03     2018 Oct 28  2:00s
                         4:00   -       +04

# From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
# Europe/Saratov covers:
# 64    RU-SAR  Saratov Oblast

# From Yuri Konotopov (2016-11-11):
# Dec 4, 2016 02:00 UTC+3....  Saratov Region's local time will be ... UTC+4.
# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-11):
# ... Byalokoz listed Saratov on 03:04:18.
# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-22):
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201611220031

Zone Europe/Saratov      3:04:18 -      LMT     1919 Jul  1  0:00u
                         3:00   -       +03     1930 Jun 21
                         4:00   Russia  +04/+05 1988 Mar 27  2:00s
                         3:00   Russia  +03/+04 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                         4:00   -       +04     1992 Mar 29  2:00s
                         3:00   Russia  +03/+04 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                         4:00   -       +04     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                         3:00   -       +03     2016 Dec  4  2:00s
                         4:00   -       +04

# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Europe/Kirov covers:
# 43    RU-KIR  Kirov Oblast
# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
#
Zone Europe/Kirov        3:18:48 -      LMT     1919 Jul  1  0:00u
                         3:00   -       +03     1930 Jun 21
                         4:00   Russia  +04/+05 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
                         3:00   Russia  +03/+04 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                         4:00   -       +04     1992 Mar 29  2:00s
                         3:00   Russia  +03/+04 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                         4:00   -       +04     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                         3:00   -       +03

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Europe/Samara covers...
# 18    RU-UD   Udmurt Republic
# 63    RU-SAM  Samara Oblast

# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).

Zone Europe/Samara       3:20:20 -      LMT     1919 Jul  1  0:00u
                         3:00   -       +03     1930 Jun 21
                         4:00   -       +04     1935 Jan 27
                         4:00   Russia  +04/+05 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
                         3:00   Russia  +03/+04 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                         2:00   Russia  +02/+03 1991 Sep 29  2:00s
                         3:00   -       +03     1991 Oct 20  3:00
                         4:00   Russia  +04/+05 2010 Mar 28  2:00s
                         3:00   Russia  +03/+04 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                         4:00   -       +04

# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
# 73    RU-ULY  Ulyanovsk Oblast

# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
# Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
# Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
# 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051

Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk    3:13:36 -      LMT     1919 Jul  1  0:00u
                         3:00   -       +03     1930 Jun 21
                         4:00   Russia  +04/+05 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
                         3:00   Russia  +03/+04 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                         2:00   Russia  +02/+03 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
                         3:00   Russia  +03/+04 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                         4:00   -       +04     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                         3:00   -       +03     2016 Mar 27  2:00s
                         4:00   -       +04

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
# 02    RU-BA   Bashkortostan, Republic of
# 90    RU-PER  Perm Krai
# 45    RU-KGN  Kurgan Oblast
# 56    RU-ORE  Orenburg Oblast
# 66    RU-SVE  Sverdlovsk Oblast
# 72    RU-TYU  Tyumen Oblast
# 74    RU-CHE  Chelyabinsk Oblast
# 86    RU-KHM  Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
# 89    RU-YAN  Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
#
# Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.

# Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
# Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
# Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
# The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.

Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg  4:02:33 -      LMT     1916 Jul  3
                         3:45:05 -      PMT     1919 Jul 15  4:00
                         4:00   -       +04     1930 Jun 21
                         5:00   Russia  +05/+06 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                         4:00   Russia  +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
                         5:00   Russia  +05/+06 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                         6:00   -       +06     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                         5:00   -       +05


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Asia/Omsk covers...
# 55    RU-OMS  Omsk Oblast

# Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.

Zone Asia/Omsk           4:53:30 -      LMT     1919 Nov 14
                         5:00   -       +05     1930 Jun 21
                         6:00   Russia  +06/+07 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                         5:00   Russia  +05/+06 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
                         6:00   Russia  +06/+07 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                         7:00   -       +07     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                         6:00   -       +06

# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
# Asia/Barnaul covers:
# 04    RU-AL   Altai Republic
# 22    RU-ALT  Altai Krai

# Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
# Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
# http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
# suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
# 1995-05-28.
#
# https://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
# has some historical data for Altai Krai:
# before 1957: west part on UT+6, east on UT+7
# after 1957: UT+7
# since 1995: UT+6
# http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
# confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
# Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
# by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
# Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
# Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038

Zone Asia/Barnaul        5:35:00 -      LMT     1919 Dec 10
                         6:00   -       +06     1930 Jun 21
                         7:00   Russia  +07/+08 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                         6:00   Russia  +06/+07 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
                         7:00   Russia  +07/+08 1995 May 28
                         6:00   Russia  +06/+07 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                         7:00   -       +07     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                         6:00   -       +06     2016 Mar 27  2:00s
                         7:00   -       +07

# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
# 54    RU-NVS  Novosibirsk Oblast

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
# moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
# The law was signed yesterday and published today on
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064

Zone Asia/Novosibirsk    5:31:40 -      LMT     1919 Dec 14  6:00
                         6:00   -       +06     1930 Jun 21
                         7:00   Russia  +07/+08 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                         6:00   Russia  +06/+07 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
                         7:00   Russia  +07/+08 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
                         6:00   Russia  +06/+07 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                         7:00   -       +07     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                         6:00   -       +06     2016 Jul 24  2:00s
                         7:00   -       +07

# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Asia/Tomsk covers:
# 70    RU-TOM  Tomsk Oblast

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
# Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.

# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
# Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
# (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
# / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
# Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
# GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
# belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
# with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
# 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
# This bill was approved in the first reading today.  It moves Tomsk oblast
# from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
# 2:00.  The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
# the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
# and published to become a law.  Minor changes in the text are to be expected
# before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
# recent changes).
#
# Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
# the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
# http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
# http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
# I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
# bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
# approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
# published as a law around 2016-04-26.

# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048

Zone    Asia/Tomsk       5:39:51 -      LMT     1919 Dec 22
                         6:00   -       +06     1930 Jun 21
                         7:00   Russia  +07/+08 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                         6:00   Russia  +06/+07 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
                         7:00   Russia  +07/+08 2002 May  1  3:00
                         6:00   Russia  +06/+07 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                         7:00   -       +07     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                         6:00   -       +06     2016 May 29  2:00s
                         7:00   -       +07


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
# 42    RU-KEM  Kemerovo Oblast

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
# Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
# March 28, 2010:
# from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
# to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
#
# This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
# 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
# time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
#
# Russian Government web site (Russian language)
# http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
# or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
# map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
#
# Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
# Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
# The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
# realigning itself with KRAT.

Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk   5:48:48 -      LMT     1924 May  1
                         6:00   -       +06     1930 Jun 21
                         7:00   Russia  +07/+08 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                         6:00   Russia  +06/+07 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
                         7:00   Russia  +07/+08 2010 Mar 28  2:00s
                         6:00   Russia  +06/+07 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                         7:00   -       +07

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
# 17    RU-TY   Tuva Republic
# 19    RU-KK   Khakassia, Republic of
# 24    RU-KYA  Krasnoyarsk Krai
#
# Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
# Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.

# Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.

Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk    6:11:26 -      LMT     1920 Jan  6
                         6:00   -       +06     1930 Jun 21
                         7:00   Russia  +07/+08 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                         6:00   Russia  +06/+07 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
                         7:00   Russia  +07/+08 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                         8:00   -       +08     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                         7:00   -       +07


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Asia/Irkutsk covers...
# 03    RU-BU   Buryatia, Republic of
# 38    RU-IRK  Irkutsk Oblast
#
# Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
# merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.

# Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
# Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
# Go with Byalokoz.

Zone Asia/Irkutsk        6:57:05 -      LMT     1880
                         6:57:05 -      IMT     1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
                         7:00   -       +07     1930 Jun 21
                         8:00   Russia  +08/+09 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                         7:00   Russia  +07/+08 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
                         8:00   Russia  +08/+09 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                         9:00   -       +09     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                         8:00   -       +08


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
# Asia/Chita covers...
# 92    RU-ZAB  Zabaykalsky Krai
#
# Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
# [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
# Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9.  Effective date will
# be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107

Zone Asia/Chita  7:33:52 -      LMT     1919 Dec 15
                         8:00   -       +08     1930 Jun 21
                         9:00   Russia  +09/+10 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                         8:00   Russia  +08/+09 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
                         9:00   Russia  +09/+10 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                        10:00   -       +10     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                         8:00   -       +08     2016 Mar 27  2:00
                         9:00   -       +09


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
# Asia/Yakutsk covers...
# 28    RU-AMU  Amur Oblast
#
# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
# 14-02 ****    Aldansky District
# 14-04 ****    Amginsky District
# 14-05 ****    Anabarsky District
# 14-06 ****    Bulunsky District
# 14-07 ****    Verkhnevilyuysky District
# 14-10 ****    Vilyuysky District
# 14-11 ****    Gorny District
# 14-12 ****    Zhigansky District
# 14-13 ****    Kobyaysky District
# 14-14 ****    Lensky District
# 14-15 ****    Megino-Kangalassky District
# 14-16 ****    Mirninsky District
# 14-18 ****    Namsky District
# 14-19 ****    Neryungrinsky District
# 14-21 ****    Nyurbinsky District
# 14-23 ****    Olenyoksky District
# 14-24 ****    Olyokminsky District
# 14-26 ****    Suntarsky District
# 14-27 ****    Tattinsky District
# 14-29 ****    Ust-Aldansky District
# 14-32 ****    Khangalassky District
# 14-33 ****    Churapchinsky District
# 14-34 ****    Eveno-Bytantaysky National District

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
# Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
# Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.

# Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.

Zone Asia/Yakutsk        8:38:58 -      LMT     1919 Dec 15
                         8:00   -       +08     1930 Jun 21
                         9:00   Russia  +09/+10 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                         8:00   Russia  +08/+09 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
                         9:00   Russia  +09/+10 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                        10:00   -       +10     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                         9:00   -       +09


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
# Asia/Vladivostok covers...
# 25    RU-PRI  Primorsky Krai
# 27    RU-KHA  Khabarovsk Krai
# 79    RU-YEV  Jewish Autonomous Oblast
#
# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
# 14-09 ****    Verkhoyansky District
# 14-31 ****    Ust-Yansky District

# Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
# Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
# Go with Byalokoz.

Zone Asia/Vladivostok    8:47:31 -      LMT     1922 Nov 15
                         9:00   -       +09     1930 Jun 21
                        10:00   Russia  +10/+11 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                         9:00   Russia  +09/+10 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
                        10:00   Russia  +10/+11 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                        11:00   -       +11     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                        10:00   -       +10


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
# 14-28 ****    Tomponsky District
# 14-30 ****    Ust-Maysky District

# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
# Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
# in 2011.

# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
# Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
# Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
# This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.

Zone Asia/Khandyga       9:02:13 -      LMT     1919 Dec 15
                         8:00   -       +08     1930 Jun 21
                         9:00   Russia  +09/+10 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                         8:00   Russia  +08/+09 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
                         9:00   Russia  +09/+10 2004
                        10:00   Russia  +10/+11 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                        11:00   -       +11     2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
                        10:00   -       +10     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                         9:00   -       +09


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Asia/Sakhalin covers...
# 65    RU-SAK  Sakhalin Oblast
# ...with the exception of:
# 65-11 ****    Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)

# From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
# Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
# (2016-03-09):
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044

# The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
Zone Asia/Sakhalin       9:30:48 -      LMT     1905 Aug 23
                         9:00   -       +09     1945 Aug 25
                        11:00   Russia  +11/+12 1991 Mar 31  2:00s # Sakhalin T
                        10:00   Russia  +10/+11 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
                        11:00   Russia  +11/+12 1997 Mar lastSun  2:00s
                        10:00   Russia  +10/+11 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                        11:00   -       +11     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                        10:00   -       +10     2016 Mar 27  2:00s
                        11:00   -       +11


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
# Asia/Magadan covers...
# 49    RU-MAG  Magadan Oblast

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
# Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
# several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
# the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
# until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11.  These regions will
# need their own zone.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
# ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
# will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
#
# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
# ... signed by the President today ...
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038

Zone Asia/Magadan       10:03:12 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                        10:00   -       +10     1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
                        11:00   Russia  +11/+12 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                        10:00   Russia  +10/+11 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
                        11:00   Russia  +11/+12 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                        12:00   -       +12     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                        10:00   -       +10     2016 Apr 24  2:00s
                        11:00   -       +11


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
# Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
# 14-01 ****    Abyysky District
# 14-03 ****    Allaikhovsky District
# 14-08 ****    Verkhnekolymsky District
# 14-17 ****    Momsky District
# 14-20 ****    Nizhnekolymsky District
# 14-25 ****    Srednekolymsky District
#
# ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
# 65-11 ****    Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
# Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
# most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
# 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
# of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
# Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
# Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
# There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
# Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
#
# Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
# districts, but have very similar populations.  In fact, Wikipedia currently
# lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
# each!  (Yikes!)
# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
# Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
#
# Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
# fluctuated recently.  Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
# 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
# recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170.  (See pages 195 and 197 of
# http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
# in Russian.)  In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
# settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
# Go with Srednekolymsk.

Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                        10:00   -       +10     1930 Jun 21
                        11:00   Russia  +11/+12 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                        10:00   Russia  +10/+11 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
                        11:00   Russia  +11/+12 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                        12:00   -       +12     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                        11:00   -       +11


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
# 14-22 ****    Oymyakonsky District

# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
# Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
# Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
#
# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
# It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
# as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
# Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
# UTC+12 since at least then, too.

Zone Asia/Ust-Nera       9:32:54 -      LMT     1919 Dec 15
                         8:00   -       +08     1930 Jun 21
                         9:00   Russia  +09/+10 1981 Apr  1
                        11:00   Russia  +11/+12 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                        10:00   Russia  +10/+11 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
                        11:00   Russia  +11/+12 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                        12:00   -       +12     2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
                        11:00   -       +11     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
                        10:00   -       +10


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Asia/Kamchatka covers...
# 91    RU-KAM  Kamchatka Krai
#
# Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.

# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
# Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
Zone Asia/Kamchatka     10:34:36 -      LMT     1922 Nov 10
                        11:00   -       +11     1930 Jun 21
                        12:00   Russia  +12/+13 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                        11:00   Russia  +11/+12 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
                        12:00   Russia  +12/+13 2010 Mar 28  2:00s
                        11:00   Russia  +11/+12 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                        12:00   -       +12


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Asia/Anadyr covers...
# 87    RU-CHU  Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

Zone Asia/Anadyr        11:49:56 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                        12:00   -       +12     1930 Jun 21
                        13:00   Russia  +13/+14 1982 Apr  1  0:00s
                        12:00   Russia  +12/+13 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
                        11:00   Russia  +11/+12 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
                        12:00   Russia  +12/+13 2010 Mar 28  2:00s
                        11:00   Russia  +11/+12 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
                        12:00   -       +12


# San Marino
# See Europe/Rome.

# Serbia
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 -       LMT     1884
                        1:00    -       CET     1941 Apr 18 23:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945
                        1:00    -       CET     1945 May  8  2:00s
                        1:00    1:00    CEST    1945 Sep 16  2:00s
# Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
                        1:00    -       CET     1982 Nov 27
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT
Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana   # Slovenia
Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica   # Montenegro
Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo    # Bosnia and Herzegovina
Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje      # Macedonia
Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb      # Croatia

# Slovakia
Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava

# Slovenia
# See Europe/Belgrade.

# Spain
#
# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-14):
#
# The source for Europe/Madrid before 2013 is:
# Planesas P. La hora oficial en España y sus cambios.
# Anuario del Observatorio Astronómico de Madrid (2013, in Spanish).
# http://astronomia.ign.es/rknowsys-theme/images/webAstro/paginas/documentos/Anuario/lahoraoficialenespana.pdf
# As this source says that historical time in the Canaries is obscure,
# and it does not discuss Ceuta, stick with Shanks for now for that data.
#
# In the 1918 and 1919 fallback transitions in Spain, the clock for
# the hour-longer day officially kept going after midnight, so that
# the repeated instances of that day's 00:00 hour were 24 hours apart,
# with a fallback transition from the second occurrence of 00:59... to
# the next day's 00:00.  Our data format cannot represent this
# directly, and instead repeats the first hour of the next day, with a
# fallback transition from the next day's 00:59... to 00:00.

# From Michael Deckers (2016-12-15):
# The Royal Decree of 1900-06-26 quoted by Planesas, online at
# https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1900/209/A00383-00384.pdf
# says in its article 5 (my translation):
# These dispositions will enter into force beginning with the
# instant at which, according to the time indicated in article 1,
# the 1st day of January of 1901 will begin.

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Spain   1918    only    -       Apr     15      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1918    1919    -       Oct      6      24:00s  0       -
Rule    Spain   1919    only    -       Apr      6      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1924    only    -       Apr     16      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1924    only    -       Oct      4      24:00s  0       -
Rule    Spain   1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1926    1929    -       Oct     Sat>=1  24:00s  0       -
Rule    Spain   1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1928    only    -       Apr     15       0:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00   1:00    S
# Republican Spain during the civil war; it controlled Madrid until 1939-03-28.
Rule    Spain   1937    only    -       Jun     16      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1937    only    -       Oct      2      24:00s  0       -
Rule    Spain   1938    only    -       Apr      2      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1938    only    -       Apr     30      23:00   2:00    M
Rule    Spain   1938    only    -       Oct      2      24:00   1:00    S
# The following rules are for unified Spain again.
#
# Planesas does not say what happened in Madrid between its fall on
# 1939-03-28 and the Nationalist spring-forward transition on
# 1939-04-15.  For lack of better info, assume Madrid's clocks did not
# change during that period.
#
# The first rule is commented out, as it is redundant for Republican Spain.
#Rule   Spain   1939    only    -       Apr     15      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1939    only    -       Oct      7      24:00s  0       -
Rule    Spain   1942    only    -       May      2      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1942    only    -       Sep      1       1:00   0       -
Rule    Spain   1943    1946    -       Apr     Sat>=13 23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1943    1944    -       Oct     Sun>=1   1:00   0       -
Rule    Spain   1945    1946    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00   0       -
Rule    Spain   1949    only    -       Apr     30      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1949    only    -       Oct      2       1:00   0       -
Rule    Spain   1974    1975    -       Apr     Sat>=12 23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1974    1975    -       Oct     Sun>=1   1:00   0       -
Rule    Spain   1976    only    -       Mar     27      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1976    1977    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00   0       -
Rule    Spain   1977    only    -       Apr      2      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1978    only    -       Apr      2       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1978    only    -       Oct      1       2:00s  0       -
# Nationalist Spain during the civil war
#Rule NatSpain  1937    only    -       May     22      23:00   1:00    S
#Rule NatSpain  1937    1938    -       Oct     Sat>=1  24:00s  0       -
#Rule NatSpain  1938    only    -       Mar     26      23:00   1:00    S
# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
Rule SpainAfrica 1967   only    -       Jun      3      12:00   1:00    S
Rule SpainAfrica 1967   only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
Rule SpainAfrica 1974   only    -       Jun     24       0:00   1:00    S
Rule SpainAfrica 1974   only    -       Sep      1       0:00   0       -
Rule SpainAfrica 1976   1977    -       May      1       0:00   1:00    S
Rule SpainAfrica 1976   only    -       Aug      1       0:00   0       -
Rule SpainAfrica 1977   only    -       Sep     28       0:00   0       -
Rule SpainAfrica 1978   only    -       Jun      1       0:00   1:00    S
Rule SpainAfrica 1978   only    -       Aug      4       0:00   0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Madrid   -0:14:44 -      LMT     1900 Dec 31 23:45:16
                         0:00   Spain   WE%sT   1940 Mar 16 23:00
                         1:00   Spain   CE%sT   1979
                         1:00   EU      CE%sT
Zone    Africa/Ceuta    -0:21:16 -      LMT     1900 Dec 31 23:38:44
                         0:00   -       WET     1918 May  6 23:00
                         0:00   1:00    WEST    1918 Oct  7 23:00
                         0:00   -       WET     1924
                         0:00   Spain   WE%sT   1929
                         0:00   -       WET     1967 # Help zishrink.awk.
                         0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
                         1:00   -       CET     1986
                         1:00   EU      CE%sT
Zone    Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 -      LMT     1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
                        -1:00   -       -01     1946 Sep 30  1:00
                         0:00   -       WET     1980 Apr  6  0:00s
                         0:00   1:00    WEST    1980 Sep 28  1:00u
                         0:00   EU      WE%sT
# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.

# Sweden

# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
#
# The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm".  The law is dated 1878-05-31.
#
# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18° 03' 30"
# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time.  Less 12 minutes gives the
# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
#
# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
# författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
# 1899-06-16.  In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
#
# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
#
# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
# the Sök-button).
#
# (2001-05-13):
#
# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time.  The article also reports that some
# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
# hour before the event took place.
#
# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Stockholm   1:12:12 -       LMT     1879 Jan  1
                        1:00:14 -       SET     1900 Jan  1 # Swedish Time
                        1:00    -       CET     1916 May 14 23:00
                        1:00    1:00    CEST    1916 Oct  1  1:00
                        1:00    -       CET     1980
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Switzerland
# From Howse:
# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
# and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
# mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
# From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
# Rule  Swiss   1940    only    -       Nov      2      0:00    1:00    S
# Rule  Swiss   1940    only    -       Dec     31      0:00    0       -
# From Shanks & Pottenger:
# Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Sun>=1  2:00    1:00    S
# Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Sun>=1  0:00    0       -

# From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
# I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
#
# As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
# to be wrong. This is now verified.
#
# I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
# government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
# federal law collection)...
#
# DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
# DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
#
# DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
# DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
#
# There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
# It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
# collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
# other years are made.
#
# Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
# about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
# night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
# a thing had happened in Switzerland.
#
# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
# l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
# false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
# by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
#
# The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
# Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Mon>=1  1:00    1:00    S
# Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Mon>=1  2:00    0       -
#
# The 1940 rules must be deleted.
#
# One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
# most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
# describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
# the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
# follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
# To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
#
# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
# The Federal regulations say
# https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7° 26' 22.50".
# Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.

# From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
# the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
# http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
# clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
# but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
# hour before the beginning of service.

# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
# Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
#
# We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
# except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12.  This book:
#
#       Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
#       Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
#       ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
#
# suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
# agree about civil time during the transition.  The timekeeping it gives the
# most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
# "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
# 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
# (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859).  On p 72 Messerli writes that in
# practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
# offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
# (Google translation).  For now, model this transition as occurring on
# 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
# legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Mon>=1  1:00    1:00    S
Rule    Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Mon>=1  2:00    0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Zurich   0:34:08 -       LMT     1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
                        0:29:46 -       BMT     1894 Jun    # Bern Mean Time
                        1:00    Swiss   CE%sT   1981
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Turkey

# From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
# 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
#    no exceptions.
# 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
# Here are official papers:
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf  - page 2 for 1986
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf  - page 4 for 1987
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf  - page 15 for 1988
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf  - page 6 for 1989
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf  - page 1 for 1990 - 1992
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf  - page 15 for 1993 - 1995
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf  - page 1 for overriding 1994
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf  - page 1 for 1996, 1997
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf  - page 10 for 1998 - 2000
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2  - for 2001
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2  - for 2002-2006
# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
# Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for timestamps after 1985.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm

# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
# According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
# time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
# This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
# https://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
# Turkish:
# https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-bir-gun-ileri-alindi-17230464

# From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
# The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
# Turkish Local election....
# http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
# ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
# From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
# Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
# I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
# change delay.  Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
# The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
# change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not.  See:
# Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
# http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
# I guess the best we can do is document the official time.

# From Fatih (2015-09-29):
# It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
# Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
# http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
#
# From BBC News (2015-10-25):
# Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
# government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
# Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326

# From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
# Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
#
# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
# The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
# It takes effect today, which is not much notice.

# From Kıvanç Yazan (2017-10-28):
# Turkey will go back to Daylight Saving Time starting 2018-10.
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/10/20171028-5.pdf
#
# From Even Scharning (2017-11-08):
# ... today it was announced that the DST will become "continuous":
# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/son-dakika-yaz-saati-uygulamasi-surekli-hale-geldi-40637482
# From Paul Eggert (2017-11-08):
# Although Google Translate misfires on that source, it looks like
# Turkey reversed last month's decision, and so will stay at +03.

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Turkey  1916    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1916    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1920    only    -       Mar     28      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1920    only    -       Oct     25      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1921    only    -       Apr      3      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1921    only    -       Oct      3      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1922    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1922    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule    Turkey  1924    only    -       May     13      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1924    1925    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1925    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1940    only    -       Jun     30      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1940    only    -       Oct      5      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1940    only    -       Dec      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1941    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1942    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule    Turkey  1942    only    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1945    only    -       Apr      2      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1945    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1946    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1946    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1947    1948    -       Apr     Sun>=16 0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1947    1950    -       Oct     Sun>=2  0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1949    only    -       Apr     10      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1950    only    -       Apr     19      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1951    only    -       Apr     22      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1951    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1962    only    -       Jul     15      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1962    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1964    only    -       May     15      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1964    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1970    1972    -       May     Sun>=2  0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1970    1972    -       Oct     Sun>=2  0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1973    only    -       Jun      3      1:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1973    only    -       Nov      4      3:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1974    only    -       Mar     31      2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1974    only    -       Nov      3      5:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1975    only    -       Mar     30      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1975    1976    -       Oct     lastSun 0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1976    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1977    1978    -       Apr     Sun>=1  0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1977    only    -       Oct     16      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1979    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1  3:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1979    1982    -       Oct     Mon>=11 0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1981    1982    -       Mar     lastSun 3:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1983    only    -       Jul     31      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1983    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1985    only    -       Apr     20      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1985    only    -       Sep     28      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1986    1993    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1986    1995    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
Rule    Turkey  1994    only    -       Mar     20      1:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1995    2006    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1996    2006    -       Oct     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 -       LMT     1880
                        1:56:56 -       IMT     1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
                        2:00    Turkey  EE%sT   1978 Oct 15
                        3:00    Turkey  +03/+04 1985 Apr 20
                        2:00    Turkey  EE%sT   2007
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT   2011 Mar 27  1:00u
                        2:00    -       EET     2011 Mar 28  1:00u
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT   2014 Mar 30  1:00u
                        2:00    -       EET     2014 Mar 31  1:00u
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT   2015 Oct 25  1:00u
                        2:00    1:00    EEST    2015 Nov  8  1:00u
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT   2016 Sep  7
                        3:00    -       +03
Link    Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul   # Istanbul is in both continents.

# Ukraine
#
# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
# regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
# On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
# abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
#
# Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
# approval from 266 deputies.
#
# Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
# http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
#
# The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
# http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
#
# Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
# https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
#
# From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
# Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
# Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
# time this year after all.
#
# From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
# (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
# to Russia) was reverted today:
# http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
#
# Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
# The law documents themselves are at
# http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484

# From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
# First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
#       03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1       Time Zone 3 with DST
#       07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
#
# They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
# "summer time" was still in action):
#       09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
#
# Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
#       03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
#
# DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
#       09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0       Time Zone 2, no DST
# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
# This is an answer.
#
# Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
#       03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1       DST started
#       09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0       DST ended
# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm

# From Paul Eggert (2018-10-03):
# As is usual in tzdb, Ukrainian zones use the most common English spellings.
# For example, tzdb uses Europe/Kiev, as "Kiev" is the most common spelling in
# English for Ukraine's capital, even though it is certainly wrong as a
# transliteration of the Ukrainian "Київ".  This is similar to tzdb's use of
# Europe/Prague, which is certainly wrong as a transliteration of the Czech
# "Praha".  ("Kiev" came from old Slavic via Russian to English, and "Prague"
# came from old Slavic via French to English, so the two cases have something
# in common.)  Admittedly English-language spelling of Ukrainian names is
# controversial, and some day "Kyiv" may become substantially more popular in
# English; in the meantime, stick with the traditional English "Kiev" as that
# means less disruption for our users.
#
# Anyway, none of the common English-language spellings (Kiev, Kyiv, Kieff,
# Kijeff, Kijev, Kiyef, Kiyeff) do justice to the common pronunciation in
# Ukrainian, namely [ˈkɪjiu̯] (IPA).  This pronunciation has nothing like an
# English "v" or "f", and instead trails off with what an English-speaker
# would call a demure "oo" sound, and it would would be better anglicized as
# "Kuiyu".  Here's a sound file, if you would like to do as the Kuiyuvians do:
# https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uk-Київ.ogg

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
# This represents most of Ukraine.  See above for the spelling of "Kiev".
Zone Europe/Kiev        2:02:04 -       LMT     1880
                        2:02:04 -       KMT     1924 May  2 # Kiev Mean Time
                        2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
                        3:00    -       MSK     1941 Sep 20
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1943 Nov  6
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990 Jul  1  2:00
                        2:00    1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29  3:00
                        2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1995
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT
# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
# "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
Zone Europe/Uzhgorod    1:29:12 -       LMT     1890 Oct
                        1:00    -       CET     1940
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Oct
                        1:00    1:00    CEST    1944 Oct 26
                        1:00    -       CET     1945 Jun 29
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990
                        3:00    -       MSK     1990 Jul  1  2:00
                        1:00    -       CET     1991 Mar 31  3:00
                        2:00    -       EET     1992
                        2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1995
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT
# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
# "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
# "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English.  Use the common English
# spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
# portable Posix file names.
Zone Europe/Zaporozhye  2:20:40 -       LMT     1880
                        2:20    -       +0220   1924 May  2
                        2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
                        3:00    -       MSK     1941 Aug 25
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1943 Oct 25
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31  2:00
                        2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1995
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT

# Vatican City
# See Europe/Rome.

###############################################################################

# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
#
# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
# uses the WE DST rules.  The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST).  It also claims that Turkey
# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)

# ...
# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
# From: Tom Hofmann
# ...
#
# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
# most European countries started DST.  Before that year, only
# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
# to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
# years...
# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
# lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
#
# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
#
# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
# ...

# ...
# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
# From: Dik T. Winter
# ...
#
# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
# about DST in Europe.  I was able to find all from about 1969.
#
# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March.  And from 1982
# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
# the Sov[i]et Union.  In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
# dates...
#
# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe.  Another note: it is always
# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
# in advance of normal time.
#
# ...
# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
# ...

# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
# ...
# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
# Since 1978.  Change at midnight.
# ...
# Monaco: has same DST as France.
# ...