2 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
4 # Notes are at the end of this file
6 ###############################################################################
10 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
12 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
13 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 -
14 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 -
15 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 -
16 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 -
17 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 -
18 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
19 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 -
20 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
21 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
22 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
24 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
26 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
30 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
32 8:00 - WST 1974 Oct lastSun 2:00s
33 8:00 1:00 WST 1975 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
34 8:00 - WST 1983 Oct lastSun 2:00s
35 8:00 1:00 WST 1984 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
36 8:00 - WST 1991 Nov 17 2:00s
37 8:00 1:00 WST 1992 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
41 # From Alex Livingston <alex@agsm.unsw.edu.au> (1996-11-01):
42 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
43 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
44 # Queensland ceased to.
46 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
47 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
48 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
49 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
52 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
53 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
54 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
55 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
56 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
57 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
58 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
59 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
62 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
68 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
69 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
70 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
71 Rule AS 1987 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
72 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
73 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
74 Rule AS 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
75 Rule AS 1990 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
76 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
77 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
78 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
79 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
80 Rule AS 1995 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
81 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
82 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
88 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
89 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
90 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
91 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
92 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 -
93 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
94 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
95 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
96 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
97 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
98 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
99 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 -
100 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
101 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
102 Rule AT 1991 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
103 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
104 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
105 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
106 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
107 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
108 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
113 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
114 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
115 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
116 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
117 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
118 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
119 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
120 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
121 Rule AV 1995 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
122 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
123 Rule AV 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
124 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
125 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
130 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
131 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
132 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
133 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
134 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
135 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
136 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
137 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
138 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
139 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
140 Rule AN 1996 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
141 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
142 Rule AN 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
143 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
144 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
147 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
148 10:00 - EST 1896 Aug 23
155 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
156 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
157 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
158 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
159 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
160 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
161 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
162 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
163 Rule LH 1996 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
164 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
165 Rule LH 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
166 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
170 # Australian miscellany
172 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
173 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
174 # like Australia/Perth, says Turner
177 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
181 # permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
182 # sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
183 # like Australia/Hobart, says Turner
186 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
187 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
188 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
192 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
193 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
194 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
195 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
196 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
197 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
198 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
203 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
204 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
207 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
208 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
209 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
210 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
211 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
212 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
215 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
216 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
217 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time
218 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
219 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time
220 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
221 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time
222 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
226 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
227 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
228 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
229 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
230 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
233 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
234 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
235 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time
236 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
237 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
240 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
241 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time
246 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
247 Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
249 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
250 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23
251 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
254 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
255 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
256 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
258 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
260 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
264 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
265 Zone Pacific/Yap 9:12:32 - LMT 1901 # Colonia
266 9:00 - YAPT 1969 Oct # Yap Time
268 Zone Pacific/Truk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
269 10:00 - TRUT # Truk Time
270 Zone Pacific/Ponape 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
271 11:00 - PONT # Ponape Time
272 Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
273 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
278 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
279 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
280 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
281 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15
286 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
287 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
288 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
289 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
290 # Shanks says the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
291 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
292 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
293 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13
297 ###############################################################################
301 # From Paul Eggert (2002-10-23):
302 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history;
303 # see tz-link.htm for the full reference.
305 # Shanks gives 1868 for the introduction of standard time; go with the
306 # DIA's more-precise 1868-11-02. The DIA says that clocks were
307 # advanced by half an hour in 1941; go with Shanks's more-precise
308 # 1940-09-29 02:00. The DIA says that starting in 1933 DST began the
309 # first Sunday in September; go with Shanks's last Sunday starting in
312 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
313 # Shanks gives 1927 Nov 6 - 1928 Mar 4, 1928 Oct 14 - 1929 Mar 17,
314 # 1929 Oct 13 - 1930 Mar 16; go with Whitman.
315 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 26 2:00 0:30 HD
316 Rule NZ 1928 1929 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
317 Rule NZ 1928 only - Nov 4 2:00 0:30 HD
318 Rule NZ 1929 only - Oct 30 2:00 0:30 HD
319 Rule NZ 1930 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 S
320 Rule NZ 1930 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 HD
321 # Whitman says DST went on and off during war years, and the base UT offset
322 # didn't change until 1945 Apr 30; go with Shanks.
323 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 S
324 Rule NZ 1934 1939 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 HD
325 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
326 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
327 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
328 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
329 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
330 Rule NZ 1990 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
331 Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
332 Rule Chatham 1990 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
333 Rule Chatham 1991 max - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
334 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
335 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
336 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1940 Sep 29 2:00
338 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:45 Chatham CHA%sT
342 # uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
343 # and scientific personnel have wintered
346 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
347 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
348 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
349 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
351 ###############################################################################
355 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
356 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
357 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time
358 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1
362 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
363 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
364 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
365 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time
368 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
369 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
370 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
373 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
374 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
375 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
376 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
379 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
380 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
381 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00
382 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
385 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
387 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
388 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
389 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
390 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
393 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
395 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
396 -11:00 - WST # W Samoa Time
399 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
400 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
401 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
402 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time
405 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
406 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
407 -10:00 - TKT # Tokelau Time
410 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
411 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
412 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
413 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
414 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
415 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
416 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
417 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
422 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
423 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
424 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
427 # US minor outlying islands
430 # uninhabited since World War II
431 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Pago_Pago
434 # uninhabited since 1958
435 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
438 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
439 Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST
445 Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
446 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
447 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
448 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
451 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
454 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
455 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
456 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
460 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
461 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
462 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
463 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
464 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
465 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
466 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
467 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
468 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
469 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
472 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
473 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
474 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
476 ###############################################################################
480 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
481 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
482 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
484 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
485 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
486 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
487 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
489 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
490 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
491 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
492 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
493 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
495 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
496 # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
498 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
499 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
500 # I found in the UCLA library.
502 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
503 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
505 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
506 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
507 # Corrections are welcome!
509 # LMT Local Mean Time
510 # 8:00 WST WST Western Australia
512 # 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
513 # 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
514 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
515 # 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
516 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand
517 # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
520 # - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
522 # See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
523 # See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
525 ###############################################################################
529 # <a href="http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html">
530 # Australia's Daylight Saving Times
531 # </a>, by Margaret Turner, summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
533 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
534 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
535 # It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
536 # and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
537 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
538 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
539 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
540 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
541 # the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
543 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
544 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
545 # or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
546 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
547 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
548 # prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
549 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
551 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
552 # Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
553 # CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
554 # WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
555 # EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
557 # From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
558 # versus "AEST" etc.:
560 # I see the following points of dispute:
562 # * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
564 # Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
565 # Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
566 # operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
567 # (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
568 # Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
569 # In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
570 # abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
571 # think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
573 # On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
574 # abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
575 # particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
576 # time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
578 # * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
580 # Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
581 # many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
582 # which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
585 # Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
586 # refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
589 # * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
590 # Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
591 # the word "Australian"?
593 # My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
594 # common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
595 # popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
596 # often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
597 # following count of page hits:
599 # 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
600 # 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
601 # 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
602 # 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
604 # Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
605 # particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
606 # say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
607 # Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
609 # For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
610 # ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
611 # many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
612 # are the hit counts anyway:
614 # 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
615 # 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
616 # 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
617 # 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
619 # 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
620 # 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
621 # 176 "ACST" and domain:au
622 # 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
624 # 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
625 # 68 "AWST" and domain:au
627 # This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
628 # practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
629 # the ambiguities involved.
631 # * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
633 # If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
634 # against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
635 # saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
636 # understood in Australia.
638 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
639 # Shanks reports 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and New Zealand.
640 # Mark Prior <mrp@itd.adelaide.edu.au> writes that his newspaper
641 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
642 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
643 # and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
644 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
646 # From Eric Ulevik <eau@zip.com.au> (1998-01-05):
648 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
649 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
650 # relevant entries in this database.
652 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
653 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
654 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
657 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
658 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
661 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">
662 # Standard Time Act, 1898
667 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
668 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
670 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
672 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
674 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
675 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
676 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
680 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
681 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
683 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
684 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
685 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
686 # # before reaching parliament.
688 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
690 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
691 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
692 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
693 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
695 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
696 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
697 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
699 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
700 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
701 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
703 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
706 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
707 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
708 # it matches what was used in the past.
710 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
711 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
712 # </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
713 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
716 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
717 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
720 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
722 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
723 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
724 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
725 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
727 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
728 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
731 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
732 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
733 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
734 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
736 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
737 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
738 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
741 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
742 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
743 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
745 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
746 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
749 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
750 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
752 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
753 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
754 # southern coast of Australia, population 10 at last report, along with
755 # 50,000 sheep, about 100 kilometers long and 40 kilometers into the
756 # continent. The primary town is Madura, with the other towns being
757 # Mundrabilla and Eucla. According to the sheriff of Madura, the
758 # residents got tired of having to change the time so often, as they are
759 # located in a strip overlapping the border of South Australia and Western
760 # Australia. South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
761 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
762 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
763 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
764 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
765 # Australia and Western Australia. As it only affects about 10 people and
766 # tourists staying at the Madura Motel, it has never really made as big an
767 # impact as Broken Hill. However, as tourist visiting there or anyone
768 # calling the local sheriff will attest, they do keep time in this way.
770 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
771 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
772 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
773 # <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>,
774 # which says a few other things:
776 # * Border Village, SA also is 45 minutes ahead of Perth.
777 # * The locals call this time zone "central W.A. Time" (presumably "CWAT").
778 # * The locals also call Western Australia time "Perth time".
780 # It's not clear from context whether everyone in Western Australia
781 # knows of this naming convention, or whether it's just the people in
784 # South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria
786 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
787 # The rules from version 7.1 follow.
788 # There are lots of differences between these rules and
789 # the Shepherd et al. rules. Since the Shepherd et al. rules
790 # and Bradley White's newspaper article are in agreement on
791 # current DST ending dates, no worries.
793 # Rule Oz 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
794 # Rule Oz 1986 max - Oct Sun<=24 2:00 1:00 -
795 # Rule Oz 1972 only - Feb 27 3:00 0 -
796 # Rule Oz 1973 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
797 # Rule Oz 1987 max - Mar Sun<=21 3:00 0 -
798 # Zone Australia/Tasmania 10:00 Oz EST
799 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 Oz CST
800 # Zone Australia/Victoria 10:00 Oz EST 1985 Oct lastSun 2:00
801 # 10:00 1:00 EST 1986 Mar Sun<=21 3:00
804 # From Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
805 # I believe that the current start date for DST is "lastSun" in Oct...
806 # that changed Oct 89. That is, we're back to the
807 # original rule, and that rule currently applies in all the states
808 # that have dst, incl Qld. (Certainly it was true in Vic).
809 # The file I'm including says that happened in 1988, I think
810 # that's incorrect, but I'm not 100% certain.
814 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
815 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
816 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
817 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
819 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
820 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
823 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
825 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
826 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
827 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun<=21 3:00 0 C
828 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
830 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
831 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
832 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
833 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
835 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
836 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
837 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
838 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
841 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
842 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
843 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
844 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
846 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
847 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
848 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
849 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
851 # From John Warburton <jwarb@SACBH.com.au> (1994-10-07):
852 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
853 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
854 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
858 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
859 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
860 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
863 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
864 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
865 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
866 # (but nothing new about that).
868 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
869 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
870 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
871 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
872 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
873 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
875 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
876 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
880 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
881 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
882 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
885 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
886 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
887 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
888 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
889 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
890 # in Melbourne, Australia.
892 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
893 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
894 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
895 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
896 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
899 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
900 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
901 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
902 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
904 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
905 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
909 # From Arthur David Olson:
910 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
911 # Based on law library research by John Mackin (john@basser.cs.su.oz),
913 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
914 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
915 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
916 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
917 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
918 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
920 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
921 # The Information Service of the Australian National Standards Commission
922 # <a href="http://www.nsc.gov.au/InfoServ/Ileaflet/il27.htm">
924 # </a> page (1995-04) has an excellent overall history of Australian DST.
925 # The Community Relations Division of the NSW Attorney General's Department
926 # publishes a history of daylight saving in NSW. See:
927 # <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/crd.nsf/pages/time2">
928 # Lawlink NSW: Daylight Saving in New South Wales
931 # From Eric Ulevik <eau@ozemail.com.au> (1999-05-26):
932 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
933 # October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
934 # <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
935 # Two months more daylight saving
937 # Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
939 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
940 # See the following official NSW source:
941 # <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
942 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
945 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
946 # daylight saving next year. See:
947 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
948 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
949 # </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
951 # Victoria will following NSW. See:
952 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
953 # Vic to extend daylight saving
956 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
957 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
958 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
961 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
962 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
963 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
964 # </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
965 # ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
966 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
967 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
968 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
969 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
971 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
972 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
973 # Broken Hill to be behind the times
976 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
977 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
978 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
980 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
981 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
982 # towns to use Queensland time.
986 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
987 # `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
989 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
990 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
993 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
994 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
995 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
996 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
997 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
998 # # presently available.
999 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1001 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1002 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1003 # [followed by other Rules]
1007 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1008 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen.. pauline@Aus ]
1010 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1011 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1013 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1014 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1015 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1016 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1017 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1018 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1019 # instead of only 30 minutes. Dependant on the wishes of residents
1020 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1021 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1022 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1024 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1025 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1026 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1027 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1028 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1029 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1031 # From Paul Eggert (2001-02-09):
1032 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks through 1989, and Lonergan thereafter.
1033 # For times we use Lonergan.
1035 ###############################################################################
1039 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1040 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1041 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1042 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1043 # source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1045 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1046 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1047 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1048 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Geofft@Aus.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1051 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1052 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1053 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1054 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1056 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1057 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1059 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1060 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1061 # rather than the October 1 value.
1063 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1064 # Shanks reports 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and New Zealand.
1065 # Robert Uzgalis <buz@cs.aukuni.ac.nz> writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1066 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1067 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1068 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1070 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1071 # Shanks gives no time data for Chatham; usno1989 says it's +12:45,
1072 # usno1995 says it's +12:45/+13:45, and IATA SSIM (1991/1999)
1073 # gives the NZ rules but with transitions at 2:45 local standard time.
1074 # Guess that they have been in lock-step with NZ since 1990.
1076 ###############################################################################
1081 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1082 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1083 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1085 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1086 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1087 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1088 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1090 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1091 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1093 # From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
1094 # The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1095 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it
1096 # also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
1097 # islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
1100 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1101 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1105 # Johnston data is from usno1995.
1110 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1111 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1112 # ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
1113 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1118 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1119 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1120 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1121 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1122 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1125 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1127 # Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1128 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
1129 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1130 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1133 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1134 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1135 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1136 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1141 # Alan Eugene Davis <adavis@kuentos.guam.net> writes (1996-03-16),
1142 # ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
1143 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
1145 # Shanks writes that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11 on 1978-10-01;
1146 # ignore this for now.
1148 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1149 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1150 # <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
1151 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
1153 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1154 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1159 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1160 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1161 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1163 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1164 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1165 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1167 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1168 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1169 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1171 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1172 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1175 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1176 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1177 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1178 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1183 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1184 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1185 # ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1186 # ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
1187 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
1192 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1193 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
1194 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
1195 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1197 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1198 # <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">
1199 # How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
1202 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1203 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1204 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1205 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1206 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1207 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1209 # Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1210 # Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1211 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1213 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1214 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1215 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1216 # minutes we have lost?"
1218 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1219 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1220 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1222 # From Paul Eggert (1999-08-12):
1223 # Shanks says the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1225 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1226 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
1227 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1228 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1229 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1232 # From Steffen Thorsen [straen@thorsen.priv.no] (1999-09-09):
1233 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1235 # I was given this link by John Letts <johnletts@earthlink.net>:
1236 # <a hef="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
1237 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1240 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1241 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1242 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1243 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1245 # From Arthur David Olson [arthur_david_olson@nih.gov] (1999-09-20):
1246 # According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>
1247 # http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
1249 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1250 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1251 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1252 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1253 # set back an hour on the closing date."
1254 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1256 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1257 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1258 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1260 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1261 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1262 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1263 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1264 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1265 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1266 # (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
1268 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1269 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1271 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1272 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1273 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1274 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1277 # From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1278 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1280 ###############################################################################
1282 # The International Date Line
1284 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1286 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1287 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1288 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1289 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1291 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1292 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1293 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1294 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1295 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1296 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1297 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.
1299 # An Anglo-French Conference on Time-Keeping at Sea (June, 1917) agreed that
1300 # legal time on the high seas would be zone time, i.e., the standard time at
1301 # the nearest meridian that is a multiple of fifteen degrees. The date is
1302 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1303 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1304 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1305 # correct date is ambiguous.
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