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32 .\" @(#)ps.1 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
33 .\" $FreeBSD: src/bin/ps/ps.1,v 1.24.2.7 2002/06/20 22:43:33 charnier Exp $
34 .\" $DragonFly: src/bin/ps/ps.1,v 1.9 2006/04/06 17:26:54 swildner Exp $
44 .Op Fl aCcefhjlmrSTuvwxyY
58 displays a header line followed by lines containing information about your
59 processes that have controlling terminals.
60 This information is sorted by controlling terminal, then by process ID.
62 The information displayed is selected based on a set of keywords (see the
68 The default output format includes, for each process, the process' ID,
69 controlling terminal, CPU time (including both user and system time),
70 state, and associated command.
72 The process file system (see
74 should be mounted when
76 is executed, otherwise not all information will be available.
78 The options are as follows:
79 .Bl -tag -width indent
81 Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.
82 This can be disabled by setting the
83 .Va kern.ps_showallprocs
86 Change the ``command'' column output to just contain the executable name,
87 rather than the full command line.
89 Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a ``raw''
90 CPU calculation that ignores ``resident'' time (this normally has
93 Display the environment as well.
95 Show commandline and environment information about swapped out processes.
96 This option is honored only if the uid of the user is 0.
98 Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one
99 header per page of information.
101 Print information associated with the following keywords:
102 user, pid, ppid, pgid, sess, jobc, state, tt, time and command.
104 List the set of available keywords.
106 Display information associated with the following keywords:
107 uid, pid, ppid, cpu, pri, nice, vsz, rss, wchan, state, tt, time
110 Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core
111 instead of the default
114 Sort by memory usage, instead of by process ID.
116 Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default
119 Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list
120 of keywords specified, after the process ID,
121 in the default information
123 Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string.
124 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
127 Display information associated with the space or comma separated list
128 of keywords specified.
129 Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string.
130 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
133 Display information associated with the specified process ID.
135 Sort by current CPU usage, instead of by process ID.
137 Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited
138 children to their parent process.
140 Display information about processes attached to the device associated
141 with the standard input.
143 Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal
146 Display the processes belonging to the specified
149 Display information associated with the following keywords:
150 user, pid, %cpu, %mem, vsz, rss, tt, state, start, time and command.
157 Display information associated with the following keywords:
158 pid, state, time, sl, re, pagein, vsz, rss, lim, tsiz,
159 %cpu, %mem and command.
166 Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which
170 option is specified more than once,
172 will use as many columns as necessary without regard for your window size.
174 Display information about processes without controlling terminals.
176 Display information associated with the following keywords:
177 uid, pid, ppid, cpu, pri, iac, nice, wchan, state, tt, time, and command.
178 Sort by iac (interactivity measure).
180 Sort by iac (interactivity measure).
183 A complete list of the available keywords are listed below.
184 Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:
185 .Bl -tag -width indent
187 The CPU utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to
188 a minute of previous (real) time.
189 Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may
190 be very young) it is possible for the sum of all
192 fields to exceed 100%.
194 The percentage of real memory used by this process.
196 The flags associated with the process as in
199 .Bl -column P_BREAKTSLEEP 0x10000000
200 .It Dv "P_ADVLOCK" Ta No "0x00001 Process may hold a POSIX advisory lock"
201 .It Dv "P_CONTROLT" Ta No "0x00002 Has a controlling terminal"
202 .It Dv "P_SWAPPEDOUT" Ta No "0x00004 Swapped out of memory"
203 .It Dv "P_BREAKTSLEEP" Ta No "0x00008 Event pending, break tsleep on sigcont"
204 .It Dv "P_PPWAIT" Ta No "0x00010 Parent is waiting for child to exec/exit"
205 .It Dv "P_PROFIL" Ta No "0x00020 Has started profiling"
206 .It Dv "P_SELECT" Ta No "0x00040 Selecting; wakeup/waiting danger"
207 .It Dv "P_SINTR" Ta No "0x00080 Sleep is interruptible"
208 .It Dv "P_SUGID" Ta No "0x00100 Had set id privileges since last exec"
209 .It Dv "P_SYSTEM" Ta No "0x00200 System proc: no sigs, stats or swapping"
210 .It Dv "P_STOPPED" Ta No "0x00400 SIGSTOP status"
211 .It Dv "P_TRACED" Ta No "0x00800 Debugged process being traced"
212 .It Dv "P_WAITED" Ta No "0x01000 SIGSTOP status was returned by wait3/4"
213 .It Dv "P_WEXIT" Ta No "0x02000 Working on exiting"
214 .It Dv "P_EXEC" Ta No "0x04000 Process called exec"
215 .It Dv "P_UPCALLPEND" Ta No "0x20000 An upcall is pending"
216 .It Dv "P_SWAPWAIT" Ta No "0x40000 Waiting for a swapin"
217 .It Dv "P_ZOMBIE" Ta No "0x80000 Now in a zombied state"
218 .It Dv "P_ONRUNQ" Ta No "0x100000 On a user scheduling run queue"
219 .It Dv "P_KTHREADP" Ta No "0x200000 Process is really a kernel thread"
220 .It Dv "P_IDLESWAP" Ta No "0x400000 Swapout was due to idleswap, not load"
221 .It Dv "P_DEADLKTREAT" Ta No "0x800000 Lock aquisition - deadlock treatment"
222 .It Dv "P_JAILED" Ta No "0x1000000 Process is in jail"
223 .It Dv "P_OLDMASK" Ta No "0x2000000 Need to restore mask before pause"
224 .It Dv "P_ALTSTACK" Ta No "0x4000000 have alternate signal stack"
225 .It Dv "P_INEXEC" Ta No "0x8000000 Process is in execve()"
226 .It Dv "P_PASSIVE_ACQ" Ta No "0x10000000 Passive acquire cpu (see kern_switch)"
227 .It Dv "P_UPCALLWAIT" Ta No "0x20000000 Wait for upcall or signal"
230 The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
233 The exact time the command started, using the ``%c'' format described in
236 The process scheduling increment (see
237 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
239 the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
241 The time the command started.
242 If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is
243 displayed using the ``%l:ps.1p'' format described in
245 If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is
246 displayed using the ``%a6.15p'' format.
247 Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the ``%e%b%y'' format.
249 The state is given by a sequence of letters, for example,
251 The first letter indicates the run state of the process:
253 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
255 Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait.
257 Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds).
259 Marks a process which is in
261 The hostname of the prison can be found in
262 .Sq Li /proc/<pid>/status .
264 Marks a runnable process.
266 Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.
268 Marks a stopped process.
270 Marks a dead process (a ``zombie'').
273 Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state
276 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
278 The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
280 The process has raised CPU scheduling priority.
282 The process has specified a soft limit on memory requirements and is
283 currently exceeding that limit; such a process is (necessarily) not
286 the process has asked for random page replacement
287 .Pf ( Dv MADV_RANDOM ,
292 in a garbage collect).
294 The process is trying to exit.
296 The process has pages locked in core (for example, for raw
299 On SMP systems indicates a process or thread which is
301 holding the MP lock (the Big Giant Lock).
303 The process has reduced CPU scheduling priority (see
304 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
306 The process has asked for FIFO page replacement
307 .Pf ( Dv MADV_SEQUENTIAL ,
310 for example, a large image processing program using virtual memory to
311 sequentially address voluminous data).
313 The process is a session leader.
315 The process is suspended during a
318 The process is swapped out.
320 The process is being traced or debugged.
323 An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any.
324 The abbreviation consists of the three letters following
326 or, for the console, ``con''.
327 This is followed by a ``-'' if the process can no longer reach that
328 controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).
330 The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
331 When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
332 trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints
336 When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and
337 has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie)
338 is listed as ``<defunct>'', and a process which is blocked while trying
339 to exit is listed as ``<exiting>''.
343 makes an educated guess as to the file name and arguments given when the
344 process was created by examining memory or the swap area.
345 The method is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any event a process
346 is entitled to destroy this information, so the names cannot be depended
348 The ucomm (accounting) keyword can, however, be depended on.
350 The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their
352 Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).
354 .Bl -tag -width ".Cm sigignore" -compact
356 percentage CPU usage (alias
359 percentage memory usage (alias
362 accounting flag (alias
365 batchness of the process (higher numbers mean less interactivity)
367 command and arguments
369 short-term CPU usage factor (for scheduling)
371 the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias
374 total blocks read (alias
385 CPU ID the process was last scheduled on
389 login name of user who started the process (alias
398 total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
400 total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
405 total involuntary context switches
407 total signals taken (alias
412 total voluntary context switches
414 wait channel (as an address)
416 total blocks written (alias
419 resource usage (valid only for zombie)
432 scheduling priority (lower == better)
434 core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
438 reverse link on run queue, or 0
442 resident set size + (text size / text use count) (alias
445 realtime priority (101 = not a realtime process)
449 user name (from ruid)
453 pending signals (alias
456 caught signals (alias
459 ignored signals (alias
462 blocked signals (alias
465 sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
469 symbolic process state (alias
472 saved gid from a setgid executable
474 saved uid from a setuid executable
476 control terminal device number
478 LWKT thread priority (0-31, 31 highest), and critical section count
480 accumulated CPU time, user + system (alias
483 control terminal process group ID
485 .\"text resident set size (in Kbytes)
487 control terminal session pointer
489 text size (in Kbytes)
491 control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
493 full name of control terminal
495 name to be used for accounting
501 virtual size in Kbytes (alias
504 wait channel (as a symbolic name)
506 exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)
509 .Bl -tag -width /var/db/kvm_kernel.db -compact
511 default kernel memory
512 .It Pa /var/run/dev.db
514 .It Pa /var/db/kvm_kernel.db
515 system namelist database
517 default system namelist
538 cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled
539 process, the information it displays can never be exact.