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35 * @Id: terminfo.head,v 1.10 2002/08/17 23:37:10 tom Exp @
36 * Head of terminfo man page ends here
37 * @Id: terminfo.tail,v 1.38 2003/01/05 22:47:05 tom Exp @
38 * Beginning of terminfo.tail file
43 <TITLE>TERMINFO 5 File Formats</TITLE>
44 <link rev=made href="mailto:bug-ncurses@gnu.org">
45 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
48 <H1>TERMINFO 5 File Formats</H1>
51 <!-- Manpage converted by man2html 3.0.1 -->
52 <STRONG><A HREF="TERMINFO.5.html">TERMINFO(5)</A></STRONG> File Formats <STRONG><A HREF="TERMINFO.5.html">TERMINFO(5)</A></STRONG>
59 terminfo - terminal capability data base
63 <H2>SYNOPSIS</H2><PRE>
64 /usr/share/terminfo/*/*
68 <H2>DESCRIPTION</H2><PRE>
69 <EM>Terminfo</EM> is a data base describing terminals, used by
70 screen-oriented programs such as <STRONG><A HREF="nvi.1.html">nvi(1)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="rogue.1.html">rogue(1)</A></STRONG> and
71 libraries such as <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>. <EM>Terminfo</EM> describes termi-
72 nals by giving a set of capabilities which they have, by
73 specifying how to perform screen operations, and by speci-
74 fying padding requirements and initialization sequences.
76 Entries in <EM>terminfo</EM> consist of a sequence of `,' separated
77 fields (embedded commas may be escaped with a backslash or
78 notated as \054). White space after the `,' separator is
79 ignored. The first entry for each terminal gives the
80 names which are known for the terminal, separated by `|'
81 characters. The first name given is the most common
82 abbreviation for the terminal, the last name given should
83 be a long name fully identifying the terminal, and all
84 others are understood as synonyms for the terminal name.
85 All names but the last should be in lower case and contain
86 no blanks; the last name may well contain upper case and
87 blanks for readability.
89 Terminal names (except for the last, verbose entry) should
90 be chosen using the following conventions. The particular
91 piece of hardware making up the terminal should have a
92 root name, thus ``hp2621''. This name should not contain
93 hyphens. Modes that the hardware can be in, or user pref-
94 erences, should be indicated by appending a hyphen and a
95 mode suffix. Thus, a vt100 in 132 column mode would be
96 vt100-w. The following suffixes should be used where pos-
99 <STRONG>Suffix</STRONG> <STRONG>Meaning</STRONG> <STRONG>Example</STRONG>
100 -<EM>nn</EM> Number of lines on the screen aaa-60
101 -<EM>n</EM>p Number of pages of memory c100-4p
102 -am With automargins (usually the default) vt100-am
103 -m Mono mode; suppress color ansi-m
104 -mc Magic cookie; spaces when highlighting wy30-mc
105 -na No arrow keys (leave them in local) c100-na
106 -nam Without automatic margins vt100-nam
107 -nl No status line att4415-nl
108 -ns No status line hp2626-ns
109 -rv Reverse video c100-rv
110 -s Enable status line vt100-s
111 -vb Use visible bell instead of beep wy370-vb
112 -w Wide mode (> 80 columns, usually 132) vt100-w
114 For more on terminal naming conventions, see the <STRONG>term(7)</STRONG>
117 <STRONG>Capabilities</STRONG>
118 The following is a complete table of the capabilities
119 included in a terminfo description block and available to
120 terminfo-using code. In each line of the table,
122 The <STRONG>variable</STRONG> is the name by which the programmer (at the
123 terminfo level) accesses the capability.
125 The <STRONG>capname</STRONG> is the short name used in the text of the
126 database, and is used by a person updating the database.
127 Whenever possible, capnames are chosen to be the same as
128 or similar to the ANSI X3.64-1979 standard (now superseded
129 by ECMA-48, which uses identical or very similar names).
130 Semantics are also intended to match those of the specifi-
133 The termcap code is the old <STRONG>termcap</STRONG> capability name (some
134 capabilities are new, and have names which termcap did not
137 Capability names have no hard length limit, but an infor-
138 mal limit of 5 characters has been adopted to keep them
139 short and to allow the tabs in the source file <STRONG>Caps</STRONG> to
142 Finally, the description field attempts to convey the
143 semantics of the capability. You may find some codes in
144 the description field:
146 (P) indicates that padding may be specified
148 #[1-9] in the description field indicates that the string
149 is passed through tparm with parms as given (#<EM>i</EM>).
151 (P*) indicates that padding may vary in proportion to
152 the number of lines affected
154 (#<EM>i</EM>) indicates the <EM>i</EM>th parameter.
157 These are the boolean capabilities:
159 <STRONG>Variable</STRONG> <STRONG>Cap-</STRONG> <STRONG>TCap</STRONG> <STRONG>Description</STRONG>
160 <STRONG>Booleans</STRONG> <STRONG>name</STRONG> <STRONG>Code</STRONG>
161 auto_left_margin bw bw cub1 wraps from col-
163 auto_right_margin am am terminal has auto-
165 back_color_erase bce ut screen erased with
167 can_change ccc cc terminal can re-
170 ceol_standout_glitch xhp xs standout not erased
172 col_addr_glitch xhpa YA only positive motion
174 cpi_changes_res cpix YF changing character
177 cr_cancels_micro_mode crxm YB using cr turns off
179 dest_tabs_magic_smso xt xt tabs destructive,
182 eat_newline_glitch xenl xn newline ignored
185 erase_overstrike eo eo can erase over-
187 generic_type gn gn generic line type
188 hard_copy hc hc hardcopy terminal
190 hard_cursor chts HC cursor is hard to
192 has_meta_key km km Has a meta key
194 has_print_wheel daisy YC printer needs opera-
197 has_status_line hs hs has extra status
199 hue_lightness_saturation hls hl terminal uses only
202 insert_null_glitch in in insert mode distin-
204 lpi_changes_res lpix YG changing line pitch
206 memory_above da da display may be
209 memory_below db db display may be
212 move_insert_mode mir mi safe to move while
214 move_standout_mode msgr ms safe to move while
216 needs_xon_xoff nxon nx padding will not
219 no_esc_ctlc xsb xb beehive (f1=escape,
221 no_pad_char npc NP pad character does
223 non_dest_scroll_region ndscr ND scrolling region is
225 non_rev_rmcup nrrmc NR smcup does not
227 over_strike os os terminal can over-
229 prtr_silent mc5i 5i printer will not
231 row_addr_glitch xvpa YD only positive motion
233 semi_auto_right_margin sam YE printing in last
235 status_line_esc_ok eslok es escape can be used
237 tilde_glitch hz hz cannot print ~'s
239 transparent_underline ul ul underline character
241 xon_xoff xon xo terminal uses
244 These are the numeric capabilities:
246 <STRONG>Variable</STRONG> <STRONG>Cap-</STRONG> <STRONG>TCap</STRONG> <STRONG>Description</STRONG>
247 <STRONG>Numeric</STRONG> <STRONG>name</STRONG> <STRONG>Code</STRONG>
248 columns cols co number of columns in
250 init_tabs it it tabs initially every
252 label_height lh lh rows in each label
253 label_width lw lw columns in each
256 lines lines li number of lines on
258 lines_of_memory lm lm lines of memory if >
260 magic_cookie_glitch xmc sg number of blank
263 max_attributes ma ma maximum combined
266 max_colors colors Co maximum number of
268 max_pairs pairs pa maximum number of
271 maximum_windows wnum MW maximum number of
273 no_color_video ncv NC video attributes
276 num_labels nlab Nl number of labels on
278 padding_baud_rate pb pb lowest baud rate
280 virtual_terminal vt vt virtual terminal
282 width_status_line wsl ws number of columns in
285 The following numeric capabilities are present in the
286 SVr4.0 term structure, but are not yet documented in the
287 man page. They came in with SVr4's printer support.
289 <STRONG>Variable</STRONG> <STRONG>Cap-</STRONG> <STRONG>TCap</STRONG> <STRONG>Description</STRONG>
290 <STRONG>Numeric</STRONG> <STRONG>name</STRONG> <STRONG>Code</STRONG>
291 bit_image_entwining bitwin Yo number of passes for
293 bit_image_type bitype Yp type of bit-image
295 buffer_capacity bufsz Ya numbers of bytes
298 buttons btns BT number of buttons on
300 dot_horz_spacing spinh Yc spacing of dots hor-
303 dot_vert_spacing spinv Yb spacing of pins ver-
306 max_micro_address maddr Yd maximum value in
308 max_micro_jump mjump Ye maximum value in
310 micro_col_size mcs Yf character step size
312 micro_line_size mls Yg line step size when
314 number_of_pins npins Yh numbers of pins in
316 output_res_char orc Yi horizontal resolu-
322 output_res_horz_inch orhi Yk horizontal resolu-
325 output_res_line orl Yj vertical resolution
327 output_res_vert_inch orvi Yl vertical resolution
329 print_rate cps Ym print rate in char-
331 wide_char_size widcs Yn character step size
335 These are the string capabilities:
337 <STRONG>Variable</STRONG> <STRONG>Cap-</STRONG> <STRONG>TCap</STRONG> <STRONG>Description</STRONG>
338 <STRONG>String</STRONG> <STRONG>name</STRONG> <STRONG>Code</STRONG>
339 acs_chars acsc ac graphics charset
342 back_tab cbt bt back tab (P)
343 bell bel bl audible signal
345 carriage_return cr cr carriage return (P*)
347 change_char_pitch cpi ZA Change number of
350 change_line_pitch lpi ZB Change number of
352 change_res_horz chr ZC Change horizontal
354 change_res_vert cvr ZD Change vertical res-
356 change_scroll_region csr cs change region to
359 char_padding rmp rP like ip but when in
361 clear_all_tabs tbc ct clear all tab stops
363 clear_margins mgc MC clear right and left
365 clear_screen clear cl clear screen and
367 clr_bol el1 cb Clear to beginning
369 clr_eol el ce clear to end of line
371 clr_eos ed cd clear to end of
373 column_address hpa ch horizontal position
375 command_character cmdch CC terminal settable
378 create_window cwin CW define a window #1
380 cursor_address cup cm move to row #1
382 cursor_down cud1 do down one line
383 cursor_home home ho home cursor (if no
385 cursor_invisible civis vi make cursor invisi-
388 cursor_left cub1 le move left one space
389 cursor_mem_address mrcup CM memory relative cur-
392 cursor_normal cnorm ve make cursor appear
395 cursor_right cuf1 nd non-destructive
398 cursor_to_ll ll ll last line, first
400 cursor_up cuu1 up up one line
401 cursor_visible cvvis vs make cursor very
403 define_char defc ZE Define a character
406 delete_character dch1 dc delete character
408 delete_line dl1 dl delete line (P*)
409 dial_phone dial DI dial number #1
410 dis_status_line dsl ds disable status line
411 display_clock dclk DK display clock
412 down_half_line hd hd half a line down
413 ena_acs enacs eA enable alternate
415 enter_alt_charset_mode smacs as start alternate
417 enter_am_mode smam SA turn on automatic
419 enter_blink_mode blink mb turn on blinking
420 enter_bold_mode bold md turn on bold (extra
422 enter_ca_mode smcup ti string to start pro-
424 enter_delete_mode smdc dm enter delete mode
425 enter_dim_mode dim mh turn on half-bright
427 enter_doublewide_mode swidm ZF Enter double-wide
429 enter_draft_quality sdrfq ZG Enter draft-quality
431 enter_insert_mode smir im enter insert mode
432 enter_italics_mode sitm ZH Enter italic mode
433 enter_leftward_mode slm ZI Start leftward car-
435 enter_micro_mode smicm ZJ Start micro-motion
437 enter_near_letter_quality snlq ZK Enter NLQ mode
438 enter_normal_quality snrmq ZL Enter normal-quality
440 enter_protected_mode prot mp turn on protected
442 enter_reverse_mode rev mr turn on reverse
444 enter_secure_mode invis mk turn on blank mode
447 enter_shadow_mode sshm ZM Enter shadow-print
449 enter_standout_mode smso so begin standout mode
450 enter_subscript_mode ssubm ZN Enter subscript mode
451 enter_superscript_mode ssupm ZO Enter superscript
454 enter_underline_mode smul us begin underline mode
455 enter_upward_mode sum ZP Start upward car-
457 enter_xon_mode smxon SX turn on xon/xoff
459 erase_chars ech ec erase #1 characters
461 exit_alt_charset_mode rmacs ae end alternate char-
463 exit_am_mode rmam RA turn off automatic
465 exit_attribute_mode sgr0 me turn off all
467 exit_ca_mode rmcup te strings to end pro-
469 exit_delete_mode rmdc ed end delete mode
470 exit_doublewide_mode rwidm ZQ End double-wide mode
471 exit_insert_mode rmir ei exit insert mode
472 exit_italics_mode ritm ZR End italic mode
473 exit_leftward_mode rlm ZS End left-motion mode
474 exit_micro_mode rmicm ZT End micro-motion
476 exit_shadow_mode rshm ZU End shadow-print
478 exit_standout_mode rmso se exit standout mode
479 exit_subscript_mode rsubm ZV End subscript mode
480 exit_superscript_mode rsupm ZW End superscript mode
481 exit_underline_mode rmul ue exit underline mode
482 exit_upward_mode rum ZX End reverse charac-
484 exit_xon_mode rmxon RX turn off xon/xoff
486 fixed_pause pause PA pause for 2-3 sec-
488 flash_hook hook fh flash switch hook
489 flash_screen flash vb visible bell (may
491 form_feed ff ff hardcopy terminal
493 from_status_line fsl fs return from status
495 goto_window wingo WG go to window #1
496 hangup hup HU hang-up phone
497 init_1string is1 i1 initialization
499 init_2string is2 is initialization
501 init_3string is3 i3 initialization
503 init_file if if name of initializa-
505 init_prog iprog iP path name of program
507 initialize_color initc Ic initialize color #1
509 initialize_pair initp Ip Initialize color
513 insert_character ich1 ic insert character (P)
514 insert_line il1 al insert line (P*)
515 insert_padding ip ip insert padding after
517 key_a1 ka1 K1 upper left of keypad
520 key_a3 ka3 K3 upper right of key-
522 key_b2 kb2 K2 center of keypad
523 key_backspace kbs kb backspace key
524 key_beg kbeg @1 begin key
525 key_btab kcbt kB back-tab key
526 key_c1 kc1 K4 lower left of keypad
527 key_c3 kc3 K5 lower right of key-
529 key_cancel kcan @2 cancel key
530 key_catab ktbc ka clear-all-tabs key
531 key_clear kclr kC clear-screen or
533 key_close kclo @3 close key
534 key_command kcmd @4 command key
535 key_copy kcpy @5 copy key
536 key_create kcrt @6 create key
537 key_ctab kctab kt clear-tab key
538 key_dc kdch1 kD delete-character key
539 key_dl kdl1 kL delete-line key
540 key_down kcud1 kd down-arrow key
541 key_eic krmir kM sent by rmir or smir
543 key_end kend @7 end key
544 key_enter kent @8 enter/send key
545 key_eol kel kE clear-to-end-of-line
547 key_eos ked kS clear-to-end-of-
549 key_exit kext @9 exit key
550 key_f0 kf0 k0 F0 function key
551 key_f1 kf1 k1 F1 function key
552 key_f10 kf10 k; F10 function key
553 key_f11 kf11 F1 F11 function key
554 key_f12 kf12 F2 F12 function key
555 key_f13 kf13 F3 F13 function key
556 key_f14 kf14 F4 F14 function key
557 key_f15 kf15 F5 F15 function key
558 key_f16 kf16 F6 F16 function key
559 key_f17 kf17 F7 F17 function key
560 key_f18 kf18 F8 F18 function key
561 key_f19 kf19 F9 F19 function key
562 key_f2 kf2 k2 F2 function key
563 key_f20 kf20 FA F20 function key
564 key_f21 kf21 FB F21 function key
565 key_f22 kf22 FC F22 function key
566 key_f23 kf23 FD F23 function key
567 key_f24 kf24 FE F24 function key
568 key_f25 kf25 FF F25 function key
569 key_f26 kf26 FG F26 function key
570 key_f27 kf27 FH F27 function key
571 key_f28 kf28 FI F28 function key
572 key_f29 kf29 FJ F29 function key
573 key_f3 kf3 k3 F3 function key
574 key_f30 kf30 FK F30 function key
575 key_f31 kf31 FL F31 function key
576 key_f32 kf32 FM F32 function key
577 key_f33 kf33 FN F33 function key
578 key_f34 kf34 FO F34 function key
579 key_f35 kf35 FP F35 function key
580 key_f36 kf36 FQ F36 function key
581 key_f37 kf37 FR F37 function key
582 key_f38 kf38 FS F38 function key
583 key_f39 kf39 FT F39 function key
584 key_f4 kf4 k4 F4 function key
586 key_f40 kf40 FU F40 function key
587 key_f41 kf41 FV F41 function key
588 key_f42 kf42 FW F42 function key
589 key_f43 kf43 FX F43 function key
590 key_f44 kf44 FY F44 function key
591 key_f45 kf45 FZ F45 function key
592 key_f46 kf46 Fa F46 function key
593 key_f47 kf47 Fb F47 function key
594 key_f48 kf48 Fc F48 function key
595 key_f49 kf49 Fd F49 function key
596 key_f5 kf5 k5 F5 function key
597 key_f50 kf50 Fe F50 function key
598 key_f51 kf51 Ff F51 function key
599 key_f52 kf52 Fg F52 function key
600 key_f53 kf53 Fh F53 function key
601 key_f54 kf54 Fi F54 function key
602 key_f55 kf55 Fj F55 function key
603 key_f56 kf56 Fk F56 function key
604 key_f57 kf57 Fl F57 function key
605 key_f58 kf58 Fm F58 function key
606 key_f59 kf59 Fn F59 function key
607 key_f6 kf6 k6 F6 function key
608 key_f60 kf60 Fo F60 function key
609 key_f61 kf61 Fp F61 function key
610 key_f62 kf62 Fq F62 function key
611 key_f63 kf63 Fr F63 function key
612 key_f7 kf7 k7 F7 function key
613 key_f8 kf8 k8 F8 function key
614 key_f9 kf9 k9 F9 function key
615 key_find kfnd @0 find key
616 key_help khlp %1 help key
617 key_home khome kh home key
618 key_ic kich1 kI insert-character key
619 key_il kil1 kA insert-line key
620 key_left kcub1 kl left-arrow key
621 key_ll kll kH lower-left key (home
623 key_mark kmrk %2 mark key
624 key_message kmsg %3 message key
625 key_move kmov %4 move key
626 key_next knxt %5 next key
627 key_npage knp kN next-page key
628 key_open kopn %6 open key
629 key_options kopt %7 options key
630 key_ppage kpp kP previous-page key
631 key_previous kprv %8 previous key
632 key_print kprt %9 print key
633 key_redo krdo %0 redo key
634 key_reference kref &1 reference key
635 key_refresh krfr &2 refresh key
636 key_replace krpl &3 replace key
637 key_restart krst &4 restart key
638 key_resume kres &5 resume key
639 key_right kcuf1 kr right-arrow key
640 key_save ksav &6 save key
641 key_sbeg kBEG &9 shifted begin key
642 key_scancel kCAN &0 shifted cancel key
643 key_scommand kCMD *1 shifted command key
644 key_scopy kCPY *2 shifted copy key
645 key_screate kCRT *3 shifted create key
646 key_sdc kDC *4 shifted delete-char-
648 key_sdl kDL *5 shifted delete-line
650 key_select kslt *6 select key
652 key_send kEND *7 shifted end key
653 key_seol kEOL *8 shifted clear-to-
655 key_sexit kEXT *9 shifted exit key
656 key_sf kind kF scroll-forward key
657 key_sfind kFND *0 shifted find key
658 key_shelp kHLP #1 shifted help key
659 key_shome kHOM #2 shifted home key
660 key_sic kIC #3 shifted insert-char-
662 key_sleft kLFT #4 shifted left-arrow
664 key_smessage kMSG %a shifted message key
665 key_smove kMOV %b shifted move key
666 key_snext kNXT %c shifted next key
667 key_soptions kOPT %d shifted options key
668 key_sprevious kPRV %e shifted previous key
669 key_sprint kPRT %f shifted print key
670 key_sr kri kR scroll-backward key
671 key_sredo kRDO %g shifted redo key
672 key_sreplace kRPL %h shifted replace key
673 key_sright kRIT %i shifted right-arrow
675 key_srsume kRES %j shifted resume key
676 key_ssave kSAV !1 shifted save key
677 key_ssuspend kSPD !2 shifted suspend key
678 key_stab khts kT set-tab key
679 key_sundo kUND !3 shifted undo key
680 key_suspend kspd &7 suspend key
681 key_undo kund &8 undo key
682 key_up kcuu1 ku up-arrow key
683 keypad_local rmkx ke leave 'key-
685 keypad_xmit smkx ks enter 'key-
687 lab_f0 lf0 l0 label on function
689 lab_f1 lf1 l1 label on function
691 lab_f10 lf10 la label on function
693 lab_f2 lf2 l2 label on function
695 lab_f3 lf3 l3 label on function
697 lab_f4 lf4 l4 label on function
699 lab_f5 lf5 l5 label on function
701 lab_f6 lf6 l6 label on function
703 lab_f7 lf7 l7 label on function
705 lab_f8 lf8 l8 label on function
707 lab_f9 lf9 l9 label on function
709 label_format fln Lf label format
710 label_off rmln LF turn off soft labels
711 label_on smln LO turn on soft labels
712 meta_off rmm mo turn off meta mode
713 meta_on smm mm turn on meta mode
715 micro_column_address mhpa ZY Like column_address
718 micro_down mcud1 ZZ Like cursor_down in
720 micro_left mcub1 Za Like cursor_left in
722 micro_right mcuf1 Zb Like cursor_right in
724 micro_row_address mvpa Zc Like row_address #1
726 micro_up mcuu1 Zd Like cursor_up in
728 newline nel nw newline (behave like
730 order_of_pins porder Ze Match software bits
732 orig_colors oc oc Set all color pairs
734 orig_pair op op Set default pair to
736 pad_char pad pc padding char
738 parm_dch dch DC delete #1 characters
740 parm_delete_line dl DL delete #1 lines (P*)
741 parm_down_cursor cud DO down #1 lines (P*)
742 parm_down_micro mcud Zf Like parm_down_cur-
744 parm_ich ich IC insert #1 characters
746 parm_index indn SF scroll forward #1
748 parm_insert_line il AL insert #1 lines (P*)
749 parm_left_cursor cub LE move #1 characters
751 parm_left_micro mcub Zg Like parm_left_cur-
753 parm_right_cursor cuf RI move #1 characters
755 parm_right_micro mcuf Zh Like parm_right_cur-
757 parm_rindex rin SR scroll back #1 lines
759 parm_up_cursor cuu UP up #1 lines (P*)
760 parm_up_micro mcuu Zi Like parm_up_cursor
762 pkey_key pfkey pk program function key
764 pkey_local pfloc pl program function key
767 pkey_xmit pfx px program function key
770 plab_norm pln pn program label #1 to
772 print_screen mc0 ps print contents of
774 prtr_non mc5p pO turn on printer for
776 prtr_off mc4 pf turn off printer
777 prtr_on mc5 po turn on printer
778 pulse pulse PU select pulse dialing
779 quick_dial qdial QD dial number #1 with-
781 remove_clock rmclk RC remove clock
784 repeat_char rep rp repeat char #1 #2
786 req_for_input rfi RF send next input char
788 reset_1string rs1 r1 reset string
789 reset_2string rs2 r2 reset string
790 reset_3string rs3 r3 reset string
791 reset_file rf rf name of reset file
792 restore_cursor rc rc restore cursor to
795 row_address vpa cv vertical position #1
797 save_cursor sc sc save current cursor
799 scroll_forward ind sf scroll text up (P)
800 scroll_reverse ri sr scroll text down (P)
801 select_char_set scs Zj Select character
803 set_attributes sgr sa define video
806 set_background setb Sb Set background color
808 set_bottom_margin smgb Zk Set bottom margin at
810 set_bottom_margin_parm smgbp Zl Set bottom margin at
814 set_clock sclk SC set clock, #1 hrs #2
816 set_color_pair scp sp Set current color
818 set_foreground setf Sf Set foreground color
820 set_left_margin smgl ML set left soft margin
824 set_left_margin_parm smglp Zm Set left (right)
826 set_right_margin smgr MR set right soft mar-
829 set_right_margin_parm smgrp Zn Set right margin at
831 set_tab hts st set a tab in every
833 set_top_margin smgt Zo Set top margin at
835 set_top_margin_parm smgtp Zp Set top (bottom)
837 set_window wind wi current window is
840 start_bit_image sbim Zq Start printing bit
842 start_char_set_def scsd Zr Start character set
846 stop_bit_image rbim Zs Stop printing bit
850 stop_char_set_def rcsd Zt End definition of
852 subscript_characters subcs Zu List of subscript-
854 superscript_characters supcs Zv List of superscript-
856 tab ht ta tab to next 8-space
858 these_cause_cr docr Zw Printing any of
861 to_status_line tsl ts move to status line,
863 tone tone TO select touch tone
865 underline_char uc uc underline char and
867 up_half_line hu hu half a line up
868 user0 u0 u0 User string #0
869 user1 u1 u1 User string #1
870 user2 u2 u2 User string #2
871 user3 u3 u3 User string #3
872 user4 u4 u4 User string #4
873 user5 u5 u5 User string #5
874 user6 u6 u6 User string #6
875 user7 u7 u7 User string #7
876 user8 u8 u8 User string #8
877 user9 u9 u9 User string #9
878 wait_tone wait WA wait for dial-tone
879 xoff_character xoffc XF XOFF character
880 xon_character xonc XN XON character
881 zero_motion zerom Zx No motion for subse-
884 The following string capabilities are present in the
885 SVr4.0 term structure, but were originally not documented
888 <STRONG>Variable</STRONG> <STRONG>Cap-</STRONG> <STRONG>TCap</STRONG> <STRONG>Description</STRONG>
889 <STRONG>String</STRONG> <STRONG>name</STRONG> <STRONG>Code</STRONG>
890 alt_scancode_esc scesa S8 Alternate escape
893 bit_image_carriage_return bicr Yv Move to beginning
895 bit_image_newline binel Zz Move to next row
897 bit_image_repeat birep Xy Repeat bit image
899 char_set_names csnm Zy Produce #1'th item
902 code_set_init csin ci Init sequence for
904 color_names colornm Yw Give name for
906 define_bit_image_region defbi Yx Define rectan-
909 device_type devt dv Indicate lan-
912 display_pc_char dispc S1 Display PC charac-
916 end_bit_image_region endbi Yy End a bit-image
918 enter_pc_charset_mode smpch S2 Enter PC character
920 enter_scancode_mode smsc S4 Enter PC scancode
922 exit_pc_charset_mode rmpch S3 Exit PC character
924 exit_scancode_mode rmsc S5 Exit PC scancode
926 get_mouse getm Gm Curses should get
930 key_mouse kmous Km Mouse event has
932 mouse_info minfo Mi Mouse status
934 pc_term_options pctrm S6 PC terminal
936 pkey_plab pfxl xl Program function
940 req_mouse_pos reqmp RQ Request mouse
942 scancode_escape scesc S7 Escape for scan-
944 set0_des_seq s0ds s0 Shift to codeset 0
946 set1_des_seq s1ds s1 Shift to codeset 1
947 set2_des_seq s2ds s2 Shift to codeset 2
948 set3_des_seq s3ds s3 Shift to codeset 3
949 set_a_background setab AB Set background
952 set_a_foreground setaf AF Set foreground
955 set_color_band setcolor Yz Change to ribbon
957 set_lr_margin smglr ML Set both left and
962 set_page_length slines YZ Set page length to
964 set_tb_margin smgtb MT Sets both top and
968 The XSI Curses standard added these. They are some
969 post-4.1 versions of System V curses, e.g., Solaris 2.5
970 and IRIX 6.x. The <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> termcap names for them are
971 invented; according to the XSI Curses standard, they have
972 no termcap names. If your compiled terminfo entries use
973 these, they may not be binary-compatible with System V
974 terminfo entries after SVr4.1; beware!
976 <STRONG>Variable</STRONG> <STRONG>Cap-</STRONG> <STRONG>TCap</STRONG> <STRONG>Description</STRONG>
977 <STRONG>String</STRONG> <STRONG>name</STRONG> <STRONG>Code</STRONG>
978 enter_horizontal_hl_mode ehhlm Xh Enter horizontal
982 enter_left_hl_mode elhlm Xl Enter left highlight
984 enter_low_hl_mode elohlm Xo Enter low highlight
986 enter_right_hl_mode erhlm Xr Enter right high-
988 enter_top_hl_mode ethlm Xt Enter top highlight
990 enter_vertical_hl_mode evhlm Xv Enter vertical high-
992 set_a_attributes sgr1 sA Define second set of
995 set_pglen_inch slengthsL YI Set page length
1000 <STRONG>A</STRONG> <STRONG>Sample</STRONG> <STRONG>Entry</STRONG>
1001 The following entry, describing an ANSI-standard terminal,
1002 is representative of what a <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> entry for a modern
1003 terminal typically looks like.
1005 ansi|ansi/pc-term compatible with color,
1007 colors#8, ncv#3, pairs#64,
1008 cub=\E[%p1%dD, cud=\E[%p1%dB, cuf=\E[%p1%dC,
1009 cuu=\E[%p1%dA, dch=\E[%p1%dP, dl=\E[%p1%dM,
1010 ech=\E[%p1%dX, el1=\E[1K, hpa=\E[%p1%dG, ht=\E[I,
1011 ich=\E[%p1%d@, il=\E[%p1%dL, indn=\E[%p1%dS, .indn=\E[%p1%dT,
1012 kbs=^H, kcbt=\E[Z, kcub1=\E[D, kcud1=\E[B,
1013 kcuf1=\E[C, kcuu1=\E[A, kf1=\E[M, kf10=\E[V,
1014 kf11=\E[W, kf12=\E[X, kf2=\E[N, kf3=\E[O, kf4=\E[P,
1015 kf5=\E[Q, kf6=\E[R, kf7=\E[S, kf8=\E[T, kf9=\E[U,
1016 kich1=\E[L, mc4=\E[4i, mc5=\E[5i, nel=\r\E[S,
1017 op=\E[37;40m, rep=%p1%c\E[%p2%{1}%-%db,
1018 rin=\E[%p1%dT, s0ds=\E(B, s1ds=\E)B, s2ds=\E*B,
1019 s3ds=\E+B, setab=\E[4%p1%dm, setaf=\E[3%p1%dm,
1020 setb=\E[4%?%p1%{1}%=%t4%e%p1%{3}%=%t6%e%p1%{4}%=%t1%e%p1%{6}%=%t3%e%p1%d%;m,
1021 setf=\E[3%?%p1%{1}%=%t4%e%p1%{3}%=%t6%e%p1%{4}%=%t1%e%p1%{6}%=%t3%e%p1%d%;m,
1022 sgr=\E[0;10%?%p1%t;7%;%?%p2%t;4%;%?%p3%t;7%;%?%p4%t;5%;%?%p6%t;1%;%?%p7%t;8%;%?%p8%t;11%;%?%p9%t;12%;m,
1023 sgr0=\E[0;10m, tbc=\E[2g, u6=\E[%d;%dR, u7=\E[6n,
1024 u8=\E[?%[;0123456789]c, u9=\E[c, vpa=\E[%p1%dd,
1026 Entries may continue onto multiple lines by placing white
1027 space at the beginning of each line except the first.
1028 Comments may be included on lines beginning with ``#''.
1029 Capabilities in <EM>terminfo</EM> are of three types: Boolean capa-
1030 bilities which indicate that the terminal has some partic-
1031 ular feature, numeric capabilities giving the size of the
1032 terminal or the size of particular delays, and string
1033 capabilities, which give a sequence which can be used to
1034 perform particular terminal operations.
1037 <STRONG>Types</STRONG> <STRONG>of</STRONG> <STRONG>Capabilities</STRONG>
1038 All capabilities have names. For instance, the fact that
1039 ANSI-standard terminals have <EM>automatic</EM> <EM>margins</EM> (i.e., an
1040 automatic return and line-feed when the end of a line is
1041 reached) is indicated by the capability <STRONG>am</STRONG>. Hence the
1042 description of ansi includes <STRONG>am</STRONG>. Numeric capabilities are
1043 followed by the character `#' and then a positive value.
1044 Thus <STRONG>cols</STRONG>, which indicates the number of columns the ter-
1045 minal has, gives the value `80' for ansi. Values for
1046 numeric capabilities may be specified in decimal, octal or
1047 hexadecimal, using the C programming language conventions
1048 (e.g., 255, 0377 and 0xff or 0xFF).
1050 Finally, string valued capabilities, such as <STRONG>el</STRONG> (clear to
1051 end of line sequence) are given by the two-character code,
1052 an `=', and then a string ending at the next following
1055 A number of escape sequences are provided in the string
1056 valued capabilities for easy encoding of characters there.
1057 Both <STRONG>\E</STRONG> and <STRONG>\e</STRONG> map to an ESCAPE character, <STRONG>^x</STRONG> maps to a
1058 control-x for any appropriate x, and the sequences <STRONG>\n</STRONG> <STRONG>\l</STRONG>
1059 <STRONG>\r</STRONG> <STRONG>\t</STRONG> <STRONG>\b</STRONG> <STRONG>\f</STRONG> <STRONG>\s</STRONG> give a newline, line-feed, return, tab,
1060 backspace, form-feed, and space. Other escapes include <STRONG>\^</STRONG>
1061 for <STRONG>^</STRONG>, <STRONG>\\</STRONG> for <STRONG>\</STRONG>, <STRONG>\</STRONG>, for comma, <STRONG>\:</STRONG> for <STRONG>:</STRONG>, and <STRONG>\0</STRONG> for null.
1062 (<STRONG>\0</STRONG> will produce \200, which does not terminate a string
1063 but behaves as a null character on most terminals, provid-
1064 ing CS7 is specified. See <STRONG><A HREF="stty.1.html">stty(1)</A></STRONG>.) Finally, characters
1065 may be given as three octal digits after a <STRONG>\</STRONG>.
1067 A delay in milliseconds may appear anywhere in a string
1068 capability, enclosed in $<..> brackets, as in <STRONG>el</STRONG>=\EK$<5>,
1069 and padding characters are supplied by <EM>tputs</EM> to provide
1070 this delay. The delay must be a number with at most one
1071 decimal place of precision; it may be followed by suffixes
1072 `*' or '/' or both. A `*' indicates that the padding
1073 required is proportional to the number of lines affected
1074 by the operation, and the amount given is the per-
1075 affected-unit padding required. (In the case of insert
1076 character, the factor is still the number of <EM>lines</EM>
1077 affected.) Normally, padding is advisory if the device
1078 has the <STRONG>xon</STRONG> capability; it is used for cost computation
1079 but does not trigger delays. A `/' suffix indicates that
1080 the padding is mandatory and forces a delay of the given
1081 number of milliseconds even on devices for which <STRONG>xon</STRONG> is
1082 present to indicate flow control.
1084 Sometimes individual capabilities must be commented out.
1085 To do this, put a period before the capability name. For
1086 example, see the second <STRONG>ind</STRONG> in the example above.
1089 <STRONG>Fetching</STRONG> <STRONG>Compiled</STRONG> <STRONG>Descriptions</STRONG>
1090 If the environment variable TERMINFO is set, it is inter-
1091 preted as the pathname of a directory containing the com-
1092 piled description you are working on. Only that directory
1095 If TERMINFO is not set, the <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> version of the ter-
1096 minfo reader code will instead look in the directory
1097 <STRONG>$HOME/.terminfo</STRONG> for a compiled description. If it fails
1098 to find one there, and the environment variable TER-
1099 MINFO_DIRS is set, it will interpret the contents of that
1100 variable as a list of colon- separated directories to be
1101 searched (an empty entry is interpreted as a command to
1102 search <EM>/usr/share/terminfo</EM>). If no description is found
1103 in any of the TERMINFO_DIRS directories, the fetch fails.
1105 If neither TERMINFO nor TERMINFO_DIRS is set, the last
1106 place tried will be the system terminfo directory,
1107 <EM>/usr/share/terminfo</EM>.
1109 (Neither the <STRONG>$HOME/.terminfo</STRONG> lookups nor TERMINFO_DIRS
1110 extensions are supported under stock System V ter-
1114 <STRONG>Preparing</STRONG> <STRONG>Descriptions</STRONG>
1115 We now outline how to prepare descriptions of terminals.
1116 The most effective way to prepare a terminal description
1117 is by imitating the description of a similar terminal in
1118 <EM>terminfo</EM> and to build up a description gradually, using
1119 partial descriptions with <EM>vi</EM> or some other screen-oriented
1120 program to check that they are correct. Be aware that a
1121 very unusual terminal may expose deficiencies in the abil-
1122 ity of the <EM>terminfo</EM> file to describe it or bugs in the
1123 screen-handling code of the test program.
1125 To get the padding for insert line right (if the terminal
1126 manufacturer did not document it) a severe test is to edit
1127 a large file at 9600 baud, delete 16 or so lines from the
1128 middle of the screen, then hit the `u' key several times
1129 quickly. If the terminal messes up, more padding is usu-
1130 ally needed. A similar test can be used for insert char-
1134 <STRONG>Basic</STRONG> <STRONG>Capabilities</STRONG>
1135 The number of columns on each line for the terminal is
1136 given by the <STRONG>cols</STRONG> numeric capability. If the terminal is
1137 a CRT, then the number of lines on the screen is given by
1138 the <STRONG>lines</STRONG> capability. If the terminal wraps around to the
1139 beginning of the next line when it reaches the right mar-
1140 gin, then it should have the <STRONG>am</STRONG> capability. If the termi-
1141 nal can clear its screen, leaving the cursor in the home
1142 position, then this is given by the <STRONG>clear</STRONG> string capabil-
1143 ity. If the terminal overstrikes (rather than clearing a
1144 position when a character is struck over) then it should
1145 have the <STRONG>os</STRONG> capability. If the terminal is a printing
1146 terminal, with no soft copy unit, give it both <STRONG>hc</STRONG> and <STRONG>os</STRONG>.
1147 (<STRONG>os</STRONG> applies to storage scope terminals, such as TEKTRONIX
1148 4010 series, as well as hard copy and APL terminals.) If
1149 there is a code to move the cursor to the left edge of the
1150 current row, give this as <STRONG>cr</STRONG>. (Normally this will be car-
1151 riage return, control M.) If there is a code to produce
1152 an audible signal (bell, beep, etc) give this as <STRONG>bel</STRONG>.
1154 If there is a code to move the cursor one position to the
1155 left (such as backspace) that capability should be given
1156 as <STRONG>cub1</STRONG>. Similarly, codes to move to the right, up, and
1157 down should be given as <STRONG>cuf1</STRONG>, <STRONG>cuu1</STRONG>, and <STRONG>cud1</STRONG>. These local
1158 cursor motions should not alter the text they pass over,
1159 for example, you would not normally use `<STRONG>cuf1</STRONG>= ' because
1160 the space would erase the character moved over.
1162 A very important point here is that the local cursor
1163 motions encoded in <EM>terminfo</EM> are undefined at the left and
1164 top edges of a CRT terminal. Programs should never
1165 attempt to backspace around the left edge, unless <STRONG>bw</STRONG> is
1166 given, and never attempt to go up locally off the top. In
1167 order to scroll text up, a program will go to the bottom
1168 left corner of the screen and send the <STRONG>ind</STRONG> (index) string.
1170 To scroll text down, a program goes to the top left corner
1171 of the screen and sends the <STRONG>ri</STRONG> (reverse index) string.
1172 The strings <STRONG>ind</STRONG> and <STRONG>ri</STRONG> are undefined when not on their
1173 respective corners of the screen.
1175 Parameterized versions of the scrolling sequences are <STRONG>indn</STRONG>
1176 and <STRONG>rin</STRONG> which have the same semantics as <STRONG>ind</STRONG> and <STRONG>ri</STRONG> except
1177 that they take one parameter, and scroll that many lines.
1178 They are also undefined except at the appropriate edge of
1181 The <STRONG>am</STRONG> capability tells whether the cursor sticks at the
1182 right edge of the screen when text is output, but this
1183 does not necessarily apply to a <STRONG>cuf1</STRONG> from the last column.
1184 The only local motion which is defined from the left edge
1185 is if <STRONG>bw</STRONG> is given, then a <STRONG>cub1</STRONG> from the left edge will
1186 move to the right edge of the previous row. If <STRONG>bw</STRONG> is not
1187 given, the effect is undefined. This is useful for draw-
1188 ing a box around the edge of the screen, for example. If
1189 the terminal has switch selectable automatic margins, the
1190 <EM>terminfo</EM> file usually assumes that this is on; i.e., <STRONG>am</STRONG>.
1191 If the terminal has a command which moves to the first
1192 column of the next line, that command can be given as <STRONG>nel</STRONG>
1193 (newline). It does not matter if the command clears the
1194 remainder of the current line, so if the terminal has no
1195 <STRONG>cr</STRONG> and <STRONG>lf</STRONG> it may still be possible to craft a working <STRONG>nel</STRONG>
1196 out of one or both of them.
1198 These capabilities suffice to describe hard-copy and
1199 "glass-tty" terminals. Thus the model 33 teletype is
1202 33|tty33|tty|model 33 teletype,
1203 bel=^G, cols#72, cr=^M, cud1=^J, hc, ind=^J, os,
1205 while the Lear Siegler ADM-3 is described as
1208 am, bel=^G, clear=^Z, cols#80, cr=^M, cub1=^H, cud1=^J,
1212 <STRONG>Parameterized</STRONG> <STRONG>Strings</STRONG>
1213 Cursor addressing and other strings requiring parameters
1214 in the terminal are described by a parameterized string
1215 capability, with <STRONG><A HREF="printf.3S.html">printf(3S)</A></STRONG> like escapes <STRONG>%x</STRONG> in it. For
1216 example, to address the cursor, the <STRONG>cup</STRONG> capability is
1217 given, using two parameters: the row and column to address
1218 to. (Rows and columns are numbered from zero and refer to
1219 the physical screen visible to the user, not to any unseen
1220 memory.) If the terminal has memory relative cursor
1221 addressing, that can be indicated by <STRONG>mrcup</STRONG>.
1223 The parameter mechanism uses a stack and special <STRONG>%</STRONG> codes
1224 to manipulate it. Typically a sequence will push one of
1225 the parameters onto the stack and then print it in some
1226 format. Print (e.g., "%d") is a special case. Other
1227 operations, including "%t" pop their operand from the
1228 stack. It is noted that more complex operations are often
1229 necessary, e.g., in the <STRONG>sgr</STRONG> string.
1231 The <STRONG>%</STRONG> encodings have the following meanings:
1236 %<EM>[[</EM>:<EM>]flags][width[.precision]][</EM>doxXs<EM>]</EM>
1237 as in <STRONG>printf</STRONG>, flags are [-+#] and space
1239 %c print pop() like %c in <STRONG>printf</STRONG>
1241 %s print pop() like %s in <STRONG>printf</STRONG>
1244 push <EM>i</EM>'th parameter
1247 set dynamic variable [a-z] to pop()
1250 get dynamic variable [a-z] and push it
1253 set static variable [a-z] to pop()
1256 get static variable [a-z] and push it
1258 The terms "static" and "dynamic" are misleading.
1259 Historically, these are simply two different sets of
1260 variables, whose values are not reset between calls
1261 to <STRONG>tparm</STRONG>. However, that fact is not documented in
1262 other implementations. Relying on it will adversely
1263 impact portability to other implementations.
1265 %'<EM>c</EM>' char constant <EM>c</EM>
1268 integer constant <EM>nn</EM>
1273 arithmetic (%m is mod): push(pop() op pop())
1276 bit operations: push(pop() op pop())
1279 logical operations: push(pop() op pop())
1282 logical and & or operations (for conditionals)
1285 unary operations push(op pop())
1287 %i add 1 to first two parameters (for ANSI terminals)
1289 %? <EM>expr</EM> %t <EM>thenpart</EM> %e <EM>elsepart</EM> %;
1290 if-then-else, %e <EM>elsepart</EM> is optional. else-if's are
1291 possible a la Algol 68:
1292 %? c1 %t b1 %e c2 %t b2 %e c3 %t b3 %e c4 %t b4 %e %;
1293 ci are conditions, bi are bodies.
1295 Binary operations are in postfix form with the operands in
1296 the usual order. That is, to get x-5 one would use
1297 "%gx%{5}%-". %P and %g variables are persistent across
1298 escape-string evaluations.
1300 Consider the HP2645, which, to get to row 3 and column 12,
1301 needs to be sent \E&a12c03Y padded for 6 milliseconds.
1302 Note that the order of the rows and columns is inverted
1303 here, and that the row and column are printed as two dig-
1304 its. Thus its <STRONG>cup</STRONG> capability is "cup=6\E&%p2%2dc%p1%2dY".
1306 The Microterm ACT-IV needs the current row and column sent
1307 preceded by a <STRONG>^T</STRONG>, with the row and column simply encoded
1308 in binary, "cup=^T%p1%c%p2%c". Terminals which use "%c"
1309 need to be able to backspace the cursor (<STRONG>cub1</STRONG>), and to
1310 move the cursor up one line on the screen (<STRONG>cuu1</STRONG>). This is
1311 necessary because it is not always safe to transmit <STRONG>\n</STRONG> <STRONG>^D</STRONG>
1312 and <STRONG>\r</STRONG>, as the system may change or discard them. (The
1313 library routines dealing with terminfo set tty modes so
1314 that tabs are never expanded, so \t is safe to send. This
1315 turns out to be essential for the Ann Arbor 4080.)
1317 A final example is the LSI ADM-3a, which uses row and col-
1318 umn offset by a blank character, thus "cup=\E=%p1%'
1319 '%+%c%p2%' '%+%c". After sending `\E=', this pushes the
1320 first parameter, pushes the ASCII value for a space (32),
1321 adds them (pushing the sum on the stack in place of the
1322 two previous values) and outputs that value as a charac-
1323 ter. Then the same is done for the second parameter.
1324 More complex arithmetic is possible using the stack.
1327 <STRONG>Cursor</STRONG> <STRONG>Motions</STRONG>
1328 If the terminal has a fast way to home the cursor (to very
1329 upper left corner of screen) then this can be given as
1330 <STRONG>home</STRONG>; similarly a fast way of getting to the lower left-
1331 hand corner can be given as <STRONG>ll</STRONG>; this may involve going up
1332 with <STRONG>cuu1</STRONG> from the home position, but a program should
1333 never do this itself (unless <STRONG>ll</STRONG> does) because it can make
1334 no assumption about the effect of moving up from the home
1335 position. Note that the home position is the same as
1336 addressing to (0,0): to the top left corner of the screen,
1337 not of memory. (Thus, the \EH sequence on HP terminals
1338 cannot be used for <STRONG>home</STRONG>.)
1340 If the terminal has row or column absolute cursor address-
1341 ing, these can be given as single parameter capabilities
1342 <STRONG>hpa</STRONG> (horizontal position absolute) and <STRONG>vpa</STRONG> (vertical posi-
1343 tion absolute). Sometimes these are shorter than the more
1344 general two parameter sequence (as with the hp2645) and
1345 can be used in preference to <STRONG>cup</STRONG>. If there are parameter-
1346 ized local motions (e.g., move <EM>n</EM> spaces to the right)
1347 these can be given as <STRONG>cud</STRONG>, <STRONG>cub</STRONG>, <STRONG>cuf</STRONG>, and <STRONG>cuu</STRONG> with a single
1348 parameter indicating how many spaces to move. These are
1349 primarily useful if the terminal does not have <STRONG>cup</STRONG>, such
1350 as the TEKTRONIX 4025.
1352 If the terminal needs to be in a special mode when running
1353 a program that uses these capabilities, the codes to enter
1354 and exit this mode can be given as <STRONG>smcup</STRONG> and <STRONG>rmcup</STRONG>. This
1355 arises, for example, from terminals like the Concept with
1356 more than one page of memory. If the terminal has only
1357 memory relative cursor addressing and not screen relative
1358 cursor addressing, a one screen-sized window must be fixed
1359 into the terminal for cursor addressing to work properly.
1360 This is also used for the TEKTRONIX 4025, where <STRONG>smcup</STRONG> sets
1361 the command character to be the one used by terminfo. If
1362 the <STRONG>smcup</STRONG> sequence will not restore the screen after an
1363 <STRONG>rmcup</STRONG> sequence is output (to the state prior to outputting
1364 <STRONG>rmcup</STRONG>), specify <STRONG>nrrmc</STRONG>.
1367 <STRONG>Area</STRONG> <STRONG>Clears</STRONG>
1368 If the terminal can clear from the current position to the
1369 end of the line, leaving the cursor where it is, this
1370 should be given as <STRONG>el</STRONG>. If the terminal can clear from the
1371 beginning of the line to the current position inclusive,
1372 leaving the cursor where it is, this should be given as
1373 <STRONG>el1</STRONG>. If the terminal can clear from the current position
1374 to the end of the display, then this should be given as
1375 <STRONG>ed</STRONG>. <STRONG>Ed</STRONG> is only defined from the first column of a line.
1376 (Thus, it can be simulated by a request to delete a large
1377 number of lines, if a true <STRONG>ed</STRONG> is not available.)
1380 <STRONG>Insert/delete</STRONG> <STRONG>line</STRONG> <STRONG>and</STRONG> <STRONG>vertical</STRONG> <STRONG>motions</STRONG>
1381 If the terminal can open a new blank line before the line
1382 where the cursor is, this should be given as <STRONG>il1</STRONG>; this is
1383 done only from the first position of a line. The cursor
1384 must then appear on the newly blank line. If the terminal
1385 can delete the line which the cursor is on, then this
1386 should be given as <STRONG>dl1</STRONG>; this is done only from the first
1387 position on the line to be deleted. Versions of <STRONG>il1</STRONG> and
1388 <STRONG>dl1</STRONG> which take a single parameter and insert or delete
1389 that many lines can be given as <STRONG>il</STRONG> and <STRONG>dl</STRONG>.
1391 If the terminal has a settable scrolling region (like the
1392 vt100) the command to set this can be described with the
1393 <STRONG>csr</STRONG> capability, which takes two parameters: the top and
1394 bottom lines of the scrolling region. The cursor position
1395 is, alas, undefined after using this command.
1397 It is possible to get the effect of insert or delete line
1398 using <STRONG>csr</STRONG> on a properly chosen region; the <STRONG>sc</STRONG> and <STRONG>rc</STRONG> (save
1399 and restore cursor) commands may be useful for ensuring
1400 that your synthesized insert/delete string does not move
1401 the cursor. (Note that the <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG> library does this
1402 synthesis automatically, so you need not compose
1403 insert/delete strings for an entry with <STRONG>csr</STRONG>).
1405 Yet another way to construct insert and delete might be to
1406 use a combination of index with the memory-lock feature
1407 found on some terminals (like the HP-700/90 series, which
1408 however also has insert/delete).
1410 Inserting lines at the top or bottom of the screen can
1411 also be done using <STRONG>ri</STRONG> or <STRONG>ind</STRONG> on many terminals without a
1412 true insert/delete line, and is often faster even on ter-
1413 minals with those features.
1415 The boolean <STRONG>non_dest_scroll_region</STRONG> should be set if each
1416 scrolling window is effectively a view port on a screen-
1417 sized canvas. To test for this capability, create a
1418 scrolling region in the middle of the screen, write some-
1419 thing to the bottom line, move the cursor to the top of
1420 the region, and do <STRONG>ri</STRONG> followed by <STRONG>dl1</STRONG> or <STRONG>ind</STRONG>. If the data
1421 scrolled off the bottom of the region by the <STRONG>ri</STRONG> re-
1422 appears, then scrolling is non-destructive. System V and
1423 XSI Curses expect that <STRONG>ind</STRONG>, <STRONG>ri</STRONG>, <STRONG>indn</STRONG>, and <STRONG>rin</STRONG> will simu-
1424 late destructive scrolling; their documentation cautions
1425 you not to define <STRONG>csr</STRONG> unless this is true. This <STRONG>curses</STRONG>
1426 implementation is more liberal and will do explicit erases
1427 after scrolling if <STRONG>ndstr</STRONG> is defined.
1429 If the terminal has the ability to define a window as part
1430 of memory, which all commands affect, it should be given
1431 as the parameterized string <STRONG>wind</STRONG>. The four parameters are
1432 the starting and ending lines in memory and the starting
1433 and ending columns in memory, in that order.
1435 If the terminal can retain display memory above, then the
1436 <STRONG>da</STRONG> capability should be given; if display memory can be
1437 retained below, then <STRONG>db</STRONG> should be given. These indicate
1438 that deleting a line or scrolling may bring non-blank
1439 lines up from below or that scrolling back with <STRONG>ri</STRONG> may
1440 bring down non-blank lines.
1443 <STRONG>Insert/Delete</STRONG> <STRONG>Character</STRONG>
1444 There are two basic kinds of intelligent terminals with
1445 respect to insert/delete character which can be described
1446 using <EM>terminfo.</EM> The most common insert/delete character
1447 operations affect only the characters on the current line
1448 and shift characters off the end of the line rigidly.
1449 Other terminals, such as the Concept 100 and the Perkin
1450 Elmer Owl, make a distinction between typed and untyped
1451 blanks on the screen, shifting upon an insert or delete
1452 only to an untyped blank on the screen which is either
1453 eliminated, or expanded to two untyped blanks. You can
1454 determine the kind of terminal you have by clearing the
1455 screen and then typing text separated by cursor motions.
1456 Type "abc def" using local cursor motions (not spaces)
1457 between the "abc" and the "def". Then position the cursor
1458 before the "abc" and put the terminal in insert mode. If
1459 typing characters causes the rest of the line to shift
1460 rigidly and characters to fall off the end, then your ter-
1461 minal does not distinguish between blanks and untyped
1462 positions. If the "abc" shifts over to the "def" which
1463 then move together around the end of the current line and
1464 onto the next as you insert, you have the second type of
1465 terminal, and should give the capability <STRONG>in</STRONG>, which stands
1466 for "insert null". While these are two logically separate
1467 attributes (one line versus multi-line insert mode, and
1468 special treatment of untyped spaces) we have seen no ter-
1469 minals whose insert mode cannot be described with the sin-
1472 Terminfo can describe both terminals which have an insert
1473 mode, and terminals which send a simple sequence to open a
1474 blank position on the current line. Give as <STRONG>smir</STRONG> the
1475 sequence to get into insert mode. Give as <STRONG>rmir</STRONG> the
1476 sequence to leave insert mode. Now give as <STRONG>ich1</STRONG> any
1477 sequence needed to be sent just before sending the charac-
1478 ter to be inserted. Most terminals with a true insert
1479 mode will not give <STRONG>ich1</STRONG>; terminals which send a sequence
1480 to open a screen position should give it here.
1482 If your terminal has both, insert mode is usually prefer-
1483 able to <STRONG>ich1</STRONG>. Technically, you should not give both
1484 unless the terminal actually requires both to be used in
1485 combination. Accordingly, some non-curses applications
1486 get confused if both are present; the symptom is doubled
1487 characters in an update using insert. This requirement is
1488 now rare; most <STRONG>ich</STRONG> sequences do not require previous smir,
1489 and most smir insert modes do not require <STRONG>ich1</STRONG> before each
1490 character. Therefore, the new <STRONG>curses</STRONG> actually assumes
1491 this is the case and uses either <STRONG>rmir</STRONG>/<STRONG>smir</STRONG> or <STRONG>ich</STRONG>/<STRONG>ich1</STRONG> as
1492 appropriate (but not both). If you have to write an entry
1493 to be used under new curses for a terminal old enough to
1494 need both, include the <STRONG>rmir</STRONG>/<STRONG>smir</STRONG> sequences in <STRONG>ich1</STRONG>.
1496 If post insert padding is needed, give this as a number of
1497 milliseconds in <STRONG>ip</STRONG> (a string option). Any other sequence
1498 which may need to be sent after an insert of a single
1499 character may also be given in <STRONG>ip</STRONG>. If your terminal needs
1500 both to be placed into an `insert mode' and a special code
1501 to precede each inserted character, then both <STRONG>smir</STRONG>/<STRONG>rmir</STRONG>
1502 and <STRONG>ich1</STRONG> can be given, and both will be used. The <STRONG>ich</STRONG>
1503 capability, with one parameter, <EM>n</EM>, will repeat the effects
1504 of <STRONG>ich1</STRONG> <EM>n</EM> times.
1506 If padding is necessary between characters typed while not
1507 in insert mode, give this as a number of milliseconds
1508 padding in <STRONG>rmp</STRONG>.
1510 It is occasionally necessary to move around while in
1511 insert mode to delete characters on the same line (e.g.,
1512 if there is a tab after the insertion position). If your
1513 terminal allows motion while in insert mode you can give
1514 the capability <STRONG>mir</STRONG> to speed up inserting in this case.
1515 Omitting <STRONG>mir</STRONG> will affect only speed. Some terminals
1516 (notably Datamedia's) must not have <STRONG>mir</STRONG> because of the way
1517 their insert mode works.
1519 Finally, you can specify <STRONG>dch1</STRONG> to delete a single charac-
1520 ter, <STRONG>dch</STRONG> with one parameter, <EM>n</EM>, to delete <EM>n</EM> <EM>characters,</EM>
1521 and delete mode by giving <STRONG>smdc</STRONG> and <STRONG>rmdc</STRONG> to enter and exit
1522 delete mode (any mode the terminal needs to be placed in
1523 for <STRONG>dch1</STRONG> to work).
1525 A command to erase <EM>n</EM> characters (equivalent to outputting
1526 <EM>n</EM> blanks without moving the cursor) can be given as <STRONG>ech</STRONG>
1530 <STRONG>Highlighting,</STRONG> <STRONG>Underlining,</STRONG> <STRONG>and</STRONG> <STRONG>Visible</STRONG> <STRONG>Bells</STRONG>
1531 If your terminal has one or more kinds of display
1532 attributes, these can be represented in a number of dif-
1533 ferent ways. You should choose one display form as <EM>stand-</EM>
1534 <EM>out</EM> <EM>mode</EM>, representing a good, high contrast, easy-on-the-
1535 eyes, format for highlighting error messages and other
1536 attention getters. (If you have a choice, reverse video
1537 plus half-bright is good, or reverse video alone.) The
1538 sequences to enter and exit standout mode are given as
1539 <STRONG>smso</STRONG> and <STRONG>rmso</STRONG>, respectively. If the code to change into
1540 or out of standout mode leaves one or even two blank
1541 spaces on the screen, as the TVI 912 and Teleray 1061 do,
1542 then <STRONG>xmc</STRONG> should be given to tell how many spaces are left.
1544 Codes to begin underlining and end underlining can be
1545 given as <STRONG>smul</STRONG> and <STRONG>rmul</STRONG> respectively. If the terminal has
1546 a code to underline the current character and move the
1547 cursor one space to the right, such as the Microterm Mime,
1548 this can be given as <STRONG>uc</STRONG>.
1550 Other capabilities to enter various highlighting modes
1551 include <STRONG>blink</STRONG> (blinking) <STRONG>bold</STRONG> (bold or extra bright) <STRONG>dim</STRONG>
1552 (dim or half-bright) <STRONG>invis</STRONG> (blanking or invisible text)
1553 <STRONG>prot</STRONG> (protected) <STRONG>rev</STRONG> (reverse video) <STRONG>sgr0</STRONG> (turn off <EM>all</EM>
1554 attribute modes) <STRONG>smacs</STRONG> (enter alternate character set
1555 mode) and <STRONG>rmacs</STRONG> (exit alternate character set mode).
1556 Turning on any of these modes singly may or may not turn
1559 If there is a sequence to set arbitrary combinations of
1560 modes, this should be given as <STRONG>sgr</STRONG> (set attributes), tak-
1561 ing 9 parameters. Each parameter is either 0 or nonzero,
1562 as the corresponding attribute is on or off. The 9 param-
1563 eters are, in order: standout, underline, reverse, blink,
1564 dim, bold, blank, protect, alternate character set. Not
1565 all modes need be supported by <STRONG>sgr</STRONG>, only those for which
1566 corresponding separate attribute commands exist.
1568 For example, the DEC vt220 supports most of the modes:
1570 <STRONG>tparm</STRONG> <STRONG>parameter</STRONG> <STRONG>attribute</STRONG> <STRONG>escape</STRONG> <STRONG>sequence</STRONG>
1573 p1 standout \E[0;1;7m
1574 p2 underline \E[0;4m
1578 p5 dim not available
1582 p9 altcharset ^O (off) ^N (on)
1584 We begin each escape sequence by turning off any existing
1585 modes, since there is no quick way to determine whether
1586 they are active. Standout is set up to be the combination
1587 of reverse and bold. The vt220 terminal has a protect
1588 mode, though it is not commonly used in sgr because it
1589 protects characters on the screen from the host's era-
1590 sures. The altcharset mode also is different in that it
1591 is either ^O or ^N, depending on whether it is off or on.
1592 If all modes are turned on, the resulting sequence is
1595 Some sequences are common to different modes. For exam-
1596 ple, ;7 is output when either p1 or p3 is true, that is,
1597 if either standout or reverse modes are turned on.
1599 Writing out the above sequences, along with their depen-
1602 <STRONG>sequence</STRONG> <STRONG>when</STRONG> <STRONG>to</STRONG> <STRONG>output</STRONG> <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> <STRONG>translation</STRONG>
1605 ;1 if p1 or p6 %?%p1%p6%|%t;1%;
1606 ;4 if p2 %?%p2%|%t;4%;
1607 ;5 if p4 %?%p4%|%t;5%;
1608 ;7 if p1 or p3 %?%p1%p3%|%t;7%;
1609 ;8 if p7 %?%p7%|%t;8%;
1611 ^N or ^O if p9 ^N, else ^O %?%p9%t^N%e^O%;
1613 Putting this all together into the sgr sequence gives:
1615 sgr=\E[0%?%p1%p6%|%t;1%;%?%p2%t;4%;%?%p1%p3%|%t;7%;
1616 %?%p4%t;5%;%?%p7%t;8%;m%?%p9%t\016%e\017%;,
1618 Remember that if you specify sgr, you must also specify
1621 Terminals with the ``magic cookie'' glitch (<STRONG>xmc</STRONG>) deposit
1622 special ``cookies'' when they receive mode-setting
1623 sequences, which affect the display algorithm rather than
1624 having extra bits for each character. Some terminals,
1625 such as the HP 2621, automatically leave standout mode
1626 when they move to a new line or the cursor is addressed.
1627 Programs using standout mode should exit standout mode
1628 before moving the cursor or sending a newline, unless the
1629 <STRONG>msgr</STRONG> capability, asserting that it is safe to move in
1630 standout mode, is present.
1632 If the terminal has a way of flashing the screen to indi-
1633 cate an error quietly (a bell replacement) then this can
1634 be given as <STRONG>flash</STRONG>; it must not move the cursor.
1636 If the cursor needs to be made more visible than normal
1637 when it is not on the bottom line (to make, for example, a
1638 non-blinking underline into an easier to find block or
1639 blinking underline) give this sequence as <STRONG>cvvis</STRONG>. If there
1640 is a way to make the cursor completely invisible, give
1641 that as <STRONG>civis</STRONG>. The capability <STRONG>cnorm</STRONG> should be given which
1642 undoes the effects of both of these modes.
1644 If your terminal correctly generates underlined characters
1645 (with no special codes needed) even though it does not
1646 overstrike, then you should give the capability <STRONG>ul</STRONG>. If a
1647 character overstriking another leaves both characters on
1648 the screen, specify the capability <STRONG>os</STRONG>. If overstrikes are
1649 erasable with a blank, then this should be indicated by
1650 giving <STRONG>eo</STRONG>.
1653 <STRONG>Keypad</STRONG> <STRONG>and</STRONG> <STRONG>Function</STRONG> <STRONG>Keys</STRONG>
1654 If the terminal has a keypad that transmits codes when the
1655 keys are pressed, this information can be given. Note
1656 that it is not possible to handle terminals where the key-
1657 pad only works in local (this applies, for example, to the
1658 unshifted HP 2621 keys). If the keypad can be set to
1659 transmit or not transmit, give these codes as <STRONG>smkx</STRONG> and
1660 <STRONG>rmkx</STRONG>. Otherwise the keypad is assumed to always transmit.
1661 The codes sent by the left arrow, right arrow, up arrow,
1662 down arrow, and home keys can be given as <STRONG>kcub1,</STRONG> <STRONG>kcuf1,</STRONG>
1663 <STRONG>kcuu1,</STRONG> <STRONG>kcud1,</STRONG> and <STRONG>khome</STRONG> respectively. If there are func-
1664 tion keys such as f0, f1, ..., f10, the codes they send
1665 can be given as <STRONG>kf0,</STRONG> <STRONG>kf1,</STRONG> <STRONG>...,</STRONG> <STRONG>kf10</STRONG>. If these keys have
1666 labels other than the default f0 through f10, the labels
1667 can be given as <STRONG>lf0,</STRONG> <STRONG>lf1,</STRONG> <STRONG>...,</STRONG> <STRONG>lf10</STRONG>. The codes transmit-
1668 ted by certain other special keys can be given: <STRONG>kll</STRONG> (home
1669 down), <STRONG>kbs</STRONG> (backspace), <STRONG>ktbc</STRONG> (clear all tabs), <STRONG>kctab</STRONG>
1670 (clear the tab stop in this column), <STRONG>kclr</STRONG> (clear screen or
1671 erase key), <STRONG>kdch1</STRONG> (delete character), <STRONG>kdl1</STRONG> (delete line),
1672 <STRONG>krmir</STRONG> (exit insert mode), <STRONG>kel</STRONG> (clear to end of line), <STRONG>ked</STRONG>
1673 (clear to end of screen), <STRONG>kich1</STRONG> (insert character or enter
1674 insert mode), <STRONG>kil1</STRONG> (insert line), <STRONG>knp</STRONG> (next page), <STRONG>kpp</STRONG>
1675 (previous page), <STRONG>kind</STRONG> (scroll forward/down), <STRONG>kri</STRONG> (scroll
1676 backward/up), <STRONG>khts</STRONG> (set a tab stop in this column). In
1677 addition, if the keypad has a 3 by 3 array of keys includ-
1678 ing the four arrow keys, the other five keys can be given
1679 as <STRONG>ka1</STRONG>, <STRONG>ka3</STRONG>, <STRONG>kb2</STRONG>, <STRONG>kc1</STRONG>, and <STRONG>kc3</STRONG>. These keys are useful
1680 when the effects of a 3 by 3 directional pad are needed.
1682 Strings to program function keys can be given as <STRONG>pfkey</STRONG>,
1683 <STRONG>pfloc</STRONG>, and <STRONG>pfx</STRONG>. A string to program screen labels should
1684 be specified as <STRONG>pln</STRONG>. Each of these strings takes two
1685 parameters: the function key number to program (from 0 to
1686 10) and the string to program it with. Function key num-
1687 bers out of this range may program undefined keys in a
1688 terminal dependent manner. The difference between the
1689 capabilities is that <STRONG>pfkey</STRONG> causes pressing the given key
1690 to be the same as the user typing the given string; <STRONG>pfloc</STRONG>
1691 causes the string to be executed by the terminal in local;
1692 and <STRONG>pfx</STRONG> causes the string to be transmitted to the com-
1695 The capabilities <STRONG>nlab</STRONG>, <STRONG>lw</STRONG> and <STRONG>lh</STRONG> define the number of pro-
1696 grammable screen labels and their width and height. If
1697 there are commands to turn the labels on and off, give
1698 them in <STRONG>smln</STRONG> and <STRONG>rmln</STRONG>. <STRONG>smln</STRONG> is normally output after one
1699 or more pln sequences to make sure that the change becomes
1703 <STRONG>Tabs</STRONG> <STRONG>and</STRONG> <STRONG>Initialization</STRONG>
1704 If the terminal has hardware tabs, the command to advance
1705 to the next tab stop can be given as <STRONG>ht</STRONG> (usually control
1706 I). A ``back-tab'' command which moves leftward to the
1707 preceding tab stop can be given as <STRONG>cbt</STRONG>. By convention, if
1708 the teletype modes indicate that tabs are being expanded
1709 by the computer rather than being sent to the terminal,
1710 programs should not use <STRONG>ht</STRONG> or <STRONG>cbt</STRONG> even if they are pre-
1711 sent, since the user may not have the tab stops properly
1712 set. If the terminal has hardware tabs which are ini-
1713 tially set every <EM>n</EM> spaces when the terminal is powered up,
1714 the numeric parameter <STRONG>it</STRONG> is given, showing the number of
1715 spaces the tabs are set to. This is normally used by the
1716 <EM>tset</EM> command to determine whether to set the mode for
1717 hardware tab expansion, and whether to set the tab stops.
1718 If the terminal has tab stops that can be saved in non-
1719 volatile memory, the terminfo description can assume that
1720 they are properly set.
1722 Other capabilities include <STRONG>is1</STRONG>, <STRONG>is2</STRONG>, and <STRONG>is3</STRONG>, initializa-
1723 tion strings for the terminal, <STRONG>iprog</STRONG>, the path name of a
1724 program to be run to initialize the terminal, and <STRONG>if</STRONG>, the
1725 name of a file containing long initialization strings.
1726 These strings are expected to set the terminal into modes
1727 consistent with the rest of the terminfo description.
1728 They are normally sent to the terminal, by the <EM>init</EM> option
1729 of the <EM>tput</EM> program, each time the user logs in. They
1730 will be printed in the following order: run the program
1731 <STRONG>iprog</STRONG>; output <STRONG>is1</STRONG>; <STRONG>is2</STRONG>; set the margins using <STRONG>mgc</STRONG>, <STRONG>smgl</STRONG>
1732 and <STRONG>smgr</STRONG>; set tabs using <STRONG>tbc</STRONG> and <STRONG>hts</STRONG>; print the file <STRONG>if</STRONG>;
1733 and finally output <STRONG>is3</STRONG>.
1735 Most initialization is done with <STRONG>is2</STRONG>. Special terminal
1736 modes can be set up without duplicating strings by putting
1737 the common sequences in <STRONG>is2</STRONG> and special cases in <STRONG>is1</STRONG> and
1738 <STRONG>is3</STRONG>. A pair of sequences that does a harder reset from a
1739 totally unknown state can be analogously given as <STRONG>rs1</STRONG>,
1740 <STRONG>rs2</STRONG>, <STRONG>rf</STRONG>, and <STRONG>rs3</STRONG>, analogous to <STRONG>is2</STRONG> and <STRONG>if</STRONG>. These strings
1741 are output by the <EM>reset</EM> program, which is used when the
1742 terminal gets into a wedged state. Commands are normally
1743 placed in <STRONG>rs1</STRONG>, <STRONG>rs2</STRONG> <STRONG>rs3</STRONG> and <STRONG>rf</STRONG> only if they produce annoy-
1744 ing effects on the screen and are not necessary when log-
1745 ging in. For example, the command to set the vt100 into
1746 80-column mode would normally be part of <STRONG>is2</STRONG>, but it
1747 causes an annoying glitch of the screen and is not nor-
1748 mally needed since the terminal is usually already in 80
1751 If there are commands to set and clear tab stops, they can
1752 be given as <STRONG>tbc</STRONG> (clear all tab stops) and <STRONG>hts</STRONG> (set a tab
1753 stop in the current column of every row). If a more com-
1754 plex sequence is needed to set the tabs than can be
1755 described by this, the sequence can be placed in <STRONG>is2</STRONG> or
1756 <STRONG>if</STRONG>.
1758 <STRONG>Delays</STRONG> <STRONG>and</STRONG> <STRONG>Padding</STRONG>
1759 Many older and slower terminals don't support either
1760 XON/XOFF or DTR handshaking, including hard copy terminals
1761 and some very archaic CRTs (including, for example, DEC
1762 VT100s). These may require padding characters after cer-
1763 tain cursor motions and screen changes.
1765 If the terminal uses xon/xoff handshaking for flow control
1766 (that is, it automatically emits ^S back to the host when
1767 its input buffers are close to full), set <STRONG>xon</STRONG>. This capa-
1768 bility suppresses the emission of padding. You can also
1769 set it for memory-mapped console devices effectively that
1770 don't have a speed limit. Padding information should
1771 still be included so that routines can make better deci-
1772 sions about relative costs, but actual pad characters will
1775 If <STRONG>pb</STRONG> (padding baud rate) is given, padding is suppressed
1776 at baud rates below the value of <STRONG>pb</STRONG>. If the entry has no
1777 padding baud rate, then whether padding is emitted or not
1778 is completely controlled by <STRONG>xon</STRONG>.
1780 If the terminal requires other than a null (zero) charac-
1781 ter as a pad, then this can be given as <STRONG>pad</STRONG>. Only the
1782 first character of the <STRONG>pad</STRONG> string is used.
1785 <STRONG>Status</STRONG> <STRONG>Lines</STRONG>
1786 Some terminals have an extra `status line' which is not
1787 normally used by software (and thus not counted in the
1788 terminal's <STRONG>lines</STRONG> capability).
1790 The simplest case is a status line which is cursor-
1791 addressable but not part of the main scrolling region on
1792 the screen; the Heathkit H19 has a status line of this
1793 kind, as would a 24-line VT100 with a 23-line scrolling
1794 region set up on initialization. This situation is indi-
1795 cated by the <STRONG>hs</STRONG> capability.
1797 Some terminals with status lines need special sequences to
1798 access the status line. These may be expressed as a
1799 string with single parameter <STRONG>tsl</STRONG> which takes the cursor to
1800 a given zero-origin column on the status line. The capa-
1801 bility <STRONG>fsl</STRONG> must return to the main-screen cursor positions
1802 before the last <STRONG>tsl</STRONG>. You may need to embed the string
1803 values of <STRONG>sc</STRONG> (save cursor) and <STRONG>rc</STRONG> (restore cursor) in <STRONG>tsl</STRONG>
1804 and <STRONG>fsl</STRONG> to accomplish this.
1806 The status line is normally assumed to be the same width
1807 as the width of the terminal. If this is untrue, you can
1808 specify it with the numeric capability <STRONG>wsl</STRONG>.
1810 A command to erase or blank the status line may be speci-
1811 fied as <STRONG>dsl</STRONG>.
1813 The boolean capability <STRONG>eslok</STRONG> specifies that escape
1814 sequences, tabs, etc., work ordinarily in the status line.
1816 The <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> implementation does not yet use any of these
1817 capabilities. They are documented here in case they ever
1821 <STRONG>Line</STRONG> <STRONG>Graphics</STRONG>
1822 Many terminals have alternate character sets useful for
1823 forms-drawing. Terminfo and <STRONG>curses</STRONG> build in support for
1824 the drawing characters supported by the VT100, with some
1825 characters from the AT&T 4410v1 added. This alternate
1826 character set may be specified by the <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> capability.
1828 <STRONG>Glyph</STRONG> <STRONG>ACS</STRONG> <STRONG>Ascii</STRONG> <STRONG>VT100</STRONG>
1829 <STRONG>Name</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG> <STRONG>Default</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG>
1830 UK pound sign ACS_STERLING f }
1831 arrow pointing down ACS_DARROW v .
1832 arrow pointing left ACS_LARROW < ,
1833 arrow pointing right ACS_RARROW > +
1834 arrow pointing up ACS_UARROW ^ -
1835 board of squares ACS_BOARD # h
1836 bullet ACS_BULLET o ~
1837 checker board (stipple) ACS_CKBOARD : a
1838 degree symbol ACS_DEGREE \ f
1840 diamond ACS_DIAMOND + `
1841 greater-than-or-equal-to ACS_GEQUAL > z
1843 horizontal line ACS_HLINE - q
1844 lantern symbol ACS_LANTERN # i
1845 large plus or crossover ACS_PLUS + n
1846 less-than-or-equal-to ACS_LEQUAL < y
1847 lower left corner ACS_LLCORNER + m
1848 lower right corner ACS_LRCORNER + j
1849 not-equal ACS_NEQUAL ! |
1850 plus/minus ACS_PLMINUS # g
1851 scan line 1 ACS_S1 ~ o
1852 scan line 3 ACS_S3 - p
1853 scan line 7 ACS_S7 - r
1854 scan line 9 ACS_S9 _ s
1855 solid square block ACS_BLOCK # 0
1856 tee pointing down ACS_TTEE + w
1857 tee pointing left ACS_RTEE + u
1858 tee pointing right ACS_LTEE + t
1859 tee pointing up ACS_BTEE + v
1860 upper left corner ACS_ULCORNER + l
1861 upper right corner ACS_URCORNER + k
1862 vertical line ACS_VLINE | x
1864 The best way to define a new device's graphics set is to
1865 add a column to a copy of this table for your terminal,
1866 giving the character which (when emitted between
1867 <STRONG>smacs</STRONG>/<STRONG>rmacs</STRONG> switches) will be rendered as the correspond-
1868 ing graphic. Then read off the VT100/your terminal char-
1869 acter pairs right to left in sequence; these become the
1873 <STRONG>Color</STRONG> <STRONG>Handling</STRONG>
1874 Most color terminals are either `Tektronix-like' or `HP-
1875 like'. Tektronix-like terminals have a predefined set of
1876 N colors (where N usually 8), and can set character-cell
1877 foreground and background characters independently, mixing
1878 them into N * N color-pairs. On HP-like terminals, the
1879 use must set each color pair up separately (foreground and
1880 background are not independently settable). Up to M
1881 color-pairs may be set up from 2*M different colors.
1882 ANSI-compatible terminals are Tektronix-like.
1884 Some basic color capabilities are independent of the color
1885 method. The numeric capabilities <STRONG>colors</STRONG> and <STRONG>pairs</STRONG> specify
1886 the maximum numbers of colors and color-pairs that can be
1887 displayed simultaneously. The <STRONG>op</STRONG> (original pair) string
1888 resets foreground and background colors to their default
1889 values for the terminal. The <STRONG>oc</STRONG> string resets all colors
1890 or color-pairs to their default values for the terminal.
1891 Some terminals (including many PC terminal emulators)
1892 erase screen areas with the current background color
1893 rather than the power-up default background; these should
1894 have the boolean capability <STRONG>bce</STRONG>.
1896 To change the current foreground or background color on a
1897 Tektronix-type terminal, use <STRONG>setaf</STRONG> (set ANSI foreground)
1898 and <STRONG>setab</STRONG> (set ANSI background) or <STRONG>setf</STRONG> (set foreground)
1899 and <STRONG>setb</STRONG> (set background). These take one parameter, the
1900 color number. The SVr4 documentation describes only
1901 <STRONG>setaf</STRONG>/<STRONG>setab</STRONG>; the XPG4 draft says that "If the terminal
1902 supports ANSI escape sequences to set background and fore-
1903 ground, they should be coded as <STRONG>setaf</STRONG> and <STRONG>setab</STRONG>, respec-
1904 tively. If the terminal supports other escape sequences
1905 to set background and foreground, they should be coded as
1906 <STRONG>setf</STRONG> and <STRONG>setb</STRONG>, respectively. The <EM>vidputs()</EM> function and
1907 the refresh functions use <STRONG>setaf</STRONG> and <STRONG>setab</STRONG> if they are
1910 The <STRONG>setaf</STRONG>/<STRONG>setab</STRONG> and <STRONG>setf</STRONG>/<STRONG>setb</STRONG> capabilities take a single
1911 numeric argument each. Argument values 0-7 of <STRONG>setaf</STRONG>/<STRONG>setab</STRONG>
1912 are portably defined as follows (the middle column is the
1913 symbolic #define available in the header for the <STRONG>curses</STRONG> or
1914 <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> libraries). The terminal hardware is free to map
1915 these as it likes, but the RGB values indicate normal
1916 locations in color space.
1918 <STRONG>Color</STRONG> <STRONG>#define</STRONG> <STRONG>Value</STRONG> <STRONG>RGB</STRONG>
1919 black <STRONG>COLOR_BLACK</STRONG> 0 0, 0, 0
1920 red <STRONG>COLOR_RED</STRONG> 1 max,0,0
1921 green <STRONG>COLOR_GREEN</STRONG> 2 0,max,0
1922 yellow <STRONG>COLOR_YELLOW</STRONG> 3 max,max,0
1923 blue <STRONG>COLOR_BLUE</STRONG> 4 0,0,max
1924 magenta <STRONG>COLOR_MAGENTA</STRONG> 5 max,0,max
1925 cyan <STRONG>COLOR_CYAN</STRONG> 6 0,max,max
1926 white <STRONG>COLOR_WHITE</STRONG> 7 max,max,max
1928 The argument values of <STRONG>setf</STRONG>/<STRONG>setb</STRONG> historically correspond
1929 to a different mapping, i.e.,
1930 <STRONG>Color</STRONG> <STRONG>#define</STRONG> <STRONG>Value</STRONG> <STRONG>RGB</STRONG>
1931 black <STRONG>COLOR_BLACK</STRONG> 0 0, 0, 0
1932 blue <STRONG>COLOR_BLUE</STRONG> 1 0,0,max
1933 green <STRONG>COLOR_GREEN</STRONG> 2 0,max,0
1934 cyan <STRONG>COLOR_CYAN</STRONG> 3 0,max,max
1935 red <STRONG>COLOR_RED</STRONG> 4 max,0,0
1936 magenta <STRONG>COLOR_MAGENTA</STRONG> 5 max,0,max
1937 yellow <STRONG>COLOR_YELLOW</STRONG> 6 max,max,0
1938 white <STRONG>COLOR_WHITE</STRONG> 7 max,max,max
1939 It is important to not confuse the two sets of color capa-
1940 bilities; otherwise red/blue will be interchanged on the
1943 On an HP-like terminal, use <STRONG>scp</STRONG> with a color-pair number
1944 parameter to set which color pair is current.
1946 On a Tektronix-like terminal, the capability <STRONG>ccc</STRONG> may be
1947 present to indicate that colors can be modified. If so,
1948 the <STRONG>initc</STRONG> capability will take a color number (0 to <STRONG>colors</STRONG>
1949 - 1)and three more parameters which describe the color.
1950 These three parameters default to being interpreted as RGB
1951 (Red, Green, Blue) values. If the boolean capability <STRONG>hls</STRONG>
1952 is present, they are instead as HLS (Hue, Lightness, Satu-
1953 ration) indices. The ranges are terminal-dependent.
1955 On an HP-like terminal, <STRONG>initp</STRONG> may give a capability for
1956 changing a color-pair value. It will take seven parame-
1957 ters; a color-pair number (0 to <STRONG>max_pairs</STRONG> - 1), and two
1958 triples describing first background and then foreground
1959 colors. These parameters must be (Red, Green, Blue) or
1960 (Hue, Lightness, Saturation) depending on <STRONG>hls</STRONG>.
1962 On some color terminals, colors collide with highlights.
1963 You can register these collisions with the <STRONG>ncv</STRONG> capability.
1964 This is a bit-mask of attributes not to be used when col-
1965 ors are enabled. The correspondence with the attributes
1966 understood by <STRONG>curses</STRONG> is as follows:
1968 <STRONG>Attribute</STRONG> <STRONG>Bit</STRONG> <STRONG>Decimal</STRONG>
1980 For example, on many IBM PC consoles, the underline
1981 attribute collides with the foreground color blue and is
1982 not available in color mode. These should have an <STRONG>ncv</STRONG>
1985 SVr4 curses does nothing with <STRONG>ncv</STRONG>, ncurses recognizes it
1986 and optimizes the output in favor of colors.
1989 <STRONG>Miscellaneous</STRONG>
1990 If the terminal requires other than a null (zero) charac-
1991 ter as a pad, then this can be given as pad. Only the
1992 first character of the pad string is used. If the termi-
1993 nal does not have a pad character, specify npc. Note that
1994 ncurses implements the termcap-compatible <STRONG>PC</STRONG> variable;
1995 though the application may set this value to something
1996 other than a null, ncurses will test <STRONG>npc</STRONG> first and use
1997 napms if the terminal has no pad character.
1999 If the terminal can move up or down half a line, this can
2000 be indicated with <STRONG>hu</STRONG> (half-line up) and <STRONG>hd</STRONG> (half-line
2001 down). This is primarily useful for superscripts and sub-
2002 scripts on hard-copy terminals. If a hard-copy terminal
2003 can eject to the next page (form feed), give this as <STRONG>ff</STRONG>
2004 (usually control L).
2006 If there is a command to repeat a given character a given
2007 number of times (to save time transmitting a large number
2008 of identical characters) this can be indicated with the
2009 parameterized string <STRONG>rep</STRONG>. The first parameter is the
2010 character to be repeated and the second is the number of
2011 times to repeat it. Thus, tparm(repeat_char, 'x', 10) is
2012 the same as `xxxxxxxxxx'.
2014 If the terminal has a settable command character, such as
2015 the TEKTRONIX 4025, this can be indicated with <STRONG>cmdch</STRONG>. A
2016 prototype command character is chosen which is used in all
2017 capabilities. This character is given in the <STRONG>cmdch</STRONG> capa-
2018 bility to identify it. The following convention is sup-
2019 ported on some UNIX systems: The environment is to be
2020 searched for a <STRONG>CC</STRONG> variable, and if found, all occurrences
2021 of the prototype character are replaced with the character
2022 in the environment variable.
2024 Terminal descriptions that do not represent a specific
2025 kind of known terminal, such as <EM>switch</EM>, <EM>dialup</EM>, <EM>patch</EM>, and
2026 <EM>network</EM>, should include the <STRONG>gn</STRONG> (generic) capability so
2027 that programs can complain that they do not know how to
2028 talk to the terminal. (This capability does not apply to
2029 <EM>virtual</EM> terminal descriptions for which the escape
2030 sequences are known.)
2032 If the terminal has a ``meta key'' which acts as a shift
2033 key, setting the 8th bit of any character transmitted,
2034 this fact can be indicated with <STRONG>km</STRONG>. Otherwise, software
2035 will assume that the 8th bit is parity and it will usually
2036 be cleared. If strings exist to turn this ``meta mode''
2037 on and off, they can be given as <STRONG>smm</STRONG> and <STRONG>rmm</STRONG>.
2039 If the terminal has more lines of memory than will fit on
2040 the screen at once, the number of lines of memory can be
2041 indicated with <STRONG>lm</STRONG>. A value of <STRONG>lm</STRONG>#0 indicates that the
2042 number of lines is not fixed, but that there is still more
2043 memory than fits on the screen.
2045 If the terminal is one of those supported by the UNIX vir-
2046 tual terminal protocol, the terminal number can be given
2047 as <STRONG>vt</STRONG>.
2049 Media copy strings which control an auxiliary printer con-
2050 nected to the terminal can be given as <STRONG>mc0</STRONG>: print the con-
2051 tents of the screen, <STRONG>mc4</STRONG>: turn off the printer, and <STRONG>mc5</STRONG>:
2052 turn on the printer. When the printer is on, all text
2053 sent to the terminal will be sent to the printer. It is
2054 undefined whether the text is also displayed on the termi-
2055 nal screen when the printer is on. A variation <STRONG>mc5p</STRONG> takes
2056 one parameter, and leaves the printer on for as many char-
2057 acters as the value of the parameter, then turns the
2058 printer off. The parameter should not exceed 255. All
2059 text, including <STRONG>mc4</STRONG>, is transparently passed to the
2060 printer while an <STRONG>mc5p</STRONG> is in effect.
2063 <STRONG>Glitches</STRONG> <STRONG>and</STRONG> <STRONG>Braindamage</STRONG>
2064 Hazeltine terminals, which do not allow `~' characters to
2065 be displayed should indicate <STRONG>hz</STRONG>.
2067 Terminals which ignore a line-feed immediately after an <STRONG>am</STRONG>
2068 wrap, such as the Concept and vt100, should indicate <STRONG>xenl</STRONG>.
2070 If <STRONG>el</STRONG> is required to get rid of standout (instead of
2071 merely writing normal text on top of it), <STRONG>xhp</STRONG> should be
2074 Teleray terminals, where tabs turn all characters moved
2075 over to blanks, should indicate <STRONG>xt</STRONG> (destructive tabs).
2076 Note: the variable indicating this is now
2077 `dest_tabs_magic_smso'; in older versions, it was tel-
2078 eray_glitch. This glitch is also taken to mean that it is
2079 not possible to position the cursor on top of a ``magic
2080 cookie'', that to erase standout mode it is instead neces-
2081 sary to use delete and insert line. The ncurses implemen-
2082 tation ignores this glitch.
2084 The Beehive Superbee, which is unable to correctly trans-
2085 mit the escape or control C characters, has <STRONG>xsb</STRONG>, indicat-
2086 ing that the f1 key is used for escape and f2 for control
2087 C. (Only certain Superbees have this problem, depending
2088 on the ROM.) Note that in older terminfo versions, this
2089 capability was called `beehive_glitch'; it is now
2092 Other specific terminal problems may be corrected by
2093 adding more capabilities of the form <STRONG>x</STRONG><EM>x</EM>.
2096 <STRONG>Similar</STRONG> <STRONG>Terminals</STRONG>
2097 If there are two very similar terminals, one (the variant)
2098 can be defined as being just like the other (the base)
2099 with certain exceptions. In the definition of the vari-
2100 ant, the string capability <STRONG>use</STRONG> can be given with the name
2101 of the base terminal. The capabilities given before <STRONG>use</STRONG>
2102 override those in the base type named by <STRONG>use</STRONG>. If there
2103 are multiple <STRONG>use</STRONG> capabilities, they are merged in reverse
2104 order. That is, the rightmost <STRONG>use</STRONG> reference is processed
2105 first, then the one to its left, and so forth. Capabili-
2106 ties given explicitly in the entry override those brought
2107 in by <STRONG>use</STRONG> references.
2109 A capability can be canceled by placing <STRONG>xx@</STRONG> to the left of
2110 the use reference that imports it, where <EM>xx</EM> is the capa-
2111 bility. For example, the entry
2113 2621-nl, smkx@, rmkx@, use=2621,
2115 defines a 2621-nl that does not have the <STRONG>smkx</STRONG> or <STRONG>rmkx</STRONG>
2116 capabilities, and hence does not turn on the function key
2117 labels when in visual mode. This is useful for different
2118 modes for a terminal, or for different user preferences.
2121 <STRONG>Pitfalls</STRONG> <STRONG>of</STRONG> <STRONG>Long</STRONG> <STRONG>Entries</STRONG>
2122 Long terminfo entries are unlikely to be a problem; to
2123 date, no entry has even approached terminfo's 4K string-
2124 table maximum. Unfortunately, the termcap translations
2125 are much more strictly limited (to 1K), thus termcap
2126 translations of long terminfo entries can cause problems.
2128 The man pages for 4.3BSD and older versions of tgetent()
2129 instruct the user to allocate a 1K buffer for the termcap
2130 entry. The entry gets null-terminated by the termcap
2131 library, so that makes the maximum safe length for a term-
2132 cap entry 1k-1 (1023) bytes. Depending on what the appli-
2133 cation and the termcap library being used does, and where
2134 in the termcap file the terminal type that tgetent() is
2135 searching for is, several bad things can happen.
2137 Some termcap libraries print a warning message or exit if
2138 they find an entry that's longer than 1023 bytes; others
2139 don't; others truncate the entries to 1023 bytes. Some
2140 application programs allocate more than the recommended 1K
2141 for the termcap entry; others don't.
2143 Each termcap entry has two important sizes associated with
2144 it: before "tc" expansion, and after "tc" expansion. "tc"
2145 is the capability that tacks on another termcap entry to
2146 the end of the current one, to add on its capabilities.
2147 If a termcap entry doesn't use the "tc" capability, then
2148 of course the two lengths are the same.
2150 The "before tc expansion" length is the most important
2151 one, because it affects more than just users of that par-
2152 ticular terminal. This is the length of the entry as it
2153 exists in /etc/termcap, minus the backslash-newline pairs,
2154 which tgetent() strips out while reading it. Some termcap
2155 libraries strip off the final newline, too (GNU termcap
2156 does not). Now suppose:
2158 * a termcap entry before expansion is more than 1023
2161 * and the application has only allocated a 1k buffer,
2163 * and the termcap library (like the one in BSD/OS 1.1
2164 and GNU) reads the whole entry into the buffer, no
2165 matter what its length, to see if it's the entry it
2168 * and tgetent() is searching for a terminal type that
2169 either is the long entry, appears in the termcap file
2170 after the long entry, or doesn't appear in the file
2171 at all (so that tgetent() has to search the whole
2174 Then tgetent() will overwrite memory, perhaps its stack,
2175 and probably core dump the program. Programs like telnet
2176 are particularly vulnerable; modern telnets pass along
2177 values like the terminal type automatically. The results
2178 are almost as undesirable with a termcap library, like
2179 SunOS 4.1.3 and Ultrix 4.4, that prints warning messages
2180 when it reads an overly long termcap entry. If a termcap
2181 library truncates long entries, like OSF/1 3.0, it is
2182 immune to dying here but will return incorrect data for
2185 The "after tc expansion" length will have a similar effect
2186 to the above, but only for people who actually set TERM to
2187 that terminal type, since tgetent() only does "tc" expan-
2188 sion once it's found the terminal type it was looking for,
2189 not while searching.
2191 In summary, a termcap entry that is longer than 1023 bytes
2192 can cause, on various combinations of termcap libraries
2193 and applications, a core dump, warnings, or incorrect
2194 operation. If it's too long even before "tc" expansion,
2195 it will have this effect even for users of some other ter-
2196 minal types and users whose TERM variable does not have a
2199 When in -C (translate to termcap) mode, the <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> imple-
2200 mentation of <STRONG><A HREF="tic.1.html">tic(1)</A></STRONG> issues warning messages when the pre-
2201 tc length of a termcap translation is too long. The -c
2202 (check) option also checks resolved (after tc expansion)
2205 <STRONG>Binary</STRONG> <STRONG>Compatibility</STRONG>
2206 It is not wise to count on portability of binary terminfo
2207 entries between commercial UNIX versions. The problem is
2208 that there are at least two versions of terminfo (under
2209 HP-UX and AIX) which diverged from System V terminfo after
2210 SVr1, and have added extension capabilities to the string
2211 table that (in the binary format) collide with System V
2212 and XSI Curses extensions.
2216 <H2>EXTENSIONS</H2><PRE>
2217 Some SVr4 <STRONG>curses</STRONG> implementations, and all previous to
2218 SVr4, don't interpret the %A and %O operators in parameter
2221 SVr4/XPG4 do not specify whether <STRONG>msgr</STRONG> licenses movement
2222 while in an alternate-character-set mode (such modes may,
2223 among other things, map CR and NL to characters that don't
2224 trigger local motions). The <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> implementation
2225 ignores <STRONG>msgr</STRONG> in <STRONG>ALTCHARSET</STRONG> mode. This raises the possi-
2226 bility that an XPG4 implementation making the opposite
2227 interpretation may need terminfo entries made for <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>
2228 to have <STRONG>msgr</STRONG> turned off.
2230 The <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> library handles insert-character and insert-
2231 character modes in a slightly non-standard way to get bet-
2232 ter update efficiency. See the <STRONG>Insert/Delete</STRONG> <STRONG>Character</STRONG>
2235 The parameter substitutions for <STRONG>set_clock</STRONG> and <STRONG>dis-</STRONG>
2236 <STRONG>play_clock</STRONG> are not documented in SVr4 or the XSI Curses
2237 standard. They are deduced from the documentation for the
2238 AT&T 505 terminal.
2240 Be careful assigning the <STRONG>kmous</STRONG> capability. The <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>
2241 wants to interpret it as <STRONG>KEY_MOUSE</STRONG>, for use by terminals
2242 and emulators like xterm that can return mouse-tracking
2243 information in the keyboard-input stream.
2245 Different commercial ports of terminfo and curses support
2246 different subsets of the XSI Curses standard and (in some
2247 cases) different extension sets. Here is a summary, accu-
2248 rate as of October 1995:
2250 <STRONG>SVR4,</STRONG> <STRONG>Solaris,</STRONG> <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> -- These support all SVr4 capabili-
2253 <STRONG>SGI</STRONG> -- Supports the SVr4 set, adds one undocumented
2254 extended string capability (<STRONG>set_pglen</STRONG>).
2256 <STRONG>SVr1,</STRONG> <STRONG>Ultrix</STRONG> -- These support a restricted subset of ter-
2257 minfo capabilities. The booleans end with <STRONG>xon_xoff</STRONG>; the
2258 numerics with <STRONG>width_status_line</STRONG>; and the strings with
2259 <STRONG>prtr_non</STRONG>.
2261 <STRONG>HP/UX</STRONG> -- Supports the SVr1 subset, plus the SVr[234]
2262 numerics <STRONG>num_labels</STRONG>, <STRONG>label_height</STRONG>, <STRONG>label_width</STRONG>, plus func-
2263 tion keys 11 through 63, plus <STRONG>plab_norm</STRONG>, <STRONG>label_on</STRONG>, and
2264 <STRONG>label_off</STRONG>, plus some incompatible extensions in the string
2267 <STRONG>AIX</STRONG> -- Supports the SVr1 subset, plus function keys 11
2268 through 63, plus a number of incompatible string table
2271 <STRONG>OSF</STRONG> -- Supports both the SVr4 set and the AIX extensions.
2276 /usr/share/terminfo/?/* files containing terminal
2281 <H2>SEE ALSO</H2><PRE>
2282 <STRONG><A HREF="tic.1m.html">tic(1m)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="printf.3S.html">printf(3S)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="term.5.html">term(5)</A></STRONG>.
2286 <H2>AUTHORS</H2><PRE>
2287 Zeyd M. Ben-Halim, Eric S. Raymond, Thomas E. Dickey.
2288 Based on pcurses by Pavel Curtis.
2292 <STRONG><A HREF="TERMINFO.5.html">TERMINFO(5)</A></STRONG>
2296 Man(1) output converted with
2297 <a href="http://www.oac.uci.edu/indiv/ehood/man2html.html">man2html</a>
projects / dragonfly.git / blob