kernel - Change ncp->nc_generation operation

[dragonfly.git] / sys / kern / vfs_cache.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2003-2020 The DragonFly Project.  All rights reserved.
 * 
 * This code is derived from software contributed to The DragonFly Project
 * by Matthew Dillon <dillon@backplane.com>
 * 
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
 *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
 *    distribution.
 * 3. Neither the name of The DragonFly Project nor the names of its
 *    contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
 *    from this software without specific, prior written permission.
 * 
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 * ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
 * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
 * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
 * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
 * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
 * AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
 * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
 * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 * 
 * Copyright (c) 1989, 1993, 1995
 *      The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 *
 * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
 * Poul-Henning Kamp of the FreeBSD Project.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/uio.h>
#include <sys/kernel.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#include <sys/mount.h>
#include <sys/vnode.h>
#include <sys/malloc.h>
#include <sys/sysmsg.h>
#include <sys/spinlock.h>
#include <sys/proc.h>
#include <sys/nlookup.h>
#include <sys/filedesc.h>
#include <sys/fnv_hash.h>
#include <sys/globaldata.h>
#include <sys/kern_syscall.h>
#include <sys/dirent.h>
#include <ddb/ddb.h>

#include <sys/spinlock2.h>

#define MAX_RECURSION_DEPTH     64

/*
 * Random lookups in the cache are accomplished with a hash table using
 * a hash key of (nc_src_vp, name).  Each hash chain has its own spin lock,
 * but we use the ncp->update counter trick to avoid acquiring any
 * contestable spin-locks during a lookup.
 *
 * Negative entries may exist and correspond to resolved namecache
 * structures where nc_vp is NULL.  In a negative entry, NCF_WHITEOUT
 * will be set if the entry corresponds to a whited-out directory entry
 * (verses simply not finding the entry at all).  pcpu_ncache[n].neg_list
 * is locked via pcpu_ncache[n].neg_spin;
 *
 * MPSAFE RULES:
 *
 * (1) ncp's typically have at least a nc_refs of 1, and usually 2.  One
 *     is applicable to direct lookups via the hash table nchpp or via
 *     nc_list (the two are added or removed together).  Removal of the ncp
 *     from the hash table drops this reference.  The second is applicable
 *     to vp->v_namecache linkages (or negative list linkages), and removal
 *     of the ncp from these lists drops this reference.
 *
 *     On the 1->0 transition of nc_refs the ncp can no longer be referenced
 *     and must be destroyed.  No other thread should have access to it at
 *     this point so it can be safely locked and freed without any deadlock
 *     fears.
 *
 *     The 1->0 transition can occur at almost any juncture and so cache_drop()
 *     deals with it directly.
 *
 * (2) Once the 1->0 transition occurs, the entity that caused the transition
 *     will be responsible for destroying the ncp.  The ncp cannot be on any
 *     list or hash at this time, or be held by anyone other than the caller
 *     responsible for the transition.
 *
 * (3) A ncp must be locked in order to modify it.
 *
 * (5) ncp locks are ordered, child-to-parent.  Child first, then parent.
 *     This may seem backwards but forward-scans use the hash table and thus
 *     can hold the parent unlocked while traversing downward.  Deletions,
 *     on the other-hand, tend to propagate bottom-up since the ref on the
 *     is dropped as the children go away.
 *
 * (6) Both parent and child must be locked in order to enter the child onto
 *     the parent's nc_list.
 */

/*
 * Structures associated with name cacheing.
 */
#define NCHHASH(hash)           (&nchashtbl[(hash) & nchash])
#define MINNEG                  1024
#define MINPOS                  1024
#define NCMOUNT_NUMCACHE        (16384) /* power of 2 */
#define NCMOUNT_SET             (8)     /* power of 2 */

MALLOC_DEFINE_OBJ(M_VFSCACHE, sizeof(struct namecache),
                  "namecache", "namecache entries");
MALLOC_DEFINE(M_VFSCACHEAUX, "namecachestr", "namecache strings");

TAILQ_HEAD(nchash_list, namecache);

/*
 * Don't cachealign, but at least pad to 32 bytes so entries
 * don't cross a cache line.
 */
struct nchash_head {
       struct nchash_list list; /* 16 bytes */
       struct spinlock  spin;   /* 8 bytes */
       long     pad01;          /* 8 bytes */
};

struct ncmount_cache {
        struct spinlock spin;
        struct namecache *ncp;
        struct mount *mp;
        struct mount *mp_target;
        int isneg;
        int ticks;
        int updating;
        int unused01;
};

struct pcpu_ncache {
        struct spinlock         umount_spin;    /* cache_findmount/interlock */
        struct spinlock         neg_spin;       /* for neg_list and neg_count */
        struct namecache_list   neg_list;
        long                    neg_count;
        long                    vfscache_negs;
        long                    vfscache_count;
        long                    vfscache_leafs;
        long                    vfscache_unres;
        long                    numdefered;
        long                    inv_kid_quick_count;
        long                    inv_ncp_quick_count;
        long                    clean_pos_count;
        long                    clean_neg_count;
} __cachealign;

__read_mostly static struct nchash_head *nchashtbl;
__read_mostly static struct pcpu_ncache *pcpu_ncache;
static struct ncmount_cache     ncmount_cache[NCMOUNT_NUMCACHE];

/*
 * ncvp_debug - debug cache_fromvp().  This is used by the NFS server
 * to create the namecache infrastructure leading to a dangling vnode.
 *
 * 0    Only errors are reported
 * 1    Successes are reported
 * 2    Successes + the whole directory scan is reported
 * 3    Force the directory scan code run as if the parent vnode did not
 *      have a namecache record, even if it does have one.
 */
__read_mostly int       ncvp_debug;
SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, ncvp_debug, CTLFLAG_RW, &ncvp_debug, 0,
    "Namecache debug level (0-3)");

__read_mostly static u_long nchash;             /* size of hash table */
SYSCTL_ULONG(_debug, OID_AUTO, nchash, CTLFLAG_RD, &nchash, 0,
    "Size of namecache hash table");

__read_mostly static int ncnegflush = 10;       /* burst for negative flush */
SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, ncnegflush, CTLFLAG_RW, &ncnegflush, 0,
    "Batch flush negative entries");

__read_mostly static int ncposflush = 10;       /* burst for positive flush */
SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, ncposflush, CTLFLAG_RW, &ncposflush, 0,
    "Batch flush positive entries");

__read_mostly static int ncnegfactor = 16;      /* ratio of negative entries */
SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, ncnegfactor, CTLFLAG_RW, &ncnegfactor, 0,
    "Ratio of negative namecache entries");

__read_mostly static int ncposfactor = 16;    /* ratio of unres+leaf entries */
SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, ncposfactor, CTLFLAG_RW, &ncposfactor, 0,
    "Ratio of unresolved leaf namecache entries");

__read_mostly static int nclockwarn;    /* warn on locked entries in ticks */
SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, nclockwarn, CTLFLAG_RW, &nclockwarn, 0,
    "Warn on locked namecache entries in ticks");

__read_mostly static int ncposlimit;    /* number of cache entries allocated */
SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, ncposlimit, CTLFLAG_RW, &ncposlimit, 0,
    "Number of cache entries allocated");

__read_mostly static int ncp_shared_lock_disable = 0;
SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, ncp_shared_lock_disable, CTLFLAG_RW,
           &ncp_shared_lock_disable, 0, "Disable shared namecache locks");

SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, vnsize, CTLFLAG_RD, 0, sizeof(struct vnode),
    "sizeof(struct vnode)");
SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, ncsize, CTLFLAG_RD, 0, sizeof(struct namecache),
    "sizeof(struct namecache)");

__read_mostly static int ncmount_cache_enable = 1;
SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, ncmount_cache_enable, CTLFLAG_RW,
           &ncmount_cache_enable, 0, "mount point cache");

static __inline void _cache_drop(struct namecache *ncp);
static int cache_resolve_mp(struct mount *mp, int adjgen);
static int cache_findmount_callback(struct mount *mp, void *data);
static void _cache_setunresolved(struct namecache *ncp, int adjgen);
static void _cache_cleanneg(long count);
static void _cache_cleanpos(long ucount, long xcount);
static void _cache_cleandefered(void);
static void _cache_unlink(struct namecache *ncp);

/*
 * The new name cache statistics (these are rolled up globals and not
 * modified in the critical path, see struct pcpu_ncache).
 */
SYSCTL_NODE(_vfs, OID_AUTO, cache, CTLFLAG_RW, 0, "Name cache statistics");
static long vfscache_negs;
SYSCTL_LONG(_vfs_cache, OID_AUTO, numneg, CTLFLAG_RD, &vfscache_negs, 0,
    "Number of negative namecache entries");
static long vfscache_count;
SYSCTL_LONG(_vfs_cache, OID_AUTO, numcache, CTLFLAG_RD, &vfscache_count, 0,
    "Number of namecaches entries");
static long vfscache_leafs;
SYSCTL_LONG(_vfs_cache, OID_AUTO, numleafs, CTLFLAG_RD, &vfscache_leafs, 0,
    "Number of leaf namecaches entries");
static long vfscache_unres;
SYSCTL_LONG(_vfs_cache, OID_AUTO, numunres, CTLFLAG_RD, &vfscache_unres, 0,
    "Number of unresolved leaf namecaches entries");

static long     inv_kid_quick_count;
SYSCTL_LONG(_vfs_cache, OID_AUTO, inv_kid_quick_count, CTLFLAG_RD,
            &inv_kid_quick_count, 0,
            "quick kid invalidations");
static long     inv_ncp_quick_count;
SYSCTL_LONG(_vfs_cache, OID_AUTO, inv_ncp_quick_count, CTLFLAG_RD,
            &inv_ncp_quick_count, 0,
            "quick ncp invalidations");
static long     clean_pos_count;
SYSCTL_LONG(_vfs_cache, OID_AUTO, clean_pos_count, CTLFLAG_RD,
            &clean_pos_count, 0,
            "positive ncp cleanings");
static long     clean_neg_count;
SYSCTL_LONG(_vfs_cache, OID_AUTO, clean_neg_count, CTLFLAG_RD,
            &clean_neg_count, 0,
            "negative ncp cleanings");

static long     numdefered;
SYSCTL_LONG(_debug, OID_AUTO, numdefered, CTLFLAG_RD, &numdefered, 0,
    "Number of cache entries allocated");

/*
 * Returns the number of basic references expected on the ncp, not
 * including any children.  1 for the natural ref, and an addition ref
 * if the ncp is resolved (representing a positive or negative hit).
 */
static __inline int
ncpbaserefs(struct namecache *ncp)
{
        return (1 + ((ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) == 0));
}

struct nchstats nchstats[SMP_MAXCPU];
/*
 * Export VFS cache effectiveness statistics to user-land.
 *
 * The statistics are left for aggregation to user-land so
 * neat things can be achieved, like observing per-CPU cache
 * distribution.
 */
static int
sysctl_nchstats(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
{
        struct globaldata *gd;
        int i, error;

        error = 0;
        for (i = 0; i < ncpus; ++i) {
                gd = globaldata_find(i);
                if ((error = SYSCTL_OUT(req, (void *)&(*gd->gd_nchstats),
                        sizeof(struct nchstats))))
                        break;
        }

        return (error);
}
SYSCTL_PROC(_vfs_cache, OID_AUTO, nchstats, CTLTYPE_OPAQUE|CTLFLAG_RD,
  0, 0, sysctl_nchstats, "S,nchstats", "VFS cache effectiveness statistics");

static int cache_zap(struct namecache *ncp);

/*
 * Cache mount points and namecache records in order to avoid unnecessary
 * atomic ops on mnt_refs and ncp->refs.  This improves concurrent SMP
 * performance and is particularly important on multi-socket systems to
 * reduce cache-line ping-ponging.
 *
 * Try to keep the pcpu structure within one cache line (~64 bytes).
 */
#define MNTCACHE_COUNT  32      /* power of 2, multiple of SET */
#define MNTCACHE_SET    8       /* set associativity */

struct mntcache_elm {
        struct namecache *ncp;
        struct mount     *mp;
        int     ticks;
        int     unused01;
};

struct mntcache {
        struct mntcache_elm array[MNTCACHE_COUNT];
} __cachealign;

static struct mntcache  pcpu_mntcache[MAXCPU];

static __inline
void
_cache_ncp_gen_enter(struct namecache *ncp)
{
        ncp->nc_generation += 2;
        cpu_sfence();
}

static __inline
void
_cache_ncp_gen_exit(struct namecache *ncp)
{
        cpu_sfence();
        ncp->nc_generation += 2;
        cpu_sfence();
}

static __inline
struct mntcache_elm *
_cache_mntcache_hash(void *ptr)
{
        struct mntcache_elm *elm;
        int hv;

        hv = iscsi_crc32(&ptr, sizeof(ptr)) & (MNTCACHE_COUNT - 1);
        elm = &pcpu_mntcache[mycpu->gd_cpuid].array[hv & ~(MNTCACHE_SET - 1)];

        return elm;
}

static
void
_cache_mntref(struct mount *mp)
{
        struct mntcache_elm *elm;
        struct mount *mpr;
        int i;

        elm = _cache_mntcache_hash(mp);
        for (i = 0; i < MNTCACHE_SET; ++i) {
                if (elm->mp == mp) {
                        mpr = atomic_swap_ptr((void *)&elm->mp, NULL);
                        if (__predict_true(mpr == mp))
                                return;
                        if (mpr)
                                atomic_add_int(&mpr->mnt_refs, -1);
                }
                ++elm;
        }
        atomic_add_int(&mp->mnt_refs, 1);
}

static
void
_cache_mntrel(struct mount *mp)
{
        struct mntcache_elm *elm;
        struct mntcache_elm *best;
        struct mount *mpr;
        int delta1;
        int delta2;
        int i;

        elm = _cache_mntcache_hash(mp);
        best = elm;
        for (i = 0; i < MNTCACHE_SET; ++i) {
                if (elm->mp == NULL) {
                        mpr = atomic_swap_ptr((void *)&elm->mp, mp);
                        if (__predict_false(mpr != NULL)) {
                                atomic_add_int(&mpr->mnt_refs, -1);
                        }
                        elm->ticks = ticks;
                        return;
                }
                delta1 = ticks - best->ticks;
                delta2 = ticks - elm->ticks;
                if (delta2 > delta1 || delta1 < -1 || delta2 < -1)
                        best = elm;
                ++elm;
        }
        mpr = atomic_swap_ptr((void *)&best->mp, mp);
        best->ticks = ticks;
        if (mpr)
                atomic_add_int(&mpr->mnt_refs, -1);
}

/*
 * Clears all cached mount points on all cpus.  This routine should only
 * be called when we are waiting for a mount to clear, e.g. so we can
 * unmount.
 */
void
cache_clearmntcache(struct mount *target __unused)
{
        int n;

        for (n = 0; n < ncpus; ++n) {
                struct mntcache *cache = &pcpu_mntcache[n];
                struct mntcache_elm *elm;
                struct namecache *ncp;
                struct mount *mp;
                int i;

                for (i = 0; i < MNTCACHE_COUNT; ++i) {
                        elm = &cache->array[i];
                        if (elm->mp) {
                                mp = atomic_swap_ptr((void *)&elm->mp, NULL);
                                if (mp)
                                        atomic_add_int(&mp->mnt_refs, -1);
                        }
                        if (elm->ncp) {
                                ncp = atomic_swap_ptr((void *)&elm->ncp, NULL);
                                if (ncp)
                                        _cache_drop(ncp);
                        }
                }
        }
}

/*
 * Namespace locking.  The caller must already hold a reference to the
 * namecache structure in order to lock/unlock it.  The controlling entity
 * in a 1->0 transition does not need to lock the ncp to dispose of it,
 * as nobody else will have visibility to it at that point.
 *
 * Note that holding a locked namecache structure prevents other threads
 * from making namespace changes (e.g. deleting or creating), prevents
 * vnode association state changes by other threads, and prevents the
 * namecache entry from being resolved or unresolved by other threads.
 *
 * An exclusive lock owner has full authority to associate/disassociate
 * vnodes and resolve/unresolve the locked ncp.
 *
 * A shared lock owner only has authority to acquire the underlying vnode,
 * if any.
 *
 * The primary lock field is nc_lockstatus.  nc_locktd is set after the
 * fact (when locking) or cleared prior to unlocking.
 *
 * WARNING!  Holding a locked ncp will prevent a vnode from being destroyed
 *           or recycled, but it does NOT help you if the vnode had already
 *           initiated a recyclement.  If this is important, use cache_get()
 *           rather then cache_lock() (and deal with the differences in the
 *           way the refs counter is handled).  Or, alternatively, make an
 *           unconditional call to cache_validate() or cache_resolve()
 *           after cache_lock() returns.
 */
static __inline
void
_cache_lock(struct namecache *ncp)
{
        int didwarn = 0;
        int error;

        error = lockmgr(&ncp->nc_lock, LK_EXCLUSIVE);
        while (__predict_false(error == EWOULDBLOCK)) {
                if (didwarn == 0) {
                        didwarn = ticks - nclockwarn;
                        kprintf("[diagnostic] cache_lock: "
                                "%s blocked on %p "
                                "\"%*.*s\"\n",
                                curthread->td_comm, ncp,
                                ncp->nc_nlen, ncp->nc_nlen,
                                ncp->nc_name);
                }
                error = lockmgr(&ncp->nc_lock, LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_TIMELOCK);
        }
        if (__predict_false(didwarn)) {
                kprintf("[diagnostic] cache_lock: "
                        "%s unblocked %*.*s after %d secs\n",
                        curthread->td_comm,
                        ncp->nc_nlen, ncp->nc_nlen, ncp->nc_name,
                        (int)(ticks - didwarn) / hz);
        }
}

/*
 * Release a previously acquired lock.
 *
 * A concurrent shared-lock acquisition or acquisition/release can
 * race bit 31 so only drop the ncp if bit 31 was set.
 */
static __inline
void
_cache_unlock(struct namecache *ncp)
{
        lockmgr(&ncp->nc_lock, LK_RELEASE);
}

/*
 * Lock ncp exclusively, non-blocking.  Return 0 on success.
 */
static __inline
int
_cache_lock_nonblock(struct namecache *ncp)
{
        int error;

        error = lockmgr(&ncp->nc_lock, LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_NOWAIT);
        if (__predict_false(error != 0)) {
                return(EWOULDBLOCK);
        }
        return 0;
}

/*
 * This is a special form of _cache_lock() which only succeeds if
 * it can get a pristine, non-recursive lock.  The caller must have
 * already ref'd the ncp.
 *
 * On success the ncp will be locked, on failure it will not.  The
 * ref count does not change either way.
 *
 * We want _cache_lock_special() (on success) to return a definitively
 * usable vnode or a definitively unresolved ncp.
 */
static __inline
int
_cache_lock_special(struct namecache *ncp)
{
        if (_cache_lock_nonblock(ncp) == 0) {
                if (lockmgr_oneexcl(&ncp->nc_lock)) {
                        if (ncp->nc_vp && (ncp->nc_vp->v_flag & VRECLAIMED))
                                _cache_setunresolved(ncp, 1);
                        return 0;
                }
                _cache_unlock(ncp);
        }
        return EWOULDBLOCK;
}

/*
 * Shared lock, guarantees vp held
 *
 * The shared lock holds vp on the 0->1 transition.  It is possible to race
 * another shared lock release, preventing the other release from dropping
 * the vnode and clearing bit 31.
 *
 * If it is not set then we are responsible for setting it, and this
 * responsibility does not race with anyone else.
 */
static __inline
void
_cache_lock_shared(struct namecache *ncp)
{
        int didwarn = 0;
        int error;

        error = lockmgr(&ncp->nc_lock, LK_SHARED | LK_TIMELOCK);
        while (__predict_false(error == EWOULDBLOCK)) {
                if (didwarn == 0) {
                        didwarn = ticks - nclockwarn;
                        kprintf("[diagnostic] cache_lock_shared: "
                                "%s blocked on %p "
                                "\"%*.*s\"\n",
                                curthread->td_comm, ncp,
                                ncp->nc_nlen, ncp->nc_nlen,
                                ncp->nc_name);
                }
                error = lockmgr(&ncp->nc_lock, LK_SHARED | LK_TIMELOCK);
        }
        if (__predict_false(didwarn)) {
                kprintf("[diagnostic] cache_lock_shared: "
                        "%s unblocked %*.*s after %d secs\n",
                        curthread->td_comm,
                        ncp->nc_nlen, ncp->nc_nlen, ncp->nc_name,
                        (int)(ticks - didwarn) / hz);
        }
}

/*
 * Shared lock, guarantees vp held.  Non-blocking.  Returns 0 on success
 */
static __inline
int
_cache_lock_shared_nonblock(struct namecache *ncp)
{
        int error;

        error = lockmgr(&ncp->nc_lock, LK_SHARED | LK_NOWAIT);
        if (__predict_false(error != 0)) {
                return(EWOULDBLOCK);
        }
        return 0;
}

/*
 * This function tries to get a shared lock but will back-off to an
 * exclusive lock if:
 *
 * (1) Some other thread is trying to obtain an exclusive lock
 *     (to prevent the exclusive requester from getting livelocked out
 *     by many shared locks).
 *
 * (2) The current thread already owns an exclusive lock (to avoid
 *     deadlocking).
 *
 * WARNING! On machines with lots of cores we really want to try hard to
 *          get a shared lock or concurrent path lookups can chain-react
 *          into a very high-latency exclusive lock.
 *
 *          This is very evident in dsynth's initial scans.
 */
static __inline
int
_cache_lock_shared_special(struct namecache *ncp)
{
        /*
         * Only honor a successful shared lock (returning 0) if there is
         * no exclusive request pending and the vnode, if present, is not
         * in a reclaimed state.
         */
        if (_cache_lock_shared_nonblock(ncp) == 0) {
                if (__predict_true(!lockmgr_exclpending(&ncp->nc_lock))) {
                        if (ncp->nc_vp == NULL ||
                            (ncp->nc_vp->v_flag & VRECLAIMED) == 0) {
                                return(0);
                        }
                }
                _cache_unlock(ncp);
                return(EWOULDBLOCK);
        }

        /*
         * Non-blocking shared lock failed.  If we already own the exclusive
         * lock just acquire another exclusive lock (instead of deadlocking).
         * Otherwise acquire a shared lock.
         */
        if (lockstatus(&ncp->nc_lock, curthread) == LK_EXCLUSIVE) {
                _cache_lock(ncp);
                return(0);
        }
        _cache_lock_shared(ncp);
        return(0);
}

/*
 * Returns:
 *      -1      Locked by other
 *       0      Not locked
 *      (v)     LK_SHARED or LK_EXCLUSIVE
 */
static __inline
int
_cache_lockstatus(struct namecache *ncp)
{
        int status;

        status = lockstatus(&ncp->nc_lock, curthread);
        if (status == LK_EXCLOTHER)
                status = -1;
        return status;
}

/*
 * cache_hold() and cache_drop() prevent the premature deletion of a
 * namecache entry but do not prevent operations (such as zapping) on
 * that namecache entry.
 *
 * This routine may only be called from outside this source module if
 * nc_refs is already deterministically at least 1, such as being
 * associated with e.g. a process, file descriptor, or some other entity.
 *
 * Only the above situations, similar situations within this module where
 * the ref count is deterministically at least 1, or when the ncp is found
 * via the nchpp (hash table) lookup, can bump nc_refs.
 *
 * Very specifically, a ncp found via nc_list CANNOT bump nc_refs.  It
 * can still be removed from the nc_list, however, as long as the caller
 * can acquire its lock (in the wrong order).
 *
 * This is a rare case where callers are allowed to hold a spinlock,
 * so we can't ourselves.
 */
static __inline
struct namecache *
_cache_hold(struct namecache *ncp)
{
        KKASSERT(ncp->nc_refs > 0);
        atomic_add_int(&ncp->nc_refs, 1);

        return(ncp);
}

/*
 * Drop a cache entry.
 *
 * The 1->0 transition can only occur after or because the natural ref
 * is being dropped.  If another thread had a temporary ref during the
 * ncp's destruction, then that other thread might wind up being the
 * one to drop the last ref.
 */
static __inline
void
_cache_drop(struct namecache *ncp)
{
        if (atomic_fetchadd_int(&ncp->nc_refs, -1) == 1) {
                KKASSERT(ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED);

                /*
                 * Scrap it.
                 */
                ncp->nc_refs = -1;      /* safety */
                if (ncp->nc_name)
                        kfree(ncp->nc_name, M_VFSCACHEAUX);
                kfree_obj(ncp, M_VFSCACHE);
        }
}

/*
 * Link a new namecache entry to its parent and to the hash table.  Be
 * careful to avoid races if vhold() blocks in the future.
 *
 * Both ncp and par must be referenced and locked.  The reference is
 * transfered to the nchpp (and, most notably, NOT to the parent list).
 *
 * NOTE: The hash table spinlock is held across this call, we can't do
 *       anything fancy.
 */
static void
_cache_link_parent(struct namecache *ncp, struct namecache *par,
                   struct nchash_head *nchpp)
{
        struct pcpu_ncache *pn = &pcpu_ncache[mycpu->gd_cpuid];

        KKASSERT(ncp->nc_parent == NULL);
        _cache_ncp_gen_enter(ncp);
        ncp->nc_parent = par;
        ncp->nc_head = nchpp;

        /*
         * Set inheritance flags.  Note that the parent flags may be
         * stale due to getattr potentially not having been run yet
         * (it gets run during nlookup()'s).
         */
        ncp->nc_flag &= ~(NCF_SF_PNOCACHE | NCF_UF_PCACHE);
        if (par->nc_flag & (NCF_SF_NOCACHE | NCF_SF_PNOCACHE))
                ncp->nc_flag |= NCF_SF_PNOCACHE;
        if (par->nc_flag & (NCF_UF_CACHE | NCF_UF_PCACHE))
                ncp->nc_flag |= NCF_UF_PCACHE;

        /*
         * Add to hash table and parent, adjust accounting
         */
        TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&nchpp->list, ncp, nc_hash);
        atomic_add_long(&pn->vfscache_count, 1);

        /*
         * ncp is a new leaf being added to the tree
         */
        if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&ncp->nc_list)) {
                atomic_add_long(&pn->vfscache_leafs, 1);
                if (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED)
                        atomic_add_long(&pn->vfscache_unres, 1);
        }

        if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&par->nc_list)) {
                /*
                 * Parent was, but now is no longer a leaf
                 */
                _cache_ncp_gen_enter(par);
                TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&par->nc_list, ncp, nc_entry);
                if (par->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED)
                        atomic_add_long(&pn->vfscache_unres, -1);
                atomic_add_long(&pn->vfscache_leafs, -1);

                /*
                 * Any vp associated with an ncp which has children must
                 * be held to prevent it from being recycled.
                 */
                if (par->nc_vp)
                        vhold(par->nc_vp);
                _cache_ncp_gen_exit(par);
        } else {
                TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&par->nc_list, ncp, nc_entry);
        }
        _cache_hold(par);       /* add nc_parent ref */
        _cache_ncp_gen_exit(ncp);
}

/*
 * Remove the parent and hash associations from a namecache structure.
 * Drop the ref-count on the parent.  The caller receives the ref
 * from the ncp's nchpp linkage that was removed and may forward that
 * ref to a new linkage.

 * The caller usually holds an additional ref * on the ncp so the unlink
 * cannot be the final drop.  XXX should not be necessary now since the
 * caller receives the ref from the nchpp linkage, assuming the ncp
 * was linked in the first place.
 *
 * ncp must be locked, which means that there won't be any nc_parent
 * removal races.  This routine will acquire a temporary lock on
 * the parent as well as the appropriate hash chain.
 *
 * par must be locked and will remain locked on return.
 *
 * nhcpp must be spin-locked.  This routine eats the spin-lock.
 */
static __inline void
_cache_unlink_parent(struct namecache *par, struct namecache *ncp,
                     struct nchash_head *nchpp)
{
        struct pcpu_ncache *pn = &pcpu_ncache[mycpu->gd_cpuid];
        struct vnode *dropvp;

        KKASSERT(ncp->nc_parent == par);
        cpu_ccfence();
        _cache_ncp_gen_enter(ncp);

        /* don't add a ref, we drop the nchpp ref later */

        /*
         * Remove from hash table and parent, adjust accounting
         */
        TAILQ_REMOVE(&ncp->nc_head->list, ncp, nc_hash);
        TAILQ_REMOVE(&par->nc_list, ncp, nc_entry);
        atomic_add_long(&pn->vfscache_count, -1);

        /*
         * Removing leaf from tree
         */
        if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&ncp->nc_list)) {
                if (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED)
                        atomic_add_long(&pn->vfscache_unres, -1);
                atomic_add_long(&pn->vfscache_leafs, -1);
        }

        /*
         * Parent is now a leaf?
         */
        dropvp = NULL;
        if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&par->nc_list)) {
                _cache_ncp_gen_enter(par);
                if (par->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED)
                        atomic_add_long(&pn->vfscache_unres, 1);
                atomic_add_long(&pn->vfscache_leafs, 1);
                if (par->nc_vp)
                        dropvp = par->nc_vp;
                _cache_ncp_gen_exit(par);
        }
        ncp->nc_parent = NULL;
        ncp->nc_head = NULL;
        spin_unlock(&nchpp->spin);
        _cache_drop(par);       /* drop ncp's nc_parent ref from (par) */

        /*
         * We can only safely vdrop with no spinlocks held.
         */
        if (dropvp)
                vdrop(dropvp);
        _cache_ncp_gen_exit(ncp);
}

/*
 * Allocate a new namecache structure.  Most of the code does not require
 * zero-termination of the string but it makes vop_compat_ncreate() easier.
 *
 * The returned ncp will be locked and referenced.  The ref is generally meant
 * to be transfered to the nchpp linkage.
 */
static struct namecache *
cache_alloc(int nlen)
{
        struct namecache *ncp;

        ncp = kmalloc_obj(sizeof(*ncp), M_VFSCACHE, M_WAITOK|M_ZERO);
        if (nlen)
                ncp->nc_name = kmalloc(nlen + 1, M_VFSCACHEAUX, M_WAITOK);
        ncp->nc_nlen = nlen;
        ncp->nc_flag = NCF_UNRESOLVED;
        ncp->nc_error = ENOTCONN;       /* needs to be resolved */
        ncp->nc_refs = 1;               /* natural ref */
        ncp->nc_generation = 0;         /* link/unlink/res/unres op */
        TAILQ_INIT(&ncp->nc_list);
        lockinit(&ncp->nc_lock, "ncplk", hz, LK_CANRECURSE);
        lockmgr(&ncp->nc_lock, LK_EXCLUSIVE);

        return(ncp);
}

/*
 * Can only be called for the case where the ncp has never been
 * associated with anything (so no spinlocks are needed).
 */
static void
_cache_free(struct namecache *ncp)
{
        KKASSERT(ncp->nc_refs == 1);
        if (ncp->nc_name)
                kfree(ncp->nc_name, M_VFSCACHEAUX);
        kfree_obj(ncp, M_VFSCACHE);
}

/*
 * [re]initialize a nchandle.
 */
void
cache_zero(struct nchandle *nch)
{
        nch->ncp = NULL;
        nch->mount = NULL;
}

/*
 * Ref and deref a nchandle structure (ncp + mp)
 *
 * The caller must specify a stable ncp pointer, typically meaning the
 * ncp is already referenced but this can also occur indirectly through
 * e.g. holding a lock on a direct child.
 *
 * WARNING: Caller may hold an unrelated read spinlock, which means we can't
 *          use read spinlocks here.
 */
struct nchandle *
cache_hold(struct nchandle *nch)
{
        _cache_hold(nch->ncp);
        _cache_mntref(nch->mount);
        return(nch);
}

/*
 * Create a copy of a namecache handle for an already-referenced
 * entry.
 */
void
cache_copy(struct nchandle *nch, struct nchandle *target)
{
        struct namecache *ncp;
        struct mount *mp;
        struct mntcache_elm *elm;
        struct namecache *ncpr;
        int i;

        ncp = nch->ncp;
        mp = nch->mount;
        target->ncp = ncp;
        target->mount = mp;

        elm = _cache_mntcache_hash(ncp);
        for (i = 0; i < MNTCACHE_SET; ++i) {
                if (elm->ncp == ncp) {
                        ncpr = atomic_swap_ptr((void *)&elm->ncp, NULL);
                        if (ncpr == ncp) {
                                _cache_mntref(mp);
                                return;
                        }
                        if (ncpr)
                                _cache_drop(ncpr);
                }
                ++elm;
        }
        if (ncp)
                _cache_hold(ncp);
        _cache_mntref(mp);
}

/*
 * Drop the nchandle, but try to cache the ref to avoid global atomic
 * ops.  This is typically done on the system root and jail root nchandles.
 */
void
cache_drop_and_cache(struct nchandle *nch, int elmno)
{
        struct mntcache_elm *elm;
        struct mntcache_elm *best;
        struct namecache *ncpr;
        int delta1;
        int delta2;
        int i;

        if (elmno > 4) {
                if (nch->ncp) {
                        _cache_drop(nch->ncp);
                        nch->ncp = NULL;
                }
                if (nch->mount) {
                        _cache_mntrel(nch->mount);
                        nch->mount = NULL;
                }
                return;
        }

        elm = _cache_mntcache_hash(nch->ncp);
        best = elm;
        for (i = 0; i < MNTCACHE_SET; ++i) {
                if (elm->ncp == NULL) {
                        ncpr = atomic_swap_ptr((void *)&elm->ncp, nch->ncp);
                        _cache_mntrel(nch->mount);
                        elm->ticks = ticks;
                        nch->mount = NULL;
                        nch->ncp = NULL;
                        if (ncpr)
                                _cache_drop(ncpr);
                        return;
                }
                delta1 = ticks - best->ticks;
                delta2 = ticks - elm->ticks;
                if (delta2 > delta1 || delta1 < -1 || delta2 < -1)
                        best = elm;
                ++elm;
        }
        ncpr = atomic_swap_ptr((void *)&best->ncp, nch->ncp);
        _cache_mntrel(nch->mount);
        best->ticks = ticks;
        nch->mount = NULL;
        nch->ncp = NULL;
        if (ncpr)
                _cache_drop(ncpr);
}

void
cache_changemount(struct nchandle *nch, struct mount *mp)
{
        _cache_mntref(mp);
        _cache_mntrel(nch->mount);
        nch->mount = mp;
}

void
cache_drop(struct nchandle *nch)
{
        _cache_mntrel(nch->mount);
        _cache_drop(nch->ncp);
        nch->ncp = NULL;
        nch->mount = NULL;
}

/*
 * Returns:
 *      -1      Locked by other
 *       0      Not locked
 *      (v)     LK_SHARED or LK_EXCLUSIVE
 */
int
cache_lockstatus(struct nchandle *nch)
{
        return(_cache_lockstatus(nch->ncp));
}

void
cache_lock(struct nchandle *nch)
{
        _cache_lock(nch->ncp);
}

/*
 * Returns a shared or exclusive-locked ncp.  The ncp will only be
 * shared-locked if it is already resolved.
 */
void
cache_lock_maybe_shared(struct nchandle *nch, int excl)
{
        struct namecache *ncp = nch->ncp;

        if (ncp_shared_lock_disable || excl ||
            (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED)) {
                _cache_lock(ncp);
        } else {
                _cache_lock_shared(ncp);
                if ((ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) == 0) {
                        if (ncp->nc_vp && (ncp->nc_vp->v_flag & VRECLAIMED)) {
                                _cache_unlock(ncp);
                                _cache_lock(ncp);
                        }
                } else {
                        _cache_unlock(ncp);
                        _cache_lock(ncp);
                }
        }
}

/*
 * Lock fncpd, fncp, tncpd, and tncp.  tncp is already locked but may
 * have to be cycled to avoid deadlocks.  Make sure all four are resolved.
 *
 * The caller is responsible for checking the validity upon return as
 * the records may have been flagged DESTROYED in the interim.
 *
 * Namecache lock ordering is leaf first, then parent.  However, complex
 * interactions may occur between the source and target because there is
 * no ordering guarantee between (fncpd, fncp) and (tncpd and tncp).
 */
void
cache_lock4_tondlocked(struct nchandle *fncpd, struct nchandle *fncp,
                       struct nchandle *tncpd, struct nchandle *tncp,
                       struct ucred *fcred, struct ucred *tcred)
{
        int tlocked = 1;

        /*
         * Lock tncp and tncpd
         *
         * NOTE: Because these ncps are not locked to begin with, it is
         *       possible for other rename races to cause the normal lock
         *       order assumptions to fail.
         *
         * NOTE: Lock ordering assumptions are valid if a leaf's parent
         *       matches after the leaf has been locked.  However, ordering
         *       between the 'from' and the 'to' is not and an overlapping
         *       lock order reversal is still possible.
         */
again:
        if (__predict_false(tlocked == 0)) {
                cache_lock(tncp);
        }
        if (__predict_false(cache_lock_nonblock(tncpd) != 0)) {
                cache_unlock(tncp);
                cache_lock(tncpd);      /* cycle tncpd lock */
                cache_unlock(tncpd);
                tlocked = 0;
                goto again;
        }

        /*
         * Lock fncp and fncpd
         *
         * NOTE: Because these ncps are not locked to begin with, it is
         *       possible for other rename races to cause the normal lock
         *       order assumptions to fail.
         *
         * NOTE: Lock ordering assumptions are valid if a leaf's parent
         *       matches after the leaf has been locked.  However, ordering
         *       between the 'from' and the 'to' is not and an overlapping
         *       lock order reversal is still possible.
         */
        if (__predict_false(cache_lock_nonblock(fncp) != 0)) {
                cache_unlock(tncpd);
                cache_unlock(tncp);
                cache_lock(fncp);       /* cycle fncp lock */
                cache_unlock(fncp);
                tlocked = 0;
                goto again;
        }

        if (__predict_false(cache_lock_nonblock(fncpd) != 0)) {
                cache_unlock(fncp);
                cache_unlock(tncpd);
                cache_unlock(tncp);
                cache_lock(fncpd);
                cache_unlock(fncpd);    /* cycle fncpd lock */
                tlocked = 0;
                goto again;
        }

        if (__predict_true((fncpd->ncp->nc_flag & NCF_DESTROYED) == 0))
                cache_resolve(fncpd, fcred);
        if (__predict_true((tncpd->ncp->nc_flag & NCF_DESTROYED) == 0))
                cache_resolve(tncpd, tcred);
        if (__predict_true((fncp->ncp->nc_flag & NCF_DESTROYED) == 0))
                cache_resolve(fncp, fcred);
        if (__predict_true((tncp->ncp->nc_flag & NCF_DESTROYED) == 0))
                cache_resolve(tncp, tcred);
}

int
cache_lock_nonblock(struct nchandle *nch)
{
        return(_cache_lock_nonblock(nch->ncp));
}

void
cache_unlock(struct nchandle *nch)
{
        _cache_unlock(nch->ncp);
}

/*
 * ref-and-lock, unlock-and-deref functions.
 *
 * This function is primarily used by nlookup.  Even though cache_lock
 * holds the vnode, it is possible that the vnode may have already
 * initiated a recyclement.
 *
 * We want cache_get() to return a definitively usable vnode or a
 * definitively unresolved ncp.
 */
static
struct namecache *
_cache_get(struct namecache *ncp)
{
        _cache_hold(ncp);
        _cache_lock(ncp);
        if (ncp->nc_vp && (ncp->nc_vp->v_flag & VRECLAIMED))
                _cache_setunresolved(ncp, 1);
        return(ncp);
}

/*
 * Attempt to obtain a shared lock on the ncp.  A shared lock will only
 * be obtained if the ncp is resolved and the vnode (if not ENOENT) is
 * valid.  Otherwise an exclusive lock will be acquired instead.
 */
static
struct namecache *
_cache_get_maybe_shared(struct namecache *ncp, int excl)
{
        if (ncp_shared_lock_disable || excl ||
            (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED))
        {
                return(_cache_get(ncp));
        }
        _cache_hold(ncp);
        _cache_lock_shared(ncp);
        if ((ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) == 0) {
                if (ncp->nc_vp && (ncp->nc_vp->v_flag & VRECLAIMED)) {
                        _cache_unlock(ncp);
                        ncp = _cache_get(ncp);
                        _cache_drop(ncp);
                }
        } else {
                _cache_unlock(ncp);
                ncp = _cache_get(ncp);
                _cache_drop(ncp);
        }
        return(ncp);
}

/*
 * NOTE: The same nchandle can be passed for both arguments.
 */
void
cache_get(struct nchandle *nch, struct nchandle *target)
{
        KKASSERT(nch->ncp->nc_refs > 0);
        target->mount = nch->mount;
        target->ncp = _cache_get(nch->ncp);
        _cache_mntref(target->mount);
}

void
cache_get_maybe_shared(struct nchandle *nch, struct nchandle *target, int excl)
{
        KKASSERT(nch->ncp->nc_refs > 0);
        target->mount = nch->mount;
        target->ncp = _cache_get_maybe_shared(nch->ncp, excl);
        _cache_mntref(target->mount);
}

/*
 * Release a held and locked ncp
 */
static __inline
void
_cache_put(struct namecache *ncp)
{
        _cache_unlock(ncp);
        _cache_drop(ncp);
}

void
cache_put(struct nchandle *nch)
{
        _cache_mntrel(nch->mount);
        _cache_put(nch->ncp);
        nch->ncp = NULL;
        nch->mount = NULL;
}

/*
 * Resolve an unresolved ncp by associating a vnode with it.  If the
 * vnode is NULL, a negative cache entry is created.
 *
 * The ncp should be locked on entry and will remain locked on return.
 */
static
void
_cache_setvp(struct mount *mp, struct namecache *ncp, struct vnode *vp,
             int adjgen)
{
        struct pcpu_ncache *pn = &pcpu_ncache[mycpu->gd_cpuid];

        KKASSERT((ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) &&
                 (_cache_lockstatus(ncp) == LK_EXCLUSIVE) &&
                 ncp->nc_vp == NULL);

        if (adjgen)
                _cache_ncp_gen_enter(ncp);

        if (vp) {
                /*
                 * Any vp associated with an ncp which has children must
                 * be held.  Any vp associated with a locked ncp must be held.
                 */
                if (!TAILQ_EMPTY(&ncp->nc_list))
                        vhold(vp);
                spin_lock(&vp->v_spin);
                ncp->nc_vp = vp;
                TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&vp->v_namecache, ncp, nc_vnode);
                ++vp->v_namecache_count;
                _cache_hold(ncp);               /* v_namecache assoc */
                spin_unlock(&vp->v_spin);
                vhold(vp);                      /* nc_vp */

                /*
                 * Set auxiliary flags
                 */
                switch(vp->v_type) {
                case VDIR:
                        ncp->nc_flag |= NCF_ISDIR;
                        break;
                case VLNK:
                        ncp->nc_flag |= NCF_ISSYMLINK;
                        /* XXX cache the contents of the symlink */
                        break;
                default:
                        break;
                }

                ncp->nc_error = 0;

                /*
                 * XXX: this is a hack to work-around the lack of a real pfs vfs
                 * implementation
                 */
                if (mp) {
                        if (strncmp(mp->mnt_stat.f_fstypename, "null", 5) == 0)
                                vp->v_pfsmp = mp;
                }
        } else {
                /*
                 * When creating a negative cache hit we set the
                 * namecache_gen.  A later resolve will clean out the
                 * negative cache hit if the mount point's namecache_gen
                 * has changed.  Used by devfs, could also be used by
                 * other remote FSs.
                 */
                ncp->nc_vp = NULL;
                ncp->nc_negcpu = mycpu->gd_cpuid;
                spin_lock(&pn->neg_spin);
                TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&pn->neg_list, ncp, nc_vnode);
                _cache_hold(ncp);       /* neg_list assoc */
                ++pn->neg_count;
                spin_unlock(&pn->neg_spin);
                atomic_add_long(&pn->vfscache_negs, 1);

                ncp->nc_error = ENOENT;
                if (mp)
                        VFS_NCPGEN_SET(mp, ncp);
        }

        /*
         * Previously unresolved leaf is now resolved.
         *
         * Clear the NCF_UNRESOLVED flag last (see cache_nlookup_nonlocked()).
         * We only adjust vfscache_unres for ncp's that are in the tree.
         */
        if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&ncp->nc_list) && ncp->nc_parent)
                atomic_add_long(&pn->vfscache_unres, -1);
        ncp->nc_flag &= ~(NCF_UNRESOLVED | NCF_DEFEREDZAP);
        if (adjgen)
                _cache_ncp_gen_exit(ncp);
}

void
cache_setvp(struct nchandle *nch, struct vnode *vp)
{
        _cache_setvp(nch->mount, nch->ncp, vp, 1);
}

/*
 * Used for NFS
 */
void
cache_settimeout(struct nchandle *nch, int nticks)
{
        struct namecache *ncp = nch->ncp;

        if ((ncp->nc_timeout = ticks + nticks) == 0)
                ncp->nc_timeout = 1;
}

/*
 * Disassociate the vnode or negative-cache association and mark a
 * namecache entry as unresolved again.  Note that the ncp is still
 * left in the hash table and still linked to its parent.
 *
 * The ncp should be locked and refd on entry and will remain locked and refd
 * on return.
 *
 * This routine is normally never called on a directory containing children.
 * However, NFS often does just that in its rename() code as a cop-out to
 * avoid complex namespace operations.  This disconnects a directory vnode
 * from its namecache and can cause the OLDAPI and NEWAPI to get out of
 * sync.
 *
 */
static
void
_cache_setunresolved(struct namecache *ncp, int adjgen)
{
        struct vnode *vp;

        if ((ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) == 0) {
                struct pcpu_ncache *pn;

                if (adjgen)
                        _cache_ncp_gen_enter(ncp);

                /*
                 * Is a resolved or destroyed leaf now becoming unresolved?
                 * Only adjust vfscache_unres for linked ncp's.
                 */
                if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&ncp->nc_list) && ncp->nc_parent) {
                        pn = &pcpu_ncache[mycpu->gd_cpuid];
                        atomic_add_long(&pn->vfscache_unres, 1);
                }

                ncp->nc_flag |= NCF_UNRESOLVED;
                ncp->nc_timeout = 0;
                ncp->nc_error = ENOTCONN;
                if ((vp = ncp->nc_vp) != NULL) {
                        spin_lock(&vp->v_spin);
                        ncp->nc_vp = NULL;
                        TAILQ_REMOVE(&vp->v_namecache, ncp, nc_vnode);
                        --vp->v_namecache_count;
                        spin_unlock(&vp->v_spin);

                        /*
                         * Any vp associated with an ncp with children is
                         * held by that ncp.  Any vp associated with  ncp
                         * is held by that ncp.  These conditions must be
                         * undone when the vp is cleared out from the ncp.
                         */
                        if (!TAILQ_EMPTY(&ncp->nc_list))
                                vdrop(vp);
                        vdrop(vp);
                } else {
                        pn = &pcpu_ncache[ncp->nc_negcpu];

                        atomic_add_long(&pn->vfscache_negs, -1);
                        spin_lock(&pn->neg_spin);
                        TAILQ_REMOVE(&pn->neg_list, ncp, nc_vnode);
                        --pn->neg_count;
                        spin_unlock(&pn->neg_spin);
                }
                ncp->nc_flag &= ~(NCF_WHITEOUT|NCF_ISDIR|NCF_ISSYMLINK);

                if (adjgen)
                        _cache_ncp_gen_exit(ncp);
                _cache_drop(ncp);       /* from v_namecache or neg_list */
        }
}

/*
 * The cache_nresolve() code calls this function to automatically
 * set a resolved cache element to unresolved if it has timed out
 * or if it is a negative cache hit and the mount point namecache_gen
 * has changed.
 */
static __inline int
_cache_auto_unresolve_test(struct mount *mp, struct namecache *ncp)
{
        /*
         * Try to zap entries that have timed out.  We have
         * to be careful here because locked leafs may depend
         * on the vnode remaining intact in a parent, so only
         * do this under very specific conditions.
         */
        if (ncp->nc_timeout && (int)(ncp->nc_timeout - ticks) < 0 &&
            TAILQ_EMPTY(&ncp->nc_list)) {
                return 1;
        }

        /*
         * If a resolved negative cache hit is invalid due to
         * the mount's namecache generation being bumped, zap it.
         */
        if (ncp->nc_vp == NULL && VFS_NCPGEN_TEST(mp, ncp)) {
                return 1;
        }

        /*
         * Otherwise we are good
         */
        return 0;
}

static __inline void
_cache_auto_unresolve(struct mount *mp, struct namecache *ncp)
{
        /*
         * Already in an unresolved state, nothing to do.
         */
        if ((ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) == 0) {
                if (_cache_auto_unresolve_test(mp, ncp))
                        _cache_setunresolved(ncp, 1);
        }
}

void
cache_setunresolved(struct nchandle *nch)
{
        _cache_setunresolved(nch->ncp, 1);
}

/*
 * Determine if we can clear NCF_ISMOUNTPT by scanning the mountlist
 * looking for matches.  This flag tells the lookup code when it must
 * check for a mount linkage and also prevents the directories in question
 * from being deleted or renamed.
 */
static
int
cache_clrmountpt_callback(struct mount *mp, void *data)
{
        struct nchandle *nch = data;

        if (mp->mnt_ncmounton.ncp == nch->ncp)
                return(1);
        if (mp->mnt_ncmountpt.ncp == nch->ncp)
                return(1);
        return(0);
}

/*
 * Clear NCF_ISMOUNTPT on nch->ncp if it is no longer associated
 * with a mount point.
 */
void
cache_clrmountpt(struct nchandle *nch)
{
        int count;

        count = mountlist_scan(cache_clrmountpt_callback, nch,
                               MNTSCAN_FORWARD | MNTSCAN_NOBUSY |
                               MNTSCAN_NOUNLOCK);
        if (count == 0)
                nch->ncp->nc_flag &= ~NCF_ISMOUNTPT;
}

/*
 * Invalidate portions of the namecache topology given a starting entry.
 * The passed ncp is set to an unresolved state and:
 *
 * The passed ncp must be referenced and locked.  The routine may unlock
 * and relock ncp several times, and will recheck the children and loop
 * to catch races.  When done the passed ncp will be returned with the
 * reference and lock intact.
 *
 * CINV_DESTROY         - Set a flag in the passed ncp entry indicating
 *                        that the physical underlying nodes have been 
 *                        destroyed... as in deleted.  For example, when
 *                        a directory is removed.  This will cause record
 *                        lookups on the name to no longer be able to find
 *                        the record and tells the resolver to return failure
 *                        rather then trying to resolve through the parent.
 *
 *                        The topology itself, including ncp->nc_name,
 *                        remains intact.
 *
 *                        This only applies to the passed ncp, if CINV_CHILDREN
 *                        is specified the children are not flagged.
 *
 * CINV_CHILDREN        - Set all children (recursively) to an unresolved
 *                        state as well.
 *
 *                        Note that this will also have the side effect of
 *                        cleaning out any unreferenced nodes in the topology
 *                        from the leaves up as the recursion backs out.
 *
 * Note that the topology for any referenced nodes remains intact, but
 * the nodes will be marked as having been destroyed and will be set
 * to an unresolved state.
 *
 * It is possible for cache_inval() to race a cache_resolve(), meaning that
 * the namecache entry may not actually be invalidated on return if it was
 * revalidated while recursing down into its children.  This code guarentees
 * that the node(s) will go through an invalidation cycle, but does not 
 * guarentee that they will remain in an invalidated state. 
 *
 * Returns non-zero if a revalidation was detected during the invalidation
 * recursion, zero otherwise.  Note that since only the original ncp is
 * locked the revalidation ultimately can only indicate that the original ncp
 * *MIGHT* no have been reresolved.
 *
 * DEEP RECURSION HANDLING - If a recursive invalidation recurses deeply we
 * have to avoid blowing out the kernel stack.  We do this by saving the
 * deep namecache node and aborting the recursion, then re-recursing at that
 * node using a depth-first algorithm in order to allow multiple deep
 * recursions to chain through each other, then we restart the invalidation
 * from scratch.
 */

struct cinvtrack {
        struct namecache *resume_ncp;
        int depth;
};

static int _cache_inval_internal(struct namecache *, int, struct cinvtrack *);

static
int
_cache_inval(struct namecache *ncp, int flags)
{
        struct cinvtrack track;
        struct namecache *ncp2;
        int r;

        track.depth = 0;
        track.resume_ncp = NULL;

        for (;;) {
                r = _cache_inval_internal(ncp, flags, &track);
                if (track.resume_ncp == NULL)
                        break;
                _cache_unlock(ncp);
                while ((ncp2 = track.resume_ncp) != NULL) {
                        track.resume_ncp = NULL;
                        _cache_lock(ncp2);
                        _cache_inval_internal(ncp2, flags & ~CINV_DESTROY,
                                             &track);
                        /*_cache_put(ncp2);*/
                        cache_zap(ncp2);
                }
                _cache_lock(ncp);
        }
        return(r);
}

int
cache_inval(struct nchandle *nch, int flags)
{
        return(_cache_inval(nch->ncp, flags));
}

/*
 * Helper for _cache_inval().  The passed ncp is refd and locked and
 * remains that way on return, but may be unlocked/relocked multiple
 * times by the routine.
 */
static int
_cache_inval_internal(struct namecache *ncp, int flags, struct cinvtrack *track)
{
        struct namecache *nextkid;
        int rcnt = 0;

        KKASSERT(_cache_lockstatus(ncp) == LK_EXCLUSIVE);

        _cache_ncp_gen_enter(ncp);
        _cache_setunresolved(ncp, 0);
        if (flags & CINV_DESTROY) {
                ncp->nc_flag |= NCF_DESTROYED;
                cpu_sfence();
        }

        while ((flags & CINV_CHILDREN) &&
               (nextkid = TAILQ_FIRST(&ncp->nc_list)) != NULL
        ) {
                struct namecache *kid;
                int restart;

                restart = 0;
                _cache_hold(nextkid);
                if (++track->depth > MAX_RECURSION_DEPTH) {
                        track->resume_ncp = ncp;
                        _cache_hold(ncp);
                        ++rcnt;
                }
                while ((kid = nextkid) != NULL) {
                        /*
                         * Parent (ncp) must be locked for the iteration.
                         */
                        nextkid = NULL;
                        if (kid->nc_parent != ncp) {
                                _cache_drop(kid);
                                kprintf("cache_inval_internal restartA %s\n",
                                        ncp->nc_name);
                                restart = 1;
                                break;
                        }
                        if ((nextkid = TAILQ_NEXT(kid, nc_entry)) != NULL)
                                _cache_hold(nextkid);

                        /*
                         * Parent unlocked for this section to avoid
                         * deadlocks.  Then lock the kid and check for
                         * races.
                         */
                        _cache_unlock(ncp);
                        if (track->resume_ncp) {
                                _cache_drop(kid);
                                _cache_lock(ncp);
                                break;
                        }
                        _cache_lock(kid);
                        if (kid->nc_parent != ncp) {
                                kprintf("cache_inval_internal "
                                        "restartB %s\n",
                                        ncp->nc_name);
                                restart = 1;
                                _cache_unlock(kid);
                                _cache_drop(kid);
                                _cache_lock(ncp);
                                break;
                        }
                        if ((kid->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) == 0 ||
                            TAILQ_FIRST(&kid->nc_list)
                        ) {

                                rcnt += _cache_inval_internal(kid,
                                                flags & ~CINV_DESTROY, track);
                                /*_cache_unlock(kid);*/
                                /*_cache_drop(kid);*/
                                cache_zap(kid);
                        } else {
                                cache_zap(kid);
                        }

                        /*
                         * Relock parent to continue scan
                         */
                        _cache_lock(ncp);
                }
                if (nextkid)
                        _cache_drop(nextkid);
                --track->depth;
                if (restart == 0)
                        break;
        }

        /*
         * Someone could have gotten in there while ncp was unlocked,
         * retry if so.
         */
        if ((ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) == 0)
                ++rcnt;
        _cache_ncp_gen_exit(ncp);

        return (rcnt);
}

/*
 * Invalidate a vnode's namecache associations.  To avoid races against
 * the resolver we do not invalidate a node which we previously invalidated
 * but which was then re-resolved while we were in the invalidation loop.
 *
 * Returns non-zero if any namecache entries remain after the invalidation
 * loop completed.
 *
 * NOTE: Unlike the namecache topology which guarentees that ncp's will not
 *       be ripped out of the topology while held, the vnode's v_namecache
 *       list has no such restriction.  NCP's can be ripped out of the list
 *       at virtually any time if not locked, even if held.
 *
 *       In addition, the v_namecache list itself must be locked via
 *       the vnode's spinlock.
 */
int
cache_inval_vp(struct vnode *vp, int flags)
{
        struct namecache *ncp;
        struct namecache *next;

restart:
        spin_lock(&vp->v_spin);
        ncp = TAILQ_FIRST(&vp->v_namecache);
        if (ncp)
                _cache_hold(ncp);
        while (ncp) {
                /* loop entered with ncp held and vp spin-locked */
                if ((next = TAILQ_NEXT(ncp, nc_vnode)) != NULL)
                        _cache_hold(next);
                spin_unlock(&vp->v_spin);
                _cache_lock(ncp);
                if (ncp->nc_vp != vp) {
                        kprintf("Warning: cache_inval_vp: race-A detected on "
                                "%s\n", ncp->nc_name);
                        _cache_put(ncp);
                        if (next)
                                _cache_drop(next);
                        goto restart;
                }
                _cache_inval(ncp, flags);
                _cache_put(ncp);                /* also releases reference */
                ncp = next;
                spin_lock(&vp->v_spin);
                if (ncp && ncp->nc_vp != vp) {
                        spin_unlock(&vp->v_spin);
                        kprintf("Warning: cache_inval_vp: race-B detected on "
                                "%s\n", ncp->nc_name);
                        _cache_drop(ncp);
                        goto restart;
                }
        }
        spin_unlock(&vp->v_spin);
        return(TAILQ_FIRST(&vp->v_namecache) != NULL);
}

/*
 * This routine is used instead of the normal cache_inval_vp() when we
 * are trying to recycle otherwise good vnodes.
 *
 * Return 0 on success, non-zero if not all namecache records could be
 * disassociated from the vnode (for various reasons).
 */
int
cache_inval_vp_nonblock(struct vnode *vp)
{
        struct namecache *ncp;
        struct namecache *next;

        spin_lock(&vp->v_spin);

        ncp = TAILQ_FIRST(&vp->v_namecache);
        if (ncp)
                _cache_hold(ncp);

        while (ncp) {
                /* loop entered with ncp held */
                if ((next = TAILQ_NEXT(ncp, nc_vnode)) != NULL)
                        _cache_hold(next);
                spin_unlock(&vp->v_spin);
                if (_cache_lock_nonblock(ncp)) {
                        _cache_drop(ncp);
                        if (next)
                                _cache_drop(next);
                        goto done;
                }
                if (ncp->nc_vp != vp) {
                        kprintf("Warning: cache_inval_vp: race-A detected on "
                                "%s\n", ncp->nc_name);
                        _cache_put(ncp);
                        if (next)
                                _cache_drop(next);
                        goto done;
                }
                _cache_inval(ncp, 0);
                _cache_put(ncp);                /* also releases reference */
                ncp = next;
                spin_lock(&vp->v_spin);
                if (ncp && ncp->nc_vp != vp) {
                        spin_unlock(&vp->v_spin);
                        kprintf("Warning: cache_inval_vp: race-B detected on "
                                "%s\n", ncp->nc_name);
                        _cache_drop(ncp);
                        goto done;
                }
        }
        spin_unlock(&vp->v_spin);
done:
        return(TAILQ_FIRST(&vp->v_namecache) != NULL);
}

/*
 * Attempt to quickly invalidate the vnode's namecache entry.  This function
 * will also dive the ncp and free its children but only if they are trivial.
 * All locks are non-blocking and the function will fail if required locks
 * cannot be obtained.
 *
 * We want this sort of function to be able to guarantee progress when vnlru
 * wants to recycle a vnode.  Directories could otherwise get stuck and not
 * be able to recycle due to destroyed or unresolved children in the
 * namecache.
 */
void
cache_inval_vp_quick(struct vnode *vp)
{
        struct pcpu_ncache *pn = &pcpu_ncache[mycpu->gd_cpuid];
        struct namecache *ncp;
        struct namecache *kid;

        spin_lock(&vp->v_spin);
        while ((ncp = TAILQ_FIRST(&vp->v_namecache)) != NULL) {
                _cache_hold(ncp);
                spin_unlock(&vp->v_spin);
                if (_cache_lock_nonblock(ncp)) {
                        _cache_drop(ncp);
                        return;
                }

                /*
                 * Try to trivially destroy any children.
                 */
                while ((kid = TAILQ_FIRST(&ncp->nc_list)) != NULL) {
                        struct nchash_head *nchpp;

                        /*
                         * Early test without the lock.  Give-up if the
                         * child has children of its own, the child is
                         * positively-resolved, or the ref-count is
                         * unexpected.
                         */
                        if (TAILQ_FIRST(&kid->nc_list) ||
                            kid->nc_vp ||
                            kid->nc_refs != ncpbaserefs(kid))
                        {
                                _cache_put(ncp);
                                return;
                        }

                        _cache_hold(kid);
                        if (_cache_lock_nonblock(kid)) {
                                _cache_drop(kid);
                                _cache_put(ncp);
                                return;
                        }

                        /*
                         * A destruction/free test requires the parent,
                         * the kid, and the hash table to be locked.  Note
                         * that the kid may still be on the negative cache
                         * list.
                         */
                        nchpp = kid->nc_head;
                        spin_lock(&nchpp->spin);

                        /*
                         * Give up if the child isn't trivial.  It can be
                         * resolved or unresolved but must not have a vp.
                         */
                        if (kid->nc_parent != ncp ||
                            kid->nc_vp ||
                            TAILQ_FIRST(&kid->nc_list) ||
                            kid->nc_refs != 1 + ncpbaserefs(kid))
                        {
                                spin_unlock(&nchpp->spin);
                                _cache_put(kid);
                                _cache_put(ncp);
                                return;
                        }

                        ++pn->inv_kid_quick_count;

                        /*
                         * We can safely destroy the kid.  It may still
                         * have extra refs due to ncneglist races, but since
                         * we checked above with the lock held those races
                         * will self-resolve.
                         *
                         * With these actions the kid should nominally
                         * have just its natural ref plus our ref.
                         *
                         * This is only safe because we hold locks on
                         * the parent, the kid, and the nchpp.  The only
                         * lock we don't have is on the ncneglist and that
                         * can race a ref, but as long as we unresolve the
                         * kid before executing our final drop the ncneglist
                         * code path(s) will just drop their own ref so all
                         * is good.
                         */
                        _cache_unlink_parent(ncp, kid, nchpp);
                        _cache_setunresolved(kid, 1);
                        if (kid->nc_refs != 2) {
                                kprintf("Warning: kid %p unexpected refs=%d "
                                        "%08x %s\n",
                                        kid, kid->nc_refs,
                                        kid->nc_flag, kid->nc_name);
                        }
                        _cache_put(kid);    /* drop our ref and lock */
                        _cache_drop(kid);   /* drop natural ref to destroy */
                }

                /*
                 * Now check ncp itself against our expectations.  With
                 * no children left we have our ref plus whether it is
                 * resolved or not (which it has to be, actually, since it
                 * is hanging off the vp->v_namecache).
                 */
                if (ncp->nc_refs != 1 + ncpbaserefs(ncp)) {
                        _cache_put(ncp);
                        spin_lock(&vp->v_spin);
                        break;
                }

                ++pn->inv_ncp_quick_count;

                /*
                 * Success, disassociate and release the ncp.  Do not
                 * try to zap it here.
                 *
                 * NOTE: Releasing the ncp here leaves it in the tree,
                 *       but since we have disassociated the vnode this
                 *       ncp entry becomes 'trivial' and successive calls
                 *       to cache_inval_vp_quick() will be able to continue
                 *       to make progress.
                 */
                _cache_setunresolved(ncp, 1);
                _cache_put(ncp);
                spin_lock(&vp->v_spin);
        }
        spin_unlock(&vp->v_spin);
}

/*
 * Clears the universal directory search 'ok' flag.  This flag allows
 * nlookup() to bypass normal vnode checks.  This flag is a cached flag
 * so clearing it simply forces revalidation.
 */
void
cache_inval_wxok(struct vnode *vp)
{
        struct namecache *ncp;

        spin_lock(&vp->v_spin);
        TAILQ_FOREACH(ncp, &vp->v_namecache, nc_vnode) {
                if (ncp->nc_flag & (NCF_WXOK | NCF_NOTX))
                        atomic_clear_short(&ncp->nc_flag, NCF_WXOK | NCF_NOTX);
        }
        spin_unlock(&vp->v_spin);
}

/*
 * The source ncp has been renamed to the target ncp.  All elements have been
 * locked, including the parent ncp's.
 *
 * The target ncp is destroyed (as a normal rename-over would destroy the
 * target file or directory).
 *
 * Because there may be references to the source ncp we cannot copy its
 * contents to the target.  Instead the source ncp is relinked as the target
 * and the target ncp is removed from the namecache topology.
 */
void
cache_rename(struct nchandle *fnch, struct nchandle *tnch)
{
        struct namecache *fncp = fnch->ncp;
        struct namecache *tncp = tnch->ncp;
        struct namecache *par;
        struct nchash_head *nchpp;
        u_int32_t hash;
        char *oname;
        char *nname;

        if (tncp->nc_nlen) {
                nname = kmalloc(tncp->nc_nlen + 1, M_VFSCACHEAUX, M_WAITOK);
                bcopy(tncp->nc_name, nname, tncp->nc_nlen);
                nname[tncp->nc_nlen] = 0;
        } else {
                nname = NULL;
        }

        /*
         * Rename fncp (unlink)
         */
        if (fncp->nc_parent) {
                par = fncp->nc_parent;
                _cache_hold(par);
                _cache_lock(par);
                nchpp = fncp->nc_head;
                spin_lock(&nchpp->spin);
                _cache_unlink_parent(par, fncp, nchpp); /* eats nchpp */
                _cache_put(par);
        } else {
                par = NULL;
                nchpp = NULL;
        }
        oname = fncp->nc_name;
        fncp->nc_name = nname;
        fncp->nc_nlen = tncp->nc_nlen;
        if (oname)
                kfree(oname, M_VFSCACHEAUX);

        par = tncp->nc_parent;
        KKASSERT(par->nc_lock.lk_lockholder == curthread);

        /*
         * Rename fncp (relink)
         */
        hash = fnv_32_buf(fncp->nc_name, fncp->nc_nlen, FNV1_32_INIT);
        hash = fnv_32_buf(&par, sizeof(par), hash);
        nchpp = NCHHASH(hash);

        spin_lock(&nchpp->spin);
        _cache_link_parent(fncp, par, nchpp);
        spin_unlock(&nchpp->spin);

        /*
         * Get rid of the overwritten tncp (unlink)
         */
        _cache_unlink(tncp);
}

/*
 * Perform actions consistent with unlinking a file.  The passed-in ncp
 * must be locked.
 *
 * The ncp is marked DESTROYED so it no longer shows up in searches,
 * and will be physically deleted when the vnode goes away.
 *
 * If the related vnode has no refs then we cycle it through vget()/vput()
 * to (possibly if we don't have a ref race) trigger a deactivation,
 * allowing the VFS to trivially detect and recycle the deleted vnode
 * via VOP_INACTIVE().
 *
 * NOTE: _cache_rename() will automatically call _cache_unlink() on the
 *       target ncp.
 */
void
cache_unlink(struct nchandle *nch)
{
        _cache_unlink(nch->ncp);
}

static void
_cache_unlink(struct namecache *ncp)
{
        struct vnode *vp;

        /*
         * Causes lookups to fail and allows another ncp with the same
         * name to be created under ncp->nc_parent.
         */
        _cache_ncp_gen_enter(ncp);
        ncp->nc_flag |= NCF_DESTROYED;

        /*
         * Attempt to trigger a deactivation.  Set VREF_FINALIZE to
         * force action on the 1->0 transition.  Do not destroy the
         * vp association if a vp is present (leave the destroyed ncp
         * resolved through the vp finalization).
         *
         * Cleanup the refs in the resolved-not-found case by setting
         * the ncp to an unresolved state.  This improves our ability
         * to get rid of dead ncp elements in other cache_*() routines.
         */
        if ((ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) == 0) {
                vp = ncp->nc_vp;
                if (vp) {
                        atomic_set_int(&vp->v_refcnt, VREF_FINALIZE);
                        if (VREFCNT(vp) <= 0) {
                                if (vget(vp, LK_SHARED) == 0)
                                        vput(vp);
                        }
                } else {
                        _cache_setunresolved(ncp, 0);
                }
        }
        _cache_ncp_gen_exit(ncp);
}

/*
 * Return non-zero if the nch might be associated with an open and/or mmap()'d
 * file.  The easy solution is to just return non-zero if the vnode has refs.
 * Used to interlock hammer2 reclaims (VREF_FINALIZE should already be set to
 * force the reclaim).
 */
int
cache_isopen(struct nchandle *nch)
{
        struct vnode *vp;
        struct namecache *ncp = nch->ncp;

        if ((ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) == 0 &&
            (vp = ncp->nc_vp) != NULL &&
            VREFCNT(vp)) {
                return 1;
        }
        return 0;
}


/*
 * vget the vnode associated with the namecache entry.  Resolve the namecache
 * entry if necessary.  The passed ncp must be referenced and locked.  If
 * the ncp is resolved it might be locked shared.
 *
 * lk_type may be LK_SHARED, LK_EXCLUSIVE.  A ref'd, possibly locked
 * (depending on the passed lk_type) will be returned in *vpp with an error
 * of 0, or NULL will be returned in *vpp with a non-0 error code.  The
 * most typical error is ENOENT, meaning that the ncp represents a negative
 * cache hit and there is no vnode to retrieve, but other errors can occur
 * too.
 *
 * The vget() can race a reclaim.  If this occurs we re-resolve the
 * namecache entry.
 *
 * There are numerous places in the kernel where vget() is called on a
 * vnode while one or more of its namecache entries is locked.  Releasing
 * a vnode never deadlocks against locked namecache entries (the vnode
 * will not get recycled while referenced ncp's exist).  This means we
 * can safely acquire the vnode.  In fact, we MUST NOT release the ncp
 * lock when acquiring the vp lock or we might cause a deadlock.
 *
 * NOTE: The passed-in ncp must be locked exclusively if it is initially
 *       unresolved.  If a reclaim race occurs the passed-in ncp will be
 *       relocked exclusively before being re-resolved.
 */
int
cache_vget(struct nchandle *nch, struct ucred *cred,
           int lk_type, struct vnode **vpp)
{
        struct namecache *ncp;
        struct vnode *vp;
        int error;

        ncp = nch->ncp;
again:
        vp = NULL;
        if (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED)
                error = cache_resolve(nch, cred);
        else
                error = 0;

        if (error == 0 && (vp = ncp->nc_vp) != NULL) {
                error = vget(vp, lk_type);
                if (error) {
                        /*
                         * VRECLAIM race
                         *
                         * The ncp may have been locked shared, we must relock
                         * it exclusively before we can set it to unresolved.
                         */
                        if (error == ENOENT) {
                                kprintf("Warning: vnode reclaim race detected "
                                        "in cache_vget on %p (%s)\n",
                                        vp, ncp->nc_name);
                                _cache_unlock(ncp);
                                _cache_lock(ncp);
                                _cache_setunresolved(ncp, 1);
                                goto again;
                        }

                        /*
                         * Not a reclaim race, some other error.
                         */
                        KKASSERT(ncp->nc_vp == vp);
                        vp = NULL;
                } else {
                        KKASSERT(ncp->nc_vp == vp);
                        KKASSERT((vp->v_flag & VRECLAIMED) == 0);
                }
        }
        if (error == 0 && vp == NULL)
                error = ENOENT;
        *vpp = vp;
        return(error);
}

/*
 * Similar to cache_vget() but only acquires a ref on the vnode.  The vnode
 * is already held by virtuue of the ncp being locked, but it might not be
 * referenced and while it is not referenced it can transition into the
 * VRECLAIMED state.
 *
 * NOTE: The passed-in ncp must be locked exclusively if it is initially
 *       unresolved.  If a reclaim race occurs the passed-in ncp will be
 *       relocked exclusively before being re-resolved.
 *
 * NOTE: At the moment we have to issue a vget() on the vnode, even though
 *       we are going to immediately release the lock, in order to resolve
 *       potential reclamation races.  Once we have a solid vnode ref that
 *       was (at some point) interlocked via a vget(), the vnode will not
 *       be reclaimed.
 *
 * NOTE: vhold counts (v_auxrefs) do not prevent reclamation.
 */
int
cache_vref(struct nchandle *nch, struct ucred *cred, struct vnode **vpp)
{
        struct namecache *ncp;
        struct vnode *vp;
        int error;
        int v;

        ncp = nch->ncp;
again:
        vp = NULL;
        if (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED)
                error = cache_resolve(nch, cred);
        else
                error = 0;

        while (error == 0 && (vp = ncp->nc_vp) != NULL) {
                /*
                 * Try a lockless ref of the vnode.  VRECLAIMED transitions
                 * use the vx_lock state and update-counter mechanism so we
                 * can detect if one is in-progress or occurred.
                 *
                 * If we can successfully ref the vnode and interlock against
                 * the update-counter mechanism, and VRECLAIMED is found to
                 * not be set after that, we should be good.
                 */
                v = spin_access_start_only(&vp->v_spin);
                if (__predict_true(spin_access_check_inprog(v) == 0)) {
                        vref_special(vp);
                        if (__predict_false(
                                    spin_access_end_only(&vp->v_spin, v))) {
                                vrele(vp);
                                continue;
                        }
                        if (__predict_true((vp->v_flag & VRECLAIMED) == 0)) {
                                break;
                        }
                        vrele(vp);
                        kprintf("CACHE_VREF: IN-RECLAIM\n");
                }

                /*
                 * Do it the slow way
                 */
                error = vget(vp, LK_SHARED);
                if (error) {
                        /*
                         * VRECLAIM race
                         */
                        if (error == ENOENT) {
                                kprintf("Warning: vnode reclaim race detected "
                                        "in cache_vget on %p (%s)\n",
                                        vp, ncp->nc_name);
                                _cache_unlock(ncp);
                                _cache_lock(ncp);
                                _cache_setunresolved(ncp, 1);
                                goto again;
                        }

                        /*
                         * Not a reclaim race, some other error.
                         */
                        KKASSERT(ncp->nc_vp == vp);
                        vp = NULL;
                } else {
                        KKASSERT(ncp->nc_vp == vp);
                        KKASSERT((vp->v_flag & VRECLAIMED) == 0);
                        /* caller does not want a lock */
                        vn_unlock(vp);
                }
                break;
        }
        if (error == 0 && vp == NULL)
                error = ENOENT;
        *vpp = vp;

        return(error);
}

/*
 * Return a referenced vnode representing the parent directory of
 * ncp.
 *
 * Because the caller has locked the ncp it should not be possible for
 * the parent ncp to go away.  However, the parent can unresolve its
 * dvp at any time so we must be able to acquire a lock on the parent
 * to safely access nc_vp.
 *
 * We have to leave par unlocked when vget()ing dvp to avoid a deadlock,
 * so use vhold()/vdrop() while holding the lock to prevent dvp from
 * getting destroyed.
 *
 * NOTE: vhold() is allowed when dvp has 0 refs if we hold a
 *       lock on the ncp in question..
 */
struct vnode *
cache_dvpref(struct namecache *ncp)
{
        struct namecache *par;
        struct vnode *dvp;

        dvp = NULL;
        if ((par = ncp->nc_parent) != NULL) {
                _cache_hold(par);
                _cache_lock(par);
                if ((par->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) == 0) {
                        if ((dvp = par->nc_vp) != NULL)
                                vhold(dvp);
                }
                _cache_unlock(par);
                if (dvp) {
                        if (vget(dvp, LK_SHARED) == 0) {
                                vn_unlock(dvp);
                                vdrop(dvp);
                                /* return refd, unlocked dvp */
                        } else {
                                vdrop(dvp);
                                dvp = NULL;
                        }
                }
                _cache_drop(par);
        }
        return(dvp);
}

/*
 * Convert a directory vnode to a namecache record without any other 
 * knowledge of the topology.  This ONLY works with directory vnodes and
 * is ONLY used by the NFS server.  dvp must be refd but unlocked, and the
 * returned ncp (if not NULL) will be held and unlocked.
 *
 * If 'makeit' is 0 and dvp has no existing namecache record, NULL is returned.
 * If 'makeit' is 1 we attempt to track-down and create the namecache topology
 * for dvp.  This will fail only if the directory has been deleted out from
 * under the caller.  
 *
 * Callers must always check for a NULL return no matter the value of 'makeit'.
 *
 * To avoid underflowing the kernel stack each recursive call increments
 * the makeit variable.
 */

static int cache_inefficient_scan(struct nchandle *nch, struct ucred *cred,
                                  struct vnode *dvp, char *fakename);
static int cache_fromdvp_try(struct vnode *dvp, struct ucred *cred, 
                                  struct vnode **saved_dvp);

int
cache_fromdvp(struct vnode *dvp, struct ucred *cred, int makeit,
              struct nchandle *nch)
{
        struct vnode *saved_dvp;
        struct vnode *pvp;
        char *fakename;
        int error;

        nch->ncp = NULL;
        nch->mount = dvp->v_mount;
        saved_dvp = NULL;
        fakename = NULL;

        /*
         * Handle the makeit == 0 degenerate case
         */
        if (makeit == 0) {
                spin_lock_shared(&dvp->v_spin);
                nch->ncp = TAILQ_FIRST(&dvp->v_namecache);
                if (nch->ncp)
                        cache_hold(nch);
                spin_unlock_shared(&dvp->v_spin);
        }

        /*
         * Loop until resolution, inside code will break out on error.
         */
        while (makeit) {
                /*
                 * Break out if we successfully acquire a working ncp.
                 */
                spin_lock_shared(&dvp->v_spin);
                nch->ncp = TAILQ_FIRST(&dvp->v_namecache);
                if (nch->ncp) {
                        cache_hold(nch);
                        spin_unlock_shared(&dvp->v_spin);
                        break;
                }
                spin_unlock_shared(&dvp->v_spin);

                /*
                 * If dvp is the root of its filesystem it should already
                 * have a namecache pointer associated with it as a side 
                 * effect of the mount, but it may have been disassociated.
                 */
                if (dvp->v_flag & VROOT) {
                        nch->ncp = _cache_get(nch->mount->mnt_ncmountpt.ncp);
                        error = cache_resolve_mp(nch->mount, 1);
                        _cache_put(nch->ncp);
                        if (ncvp_debug & 1) {
                                kprintf("cache_fromdvp: resolve root of "
                                        "mount %p error %d",
                                        dvp->v_mount, error);
                        }
                        if (error) {
                                if (ncvp_debug & 1)
                                        kprintf(" failed\n");
                                nch->ncp = NULL;
                                break;
                        }
                        if (ncvp_debug & 1)
                                kprintf(" succeeded\n");
                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 * If we are recursed too deeply resort to an O(n^2)
                 * algorithm to resolve the namecache topology.  The
                 * resolved pvp is left referenced in saved_dvp to
                 * prevent the tree from being destroyed while we loop.
                 */
                if (makeit > 20) {
                        error = cache_fromdvp_try(dvp, cred, &saved_dvp);
                        if (error) {
                                kprintf("lookupdotdot(longpath) failed %d "
                                       "dvp %p\n", error, dvp);
                                nch->ncp = NULL;
                                break;
                        }
                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 * Get the parent directory and resolve its ncp.
                 */
                if (fakename) {
                        kfree(fakename, M_TEMP);
                        fakename = NULL;
                }
                error = vop_nlookupdotdot(*dvp->v_ops, dvp, &pvp, cred,
                                          &fakename);
                if (error) {
                        kprintf("lookupdotdot failed %d dvp %p\n", error, dvp);
                        break;
                }
                vn_unlock(pvp);

                /*
                 * Reuse makeit as a recursion depth counter.  On success
                 * nch will be fully referenced.
                 */
                cache_fromdvp(pvp, cred, makeit + 1, nch);
                vrele(pvp);
                if (nch->ncp == NULL)
                        break;

                /*
                 * Do an inefficient scan of pvp (embodied by ncp) to look
                 * for dvp.  This will create a namecache record for dvp on
                 * success.  We loop up to recheck on success.
                 *
                 * ncp and dvp are both held but not locked.
                 */
                error = cache_inefficient_scan(nch, cred, dvp, fakename);
                if (error) {
                        kprintf("cache_fromdvp: scan %p (%s) failed on dvp=%p\n",
                                pvp, nch->ncp->nc_name, dvp);
                        cache_drop(nch);
                        /* nch was NULLed out, reload mount */
                        nch->mount = dvp->v_mount;
                        break;
                }
                if (ncvp_debug & 1) {
                        kprintf("cache_fromdvp: scan %p (%s) succeeded\n",
                                pvp, nch->ncp->nc_name);
                }
                cache_drop(nch);
                /* nch was NULLed out, reload mount */
                nch->mount = dvp->v_mount;
        }

        /*
         * If nch->ncp is non-NULL it will have been held already.
         */
        if (fakename)
                kfree(fakename, M_TEMP);
        if (saved_dvp)
                vrele(saved_dvp);
        if (nch->ncp)
                return (0);
        return (EINVAL);
}

/*
 * Go up the chain of parent directories until we find something
 * we can resolve into the namecache.  This is very inefficient.
 */
static
int
cache_fromdvp_try(struct vnode *dvp, struct ucred *cred,
                  struct vnode **saved_dvp)
{
        struct nchandle nch;
        struct vnode *pvp;
        int error;
        static time_t last_fromdvp_report;
        char *fakename;

        /*
         * Loop getting the parent directory vnode until we get something we
         * can resolve in the namecache.
         */
        vref(dvp);
        nch.mount = dvp->v_mount;
        nch.ncp = NULL;
        fakename = NULL;

        for (;;) {
                if (fakename) {
                        kfree(fakename, M_TEMP);
                        fakename = NULL;
                }
                error = vop_nlookupdotdot(*dvp->v_ops, dvp, &pvp, cred,
                                          &fakename);
                if (error) {
                        vrele(dvp);
                        break;
                }
                vn_unlock(pvp);
                spin_lock_shared(&pvp->v_spin);
                if ((nch.ncp = TAILQ_FIRST(&pvp->v_namecache)) != NULL) {
                        _cache_hold(nch.ncp);
                        spin_unlock_shared(&pvp->v_spin);
                        vrele(pvp);
                        break;
                }
                spin_unlock_shared(&pvp->v_spin);
                if (pvp->v_flag & VROOT) {
                        nch.ncp = _cache_get(pvp->v_mount->mnt_ncmountpt.ncp);
                        error = cache_resolve_mp(nch.mount, 1);
                        _cache_unlock(nch.ncp);
                        vrele(pvp);
                        if (error) {
                                _cache_drop(nch.ncp);
                                nch.ncp = NULL;
                                vrele(dvp);
                        }
                        break;
                }
                vrele(dvp);
                dvp = pvp;
        }
        if (error == 0) {
                if (last_fromdvp_report != time_uptime) {
                        last_fromdvp_report = time_uptime;
                        kprintf("Warning: extremely inefficient path "
                                "resolution on %s\n",
                                nch.ncp->nc_name);
                }
                error = cache_inefficient_scan(&nch, cred, dvp, fakename);

                /*
                 * Hopefully dvp now has a namecache record associated with
                 * it.  Leave it referenced to prevent the kernel from
                 * recycling the vnode.  Otherwise extremely long directory
                 * paths could result in endless recycling.
                 */
                if (*saved_dvp)
                    vrele(*saved_dvp);
                *saved_dvp = dvp;
                _cache_drop(nch.ncp);
        }
        if (fakename)
                kfree(fakename, M_TEMP);
        return (error);
}

/*
 * Do an inefficient scan of the directory represented by ncp looking for
 * the directory vnode dvp.  ncp must be held but not locked on entry and
 * will be held on return.  dvp must be refd but not locked on entry and
 * will remain refd on return.
 *
 * Why do this at all?  Well, due to its stateless nature the NFS server
 * converts file handles directly to vnodes without necessarily going through
 * the namecache ops that would otherwise create the namecache topology
 * leading to the vnode.  We could either (1) Change the namecache algorithms
 * to allow disconnect namecache records that are re-merged opportunistically,
 * or (2) Make the NFS server backtrack and scan to recover a connected
 * namecache topology in order to then be able to issue new API lookups.
 *
 * It turns out that (1) is a huge mess.  It takes a nice clean set of 
 * namecache algorithms and introduces a lot of complication in every subsystem
 * that calls into the namecache to deal with the re-merge case, especially
 * since we are using the namecache to placehold negative lookups and the
 * vnode might not be immediately assigned. (2) is certainly far less
 * efficient then (1), but since we are only talking about directories here
 * (which are likely to remain cached), the case does not actually run all
 * that often and has the supreme advantage of not polluting the namecache
 * algorithms.
 *
 * If a fakename is supplied just construct a namecache entry using the
 * fake name.
 */
static int
cache_inefficient_scan(struct nchandle *nch, struct ucred *cred, 
                       struct vnode *dvp, char *fakename)
{
        struct nlcomponent nlc;
        struct nchandle rncp;
        struct dirent *den;
        struct vnode *pvp;
        struct vattr vat;
        struct iovec iov;
        struct uio uio;
        int blksize;
        int eofflag;
        int bytes;
        char *rbuf;
        int error;

        vat.va_blocksize = 0;
        if ((error = VOP_GETATTR(dvp, &vat)) != 0)
                return (error);
        cache_lock(nch);
        error = cache_vref(nch, cred, &pvp);
        cache_unlock(nch);
        if (error)
                return (error);
        if (ncvp_debug & 1) {
                kprintf("inefficient_scan of (%p,%s): directory iosize %ld "
                        "vattr fileid = %lld\n",
                        nch->ncp, nch->ncp->nc_name,
                        vat.va_blocksize,
                        (long long)vat.va_fileid);
        }

        /*
         * Use the supplied fakename if not NULL.  Fake names are typically
         * not in the actual filesystem hierarchy.  This is used by HAMMER
         * to glue @@timestamp recursions together.
         */
        if (fakename) {
                nlc.nlc_nameptr = fakename;
                nlc.nlc_namelen = strlen(fakename);
                rncp = cache_nlookup(nch, &nlc);
                goto done;
        }

        if ((blksize = vat.va_blocksize) == 0)
                blksize = DEV_BSIZE;
        rbuf = kmalloc(blksize, M_TEMP, M_WAITOK);
        rncp.ncp = NULL;

        eofflag = 0;
        uio.uio_offset = 0;
again:
        iov.iov_base = rbuf;
        iov.iov_len = blksize;
        uio.uio_iov = &iov;
        uio.uio_iovcnt = 1;
        uio.uio_resid = blksize;
        uio.uio_segflg = UIO_SYSSPACE;
        uio.uio_rw = UIO_READ;
        uio.uio_td = curthread;

        if (ncvp_debug & 2)
                kprintf("cache_inefficient_scan: readdir @ %08x\n", (int)uio.uio_offset);
        error = VOP_READDIR(pvp, &uio, cred, &eofflag, NULL, NULL);
        if (error == 0) {
                den = (struct dirent *)rbuf;
                bytes = blksize - uio.uio_resid;

                while (bytes > 0) {
                        if (ncvp_debug & 2) {
                                kprintf("cache_inefficient_scan: %*.*s\n",
                                        den->d_namlen, den->d_namlen, 
                                        den->d_name);
                        }
                        if (den->d_type != DT_WHT &&
                            den->d_ino == vat.va_fileid) {
                                if (ncvp_debug & 1) {
                                        kprintf("cache_inefficient_scan: "
                                               "MATCHED inode %lld path %s/%*.*s\n",
                                               (long long)vat.va_fileid,
                                               nch->ncp->nc_name,
                                               den->d_namlen, den->d_namlen,
                                               den->d_name);
                                }
                                nlc.nlc_nameptr = den->d_name;
                                nlc.nlc_namelen = den->d_namlen;
                                rncp = cache_nlookup(nch, &nlc);
                                KKASSERT(rncp.ncp != NULL);
                                break;
                        }
                        bytes -= _DIRENT_DIRSIZ(den);
                        den = _DIRENT_NEXT(den);
                }
                if (rncp.ncp == NULL && eofflag == 0 && uio.uio_resid != blksize)
                        goto again;
        }
        kfree(rbuf, M_TEMP);
done:
        vrele(pvp);
        if (rncp.ncp) {
                if (rncp.ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) {
                        _cache_setvp(rncp.mount, rncp.ncp, dvp, 1);
                        if (ncvp_debug & 2) {
                                kprintf("cache_inefficient_scan: setvp %s/%s = %p\n",
                                        nch->ncp->nc_name, rncp.ncp->nc_name, dvp);
                        }
                } else {
                        if (ncvp_debug & 2) {
                                kprintf("cache_inefficient_scan: setvp %s/%s already set %p/%p\n", 
                                        nch->ncp->nc_name, rncp.ncp->nc_name, dvp,
                                        rncp.ncp->nc_vp);
                        }
                }
                if (rncp.ncp->nc_vp == NULL)
                        error = rncp.ncp->nc_error;
                /* 
                 * Release rncp after a successful nlookup.  rncp was fully
                 * referenced.
                 */
                cache_put(&rncp);
        } else {
                kprintf("cache_inefficient_scan: dvp %p NOT FOUND in %s\n",
                        dvp, nch->ncp->nc_name);
                error = ENOENT;
        }
        return (error);
}

/*
 * This function must be called with the ncp held and locked and will unlock
 * and drop it during zapping.
 *
 * Zap a namecache entry.  The ncp is unconditionally set to an unresolved
 * state, which disassociates it from its vnode or pcpu_ncache[n].neg_list
 * and removes the related reference.  If the ncp can be removed, and the
 * parent can be zapped non-blocking, this function loops up.
 *
 * There will be one ref from the caller (which we now own).  The only
 * remaining autonomous refs to the ncp will then be due to nc_parent->nc_list,
 * so possibly 2 refs left.  Taking this into account, if there are no
 * additional refs and no children, the ncp will be removed from the topology
 * and destroyed.
 *
 * References and/or children may exist if the ncp is in the middle of the
 * topology, preventing the ncp from being destroyed.
 *
 * If nonblock is non-zero and the parent ncp cannot be locked we give up.
 *
 * This function may return a held (but NOT locked) parent node which the
 * caller must drop in a loop.  Looping is one way to avoid unbounded recursion
 * due to deep namecache trees.
 *
 * WARNING!  For MPSAFE operation this routine must acquire up to three
 *           spin locks to be able to safely test nc_refs.  Lock order is
 *           very important.
 *
 *           hash spinlock if on hash list
 *           parent spinlock if child of parent
 *           (the ncp is unresolved so there is no vnode association)
 */
static int
cache_zap(struct namecache *ncp)
{
        struct namecache *par;
        struct nchash_head *nchpp;
        int refcmp;
        int nonblock = 1;       /* XXX cleanup */
        int res = 0;

again:
        /*
         * Disassociate the vnode or negative cache ref and set NCF_UNRESOLVED.
         * This gets rid of any vp->v_namecache list or negative list and
         * the related ref.
         */
        _cache_setunresolved(ncp, 1);

        /*
         * Try to scrap the entry and possibly tail-recurse on its parent.
         * We only scrap unref'd (other then our ref) unresolved entries,
         * we do not scrap 'live' entries.
         *
         * If nc_parent is non NULL we expect 2 references, else just 1.
         * If there are more, someone else also holds the ncp and we cannot
         * destroy it.
         */
        KKASSERT(ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED);
        KKASSERT(ncp->nc_refs > 0);

        /*
         * If the ncp is linked to its parent it will also be in the hash
         * table.  We have to be able to lock the parent and the hash table.
         *
         * Acquire locks.  Note that the parent can't go away while we hold
         * a child locked.  If nc_parent is present, expect 2 refs instead
         * of 1.
         */
        nchpp = NULL;
        if ((par = ncp->nc_parent) != NULL) {
                if (nonblock) {
                        if (_cache_lock_nonblock(par)) {
                                /* lock failed */
                                ncp->nc_flag |= NCF_DEFEREDZAP;
                                atomic_add_long(
                                    &pcpu_ncache[mycpu->gd_cpuid].numdefered,
                                    1);
                                _cache_unlock(ncp);
                                _cache_drop(ncp);       /* caller's ref */
                                return res;
                        }
                        _cache_hold(par);
                } else {
                        _cache_hold(par);
                        _cache_lock(par);
                }
                nchpp = ncp->nc_head;
                spin_lock(&nchpp->spin);
        }

        /*
         * With the parent and nchpp locked, and the vnode removed
         * (no vp->v_namecache), we expect 1 or 2 refs.  If there are
         * more someone else has a ref and we cannot zap the entry.
         *
         * one for our hold
         * one for our parent link (parent also has one from the linkage)
         */
        if (par)
                refcmp = 2;
        else
                refcmp = 1;

        /*
         * On failure undo the work we've done so far and drop the
         * caller's ref and ncp.
         */
        if (ncp->nc_refs != refcmp || TAILQ_FIRST(&ncp->nc_list)) {
                if (par) {
                        spin_unlock(&nchpp->spin);
                        _cache_put(par);
                }
                _cache_unlock(ncp);
                _cache_drop(ncp);
                return res;
        }

        /*
         * We own all the refs and with the spinlocks held no further
         * refs can be acquired by others.
         *
         * Remove us from the hash list and parent list.  We have to
         * drop a ref on the parent's vp if the parent's list becomes
         * empty.
         */
        if (par) {
                KKASSERT(nchpp == ncp->nc_head);
                _cache_unlink_parent(par, ncp, nchpp); /* eats nhcpp */
                /*_cache_unlock(par);*/
                /* &nchpp->spin is unlocked by call */
        } else {
                KKASSERT(ncp->nc_head == NULL);
        }

        /*
         * ncp should not have picked up any refs.  Physically
         * destroy the ncp.
         */
        if (ncp->nc_refs != refcmp) {
                panic("cache_zap: %p bad refs %d (expected %d)\n",
                        ncp, ncp->nc_refs, refcmp);
        }
        /* _cache_unlock(ncp) not required */
        ncp->nc_refs = -1;      /* safety */
        if (ncp->nc_name)
                kfree(ncp->nc_name, M_VFSCACHEAUX);
        kfree_obj(ncp, M_VFSCACHE);
        res = 1;

        /*
         * Loop up if we can recursively clean out the parent.
         */
        if (par) {
                refcmp = 1;             /* ref on parent */
                if (par->nc_parent)     /* par->par */
                        ++refcmp;
                par->nc_flag &= ~NCF_DEFEREDZAP;
                if ((par->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) &&
                    par->nc_refs == refcmp &&
                    TAILQ_EMPTY(&par->nc_list))
                {
                        ncp = par;
                        goto again;
                }
                _cache_unlock(par);
                _cache_drop(par);
        }
        return 1;
}

/*
 * Clean up dangling negative cache and defered-drop entries in the
 * namecache.
 *
 * This routine is called in the critical path and also called from
 * vnlru().  When called from vnlru we use a lower limit to try to
 * deal with the negative cache before the critical path has to start
 * dealing with it.
 */
typedef enum { CHI_LOW, CHI_HIGH } cache_hs_t;

static cache_hs_t neg_cache_hysteresis_state[2] = { CHI_LOW, CHI_LOW };
static cache_hs_t pos_cache_hysteresis_state[2] = { CHI_LOW, CHI_LOW };
static cache_hs_t exc_cache_hysteresis_state[2] = { CHI_LOW, CHI_LOW };

void
cache_hysteresis(int critpath)
{
        long poslimit;
        long exclimit;
        long neglimit;
        long xnumunres;
        long xnumleafs;
        long clean_neg;
        long clean_unres;
        long clean_excess;

        /*
         * Calculate negative ncp limit
         */
        neglimit = maxvnodes / ncnegfactor;
        if (critpath == 0)
                neglimit = neglimit * 8 / 10;

        /*
         * Don't cache too many negative hits.  We use hysteresis to reduce
         * the impact on the critical path.
         */
        clean_neg = 0;

        switch(neg_cache_hysteresis_state[critpath]) {
        case CHI_LOW:
                if (vfscache_negs > MINNEG && vfscache_negs > neglimit) {
                        if (critpath)
                                clean_neg = ncnegflush;
                        else
                                clean_neg = ncnegflush +
                                            vfscache_negs - neglimit;
                        neg_cache_hysteresis_state[critpath] = CHI_HIGH;
                }
                break;
        case CHI_HIGH:
                if (vfscache_negs > MINNEG * 9 / 10 &&
                    vfscache_negs * 9 / 10 > neglimit
                ) {
                        if (critpath)
                                clean_neg = ncnegflush;
                        else
                                clean_neg = ncnegflush +
                                            vfscache_negs * 9 / 10 -
                                            neglimit;
                } else {
                        neg_cache_hysteresis_state[critpath] = CHI_LOW;
                }
                break;
        }
        if (clean_neg)
                _cache_cleanneg(clean_neg);

        /*
         * Don't cache too many unresolved elements.  We use hysteresis to
         * reduce the impact on the critical path.
         */
        if ((poslimit = ncposlimit) == 0)
                poslimit = maxvnodes / ncposfactor;
        if (critpath == 0)
                poslimit = poslimit * 8 / 10;

        /*
         * Number of unresolved leaf elements in the namecache.  These
         * can build-up for various reasons and may have to be disposed
         * of to allow the inactive list to be cleaned out by vnlru_proc()
         *
         * Collect count
         */
        xnumunres = vfscache_unres;
        clean_unres = 0;

        switch(pos_cache_hysteresis_state[critpath]) {
        case CHI_LOW:
                if (xnumunres > poslimit && xnumunres > MINPOS) {
                        if (critpath)
                                clean_unres = ncposflush;
                        else
                                clean_unres = ncposflush + xnumunres -
                                              poslimit;
                        pos_cache_hysteresis_state[critpath] = CHI_HIGH;
                }
                break;
        case CHI_HIGH:
                if (xnumunres > poslimit * 5 / 6 && xnumunres > MINPOS) {
                        if (critpath)
                                clean_unres = ncposflush;
                        else
                                clean_unres = ncposflush + xnumunres -
                                              poslimit * 5 / 6;
                } else {
                        pos_cache_hysteresis_state[critpath] = CHI_LOW;
                }
                break;
        }

        /*
         * Excessive positive hits can accumulate due to large numbers of
         * hardlinks (the vnode cache will not prevent ncps representing
         * hardlinks from growing into infinity).
         */
        exclimit = maxvnodes * 2;
        if (critpath == 0)
                exclimit = exclimit * 8 / 10;
        xnumleafs = vfscache_leafs;
        clean_excess = 0;

        switch(exc_cache_hysteresis_state[critpath]) {
        case CHI_LOW:
                if (xnumleafs > exclimit && xnumleafs > MINPOS) {
                        if (critpath)
                                clean_excess = ncposflush;
                        else
                                clean_excess = ncposflush + xnumleafs -
                                               exclimit;
                        exc_cache_hysteresis_state[critpath] = CHI_HIGH;
                }
                break;
        case CHI_HIGH:
                if (xnumleafs > exclimit * 5 / 6 && xnumleafs > MINPOS) {
                        if (critpath)
                                clean_excess = ncposflush;
                        else
                                clean_excess = ncposflush + xnumleafs -
                                               exclimit * 5 / 6;
                } else {
                        exc_cache_hysteresis_state[critpath] = CHI_LOW;
                }
                break;
        }

        if (clean_unres || clean_excess)
                _cache_cleanpos(clean_unres, clean_excess);

        /*
         * Clean out dangling defered-zap ncps which could not be cleanly
         * dropped if too many build up.  Note that numdefered is
         * heuristical.  Make sure we are real-time for the current cpu,
         * plus the global rollup.
         */
        if (pcpu_ncache[mycpu->gd_cpuid].numdefered + numdefered > neglimit) {
                _cache_cleandefered();
        }
}

/*
 * NEW NAMECACHE LOOKUP API
 *
 * Lookup an entry in the namecache.  The passed par_nch must be referenced
 * and unlocked.  A referenced and locked nchandle with a non-NULL nch.ncp
 * is ALWAYS returned, eve if the supplied component is illegal.
 *
 * The resulting namecache entry should be returned to the system with
 * cache_put() or cache_unlock() + cache_drop().
 *
 * namecache locks are recursive but care must be taken to avoid lock order
 * reversals (hence why the passed par_nch must be unlocked).  Locking
 * rules are to order for parent traversals, not for child traversals.
 *
 * Nobody else will be able to manipulate the associated namespace (e.g.
 * create, delete, rename, rename-target) until the caller unlocks the
 * entry.
 *
 * The returned entry will be in one of three states:  positive hit (non-null
 * vnode), negative hit (null vnode), or unresolved (NCF_UNRESOLVED is set).
 * Unresolved entries must be resolved through the filesystem to associate the
 * vnode and/or determine whether a positive or negative hit has occured.
 *
 * It is not necessary to lock a directory in order to lock namespace under
 * that directory.  In fact, it is explicitly not allowed to do that.  A
 * directory is typically only locked when being created, renamed, or
 * destroyed.
 *
 * The directory (par) may be unresolved, in which case any returned child
 * will likely also be marked unresolved.  Likely but not guarenteed.  Since
 * the filesystem lookup requires a resolved directory vnode the caller is
 * responsible for resolving the namecache chain top-down.  This API 
 * specifically allows whole chains to be created in an unresolved state.
 */
struct nchandle
cache_nlookup(struct nchandle *par_nch, struct nlcomponent *nlc)
{
        struct nchandle nch;
        struct namecache *ncp;
        struct namecache *new_ncp;
        struct namecache *rep_ncp;      /* reuse a destroyed ncp */
        struct nchash_head *nchpp;
        struct mount *mp;
        u_int32_t hash;
        globaldata_t gd;
        int par_locked;
        int use_excl;

        gd = mycpu;
        mp = par_nch->mount;
        par_locked = 0;

        /*
         * This is a good time to call it, no ncp's are locked by
         * the caller or us.
         */
        cache_hysteresis(1);

        /*
         * Try to locate an existing entry
         */
        hash = fnv_32_buf(nlc->nlc_nameptr, nlc->nlc_namelen, FNV1_32_INIT);
        hash = fnv_32_buf(&par_nch->ncp, sizeof(par_nch->ncp), hash);
        new_ncp = NULL;
        use_excl = 0;
        nchpp = NCHHASH(hash);
restart:
        rep_ncp = NULL;
        if (use_excl)
                spin_lock(&nchpp->spin);
        else
                spin_lock_shared(&nchpp->spin);

        /*
         * Do a reverse scan to collect any DESTROYED ncps prior to matching
         * an existing entry.
         */
        TAILQ_FOREACH_REVERSE(ncp, &nchpp->list, nchash_list, nc_hash) {
                /*
                 * Break out if we find a matching entry.  Note that
                 * UNRESOLVED entries may match, but DESTROYED entries
                 * do not.
                 *
                 * We may be able to reuse DESTROYED entries that we come
                 * across, even if the name does not match, as long as
                 * nc_nlen is correct and the only hold ref is from the nchpp
                 * list itself.
                 */
                if (ncp->nc_parent == par_nch->ncp &&
                    ncp->nc_nlen == nlc->nlc_namelen) {
                        if (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_DESTROYED) {
                                if (ncp->nc_refs == 1 && rep_ncp == NULL)
                                        rep_ncp = ncp;
                                continue;
                        }
                        if (bcmp(ncp->nc_name, nlc->nlc_nameptr, ncp->nc_nlen))
                                continue;

                        /*
                         * Matched ncp
                         */
                        _cache_hold(ncp);
                        if (rep_ncp)
                                _cache_hold(rep_ncp);

                        if (use_excl)
                                spin_unlock(&nchpp->spin);
                        else
                                spin_unlock_shared(&nchpp->spin);

                        if (par_locked) {
                                _cache_unlock(par_nch->ncp);
                                par_locked = 0;
                        }

                        /*
                         * Really try to destroy rep_ncp if encountered.
                         * Various edge cases can build up more than one,
                         * so loop if we succeed.  This isn't perfect, but
                         * we can't afford to have tons of entries build
                         * up on a single nhcpp list due to rename-over
                         * operations.  If that were to happen, the system
                         * would bog down quickly.
                         */
                        if (rep_ncp) {
                                if (_cache_lock_nonblock(rep_ncp) == 0) {
                                        if (rep_ncp->nc_flag & NCF_DESTROYED) {
                                                if (cache_zap(rep_ncp)) {
                                                        _cache_drop(ncp);
                                                        goto restart;
                                                }
                                        } else {
                                                _cache_unlock(rep_ncp);
                                                _cache_drop(rep_ncp);
                                        }
                                } else {
                                        _cache_drop(rep_ncp);
                                }
                        }

                        /*
                         * Continue processing the matched entry
                         */
                        if (_cache_lock_special(ncp) == 0) {
                                /*
                                 * Successfully locked but we must re-test
                                 * conditions that might have changed since
                                 * we did not have the lock before.
                                 */
                                if (ncp->nc_parent != par_nch->ncp ||
                                    ncp->nc_nlen != nlc->nlc_namelen ||
                                    bcmp(ncp->nc_name, nlc->nlc_nameptr,
                                         ncp->nc_nlen) ||
                                    (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_DESTROYED)) {
                                        _cache_put(ncp);
                                        goto restart;
                                }
                                _cache_auto_unresolve(mp, ncp);
                                if (new_ncp) {
                                        _cache_free(new_ncp);
                                        new_ncp = NULL; /* safety */
                                }
                                goto found;
                        }
                        _cache_get(ncp);        /* cycle the lock to block */
                        _cache_put(ncp);
                        _cache_drop(ncp);
                        goto restart;
                }
        }

        /*
         * We failed to locate the entry, try to resurrect a destroyed
         * entry that we did find that is already correctly linked into
         * nchpp and the parent.  We must re-test conditions after
         * successfully locking rep_ncp.
         *
         * This case can occur under heavy loads due to not being able
         * to safely lock the parent in cache_zap().  Nominally a repeated
         * create/unlink load, but only the namelen needs to match.
         *
         * An exclusive lock on the nchpp is required to process this case,
         * otherwise a race can cause duplicate entries to be created with
         * one cpu reusing a DESTROYED ncp while another creates a new_ncp.
         */
        if (rep_ncp && use_excl) {
                if (_cache_lock_nonblock(rep_ncp) == 0) {
                        _cache_hold(rep_ncp);
                        if (rep_ncp->nc_parent == par_nch->ncp &&
                            rep_ncp->nc_nlen == nlc->nlc_namelen &&
                            (rep_ncp->nc_flag & NCF_DESTROYED) &&
                            rep_ncp->nc_refs == 2)
                        {
                                /*
                                 * Update nc_name.
                                 */
                                ncp = rep_ncp;

                                _cache_ncp_gen_enter(ncp);

                                bcopy(nlc->nlc_nameptr, ncp->nc_name,
                                      nlc->nlc_namelen);

                                /*
                                 * This takes some care.  We must clear the
                                 * NCF_DESTROYED flag before unlocking the
                                 * hash chain so other concurrent searches
                                 * do not skip this element.
                                 *
                                 * We must also unlock the hash chain before
                                 * unresolving the ncp to avoid deadlocks.
                                 * We hold the lock on the ncp so we can safely
                                 * reinitialize nc_flag after that.
                                 */
                                ncp->nc_flag &= ~NCF_DESTROYED;
                                spin_unlock(&nchpp->spin);      /* use_excl */

                                _cache_setunresolved(ncp, 0);
                                ncp->nc_flag = NCF_UNRESOLVED;
                                ncp->nc_error = ENOTCONN;

                                _cache_ncp_gen_exit(ncp);

                                if (par_locked) {
                                        _cache_unlock(par_nch->ncp);
                                        par_locked = 0;
                                }
                                if (new_ncp) {
                                        _cache_free(new_ncp);
                                        new_ncp = NULL; /* safety */
                                }
                                goto found;
                        }
                        _cache_put(rep_ncp);
                }
        }

        /*
         * Otherwise create a new entry and add it to the cache.  The parent
         * ncp must also be locked so we can link into it.
         *
         * We have to relookup after possibly blocking in kmalloc or
         * when locking par_nch.
         *
         * NOTE: nlc_namelen can be 0 and nlc_nameptr NULL as a special
         *       mount case, in which case nc_name will be NULL.
         *
         * NOTE: In the rep_ncp != NULL case we are trying to reuse
         *       a DESTROYED entry, but didn't have an exclusive lock.
         *       In this situation we do not create a new_ncp.
         */
        if (new_ncp == NULL) {
                if (use_excl)
                        spin_unlock(&nchpp->spin);
                else
                        spin_unlock_shared(&nchpp->spin);
                if (rep_ncp == NULL) {
                        new_ncp = cache_alloc(nlc->nlc_namelen);
                        if (nlc->nlc_namelen) {
                                bcopy(nlc->nlc_nameptr, new_ncp->nc_name,
                                      nlc->nlc_namelen);
                                new_ncp->nc_name[nlc->nlc_namelen] = 0;
                        }
                }
                use_excl = 1;
                goto restart;
        }

        /*
         * NOTE! The spinlock is held exclusively here because new_ncp
         *       is non-NULL.
         */
        if (par_locked == 0) {
                spin_unlock(&nchpp->spin);
                _cache_lock(par_nch->ncp);
                par_locked = 1;
                goto restart;
        }

        /*
         * Link to parent (requires another ref, the one already in new_ncp
         * is what we wil lreturn).
         *
         * WARNING!  We still hold the spinlock.  We have to set the hash
         *           table entry atomically.
         */
        ncp = new_ncp;
        ++ncp->nc_refs;
        _cache_link_parent(ncp, par_nch->ncp, nchpp);
        spin_unlock(&nchpp->spin);
        _cache_unlock(par_nch->ncp);
        /* par_locked = 0 - not used */
found:
        /*
         * stats and namecache size management
         */
        if (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED)
                ++gd->gd_nchstats->ncs_miss;
        else if (ncp->nc_vp)
                ++gd->gd_nchstats->ncs_goodhits;
        else
                ++gd->gd_nchstats->ncs_neghits;
        nch.mount = mp;
        nch.ncp = ncp;
        _cache_mntref(nch.mount);

        return(nch);
}

/*
 * Attempt to lookup a namecache entry and return with a shared namecache
 * lock.  This operates non-blocking.  EWOULDBLOCK is returned if excl is
 * set or we are unable to lock.
 */
int
cache_nlookup_maybe_shared(struct nchandle *par_nch,
                           struct nlcomponent *nlc,
                           int excl, struct nchandle *res_nch)
{
        struct namecache *ncp;
        struct nchash_head *nchpp;
        struct mount *mp;
        u_int32_t hash;
        globaldata_t gd;

        /*
         * If exclusive requested or shared namecache locks are disabled,
         * return failure.
         */
        if (ncp_shared_lock_disable || excl)
                return(EWOULDBLOCK);

        gd = mycpu;
        mp = par_nch->mount;

        /*
         * This is a good time to call it, no ncp's are locked by
         * the caller or us.
         */
        cache_hysteresis(1);

        /*
         * Try to locate an existing entry
         */
        hash = fnv_32_buf(nlc->nlc_nameptr, nlc->nlc_namelen, FNV1_32_INIT);
        hash = fnv_32_buf(&par_nch->ncp, sizeof(par_nch->ncp), hash);
        nchpp = NCHHASH(hash);

        spin_lock_shared(&nchpp->spin);

        TAILQ_FOREACH(ncp, &nchpp->list, nc_hash) {
                /*
                 * Break out if we find a matching entry.  Note that
                 * UNRESOLVED entries may match, but DESTROYED entries
                 * do not.
                 */
                if (ncp->nc_parent == par_nch->ncp &&
                    ncp->nc_nlen == nlc->nlc_namelen &&
                    bcmp(ncp->nc_name, nlc->nlc_nameptr, ncp->nc_nlen) == 0 &&
                    (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_DESTROYED) == 0
                ) {
                        _cache_hold(ncp);
                        spin_unlock_shared(&nchpp->spin);

                        if (_cache_lock_shared_special(ncp) == 0) {
                                if (ncp->nc_parent == par_nch->ncp &&
                                    ncp->nc_nlen == nlc->nlc_namelen &&
                                    bcmp(ncp->nc_name, nlc->nlc_nameptr,
                                         ncp->nc_nlen) == 0 &&
                                    (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_DESTROYED) == 0 &&
                                    (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) == 0 &&
                                    _cache_auto_unresolve_test(mp, ncp) == 0)
                                {
                                        goto found;
                                }
                                _cache_unlock(ncp);
                        }
                        _cache_drop(ncp);
                        return(EWOULDBLOCK);
                }
        }

        /*
         * Failure
         */
        spin_unlock_shared(&nchpp->spin);
        return(EWOULDBLOCK);

        /*
         * Success
         *
         * Note that nc_error might be non-zero (e.g ENOENT).
         */
found:
        res_nch->mount = mp;
        res_nch->ncp = ncp;
        ++gd->gd_nchstats->ncs_goodhits;
        _cache_mntref(res_nch->mount);

        KKASSERT(ncp->nc_error != EWOULDBLOCK);
        return(ncp->nc_error);
}

/*
 * This is a non-blocking verison of cache_nlookup() used by
 * nfs_readdirplusrpc_uio().  It can fail for any reason and
 * will return nch.ncp == NULL in that case.
 */
struct nchandle
cache_nlookup_nonblock(struct nchandle *par_nch, struct nlcomponent *nlc)
{
        struct nchandle nch;
        struct namecache *ncp;
        struct namecache *new_ncp;
        struct nchash_head *nchpp;
        struct mount *mp;
        u_int32_t hash;
        globaldata_t gd;
        int par_locked;

        gd = mycpu;
        mp = par_nch->mount;
        par_locked = 0;

        /*
         * Try to locate an existing entry
         */
        hash = fnv_32_buf(nlc->nlc_nameptr, nlc->nlc_namelen, FNV1_32_INIT);
        hash = fnv_32_buf(&par_nch->ncp, sizeof(par_nch->ncp), hash);
        new_ncp = NULL;
        nchpp = NCHHASH(hash);
restart:
        spin_lock(&nchpp->spin);
        TAILQ_FOREACH(ncp, &nchpp->list, nc_hash) {
                /*
                 * Break out if we find a matching entry.  Note that
                 * UNRESOLVED entries may match, but DESTROYED entries
                 * do not.
                 */
                if (ncp->nc_parent == par_nch->ncp &&
                    ncp->nc_nlen == nlc->nlc_namelen &&
                    bcmp(ncp->nc_name, nlc->nlc_nameptr, ncp->nc_nlen) == 0 &&
                    (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_DESTROYED) == 0
                ) {
                        _cache_hold(ncp);
                        spin_unlock(&nchpp->spin);
                        if (par_locked) {
                                _cache_unlock(par_nch->ncp);
                                par_locked = 0;
                        }
                        if (_cache_lock_special(ncp) == 0) {
                                if (ncp->nc_parent != par_nch->ncp ||
                                    ncp->nc_nlen != nlc->nlc_namelen ||
                                    bcmp(ncp->nc_name, nlc->nlc_nameptr, ncp->nc_nlen) ||
                                    (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_DESTROYED)) {
                                        kprintf("cache_lookup_nonblock: "
                                                "ncp-race %p %*.*s\n",
                                                ncp,
                                                nlc->nlc_namelen,
                                                nlc->nlc_namelen,
                                                nlc->nlc_nameptr);
                                        _cache_unlock(ncp);
                                        _cache_drop(ncp);
                                        goto failed;
                                }
                                _cache_auto_unresolve(mp, ncp);
                                if (new_ncp) {
                                        _cache_free(new_ncp);
                                        new_ncp = NULL;
                                }
                                goto found;
                        }
                        _cache_drop(ncp);
                        goto failed;
                }
        }

        /*
         * We failed to locate an entry, create a new entry and add it to
         * the cache.  The parent ncp must also be locked so we
         * can link into it.
         *
         * We have to relookup after possibly blocking in kmalloc or
         * when locking par_nch.
         *
         * NOTE: nlc_namelen can be 0 and nlc_nameptr NULL as a special
         *       mount case, in which case nc_name will be NULL.
         */
        if (new_ncp == NULL) {
                spin_unlock(&nchpp->spin);
                new_ncp = cache_alloc(nlc->nlc_namelen);
                if (nlc->nlc_namelen) {
                        bcopy(nlc->nlc_nameptr, new_ncp->nc_name,
                              nlc->nlc_namelen);
                        new_ncp->nc_name[nlc->nlc_namelen] = 0;
                }
                goto restart;
        }
        if (par_locked == 0) {
                spin_unlock(&nchpp->spin);
                if (_cache_lock_nonblock(par_nch->ncp) == 0) {
                        par_locked = 1;
                        goto restart;
                }
                goto failed;
        }

        /*
         * Link to parent (requires another ref, the one already in new_ncp
         * is what we wil lreturn).
         *
         * WARNING!  We still hold the spinlock.  We have to set the hash
         *           table entry atomically.
         */
        ncp = new_ncp;
        ++ncp->nc_refs;
        _cache_link_parent(ncp, par_nch->ncp, nchpp);
        spin_unlock(&nchpp->spin);
        _cache_unlock(par_nch->ncp);
        /* par_locked = 0 - not used */
found:
        /*
         * stats and namecache size management
         */
        if (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED)
                ++gd->gd_nchstats->ncs_miss;
        else if (ncp->nc_vp)
                ++gd->gd_nchstats->ncs_goodhits;
        else
                ++gd->gd_nchstats->ncs_neghits;
        nch.mount = mp;
        nch.ncp = ncp;
        _cache_mntref(nch.mount);

        return(nch);
failed:
        if (new_ncp) {
                _cache_free(new_ncp);
                new_ncp = NULL;
        }
        nch.mount = NULL;
        nch.ncp = NULL;
        return(nch);
}

/*
 * This is a non-locking optimized lookup that depends on adding a ref
 * to prevent normal eviction.  nch.ncp can be returned as NULL for any
 * reason and the caller will retry with normal locking in that case.
 *
 * This function only returns resolved entries so callers do not accidentally
 * race doing out of order / unfenced field checks.
 *
 * The caller must validate the result for parent-to-child continuity.
 */
struct nchandle
cache_nlookup_nonlocked(struct nchandle *par_nch, struct nlcomponent *nlc)
{
        struct nchandle nch;
        struct namecache *ncp;
        struct nchash_head *nchpp;
        struct mount *mp;
        u_int32_t hash;
        globaldata_t gd;

        gd = mycpu;
        mp = par_nch->mount;

        /*
         * Try to locate an existing entry
         */
        hash = fnv_32_buf(nlc->nlc_nameptr, nlc->nlc_namelen, FNV1_32_INIT);
        hash = fnv_32_buf(&par_nch->ncp, sizeof(par_nch->ncp), hash);
        nchpp = NCHHASH(hash);

        spin_lock_shared(&nchpp->spin);
        TAILQ_FOREACH(ncp, &nchpp->list, nc_hash) {
                /*
                 * Break out if we find a matching entry.  Note that
                 * UNRESOLVED entries may match, but DESTROYED entries
                 * do not.  However, UNRESOLVED entries still return failure.
                 */
                if (ncp->nc_parent == par_nch->ncp &&
                    ncp->nc_nlen == nlc->nlc_namelen &&
                    bcmp(ncp->nc_name, nlc->nlc_nameptr, ncp->nc_nlen) == 0 &&
                    (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_DESTROYED) == 0
                ) {
                        /*
                         * Test NFS timeout for auto-unresolve.  Give up if
                         * the entry is not resolved.
                         *
                         * Getting the ref with the nchpp locked prevents
                         * any transition to NCF_DESTROYED.
                         */
                        if (_cache_auto_unresolve_test(par_nch->mount, ncp))
                                break;
                        if (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED)
                                break;
                        _cache_hold(ncp);
                        spin_unlock_shared(&nchpp->spin);

                        /*
                         * We need an additional test to ensure that the ref
                         * we got above prevents transitions to NCF_UNRESOLVED.
                         * This can occur if another thread is currently
                         * holding the ncp exclusively locked or (if we raced
                         * that and it unlocked before our test) the flag
                         * has been set.
                         *
                         * XXX check if superceeded by nc_generation XXX
                         */
                        if (_cache_lockstatus(ncp) < 0 ||
                            (ncp->nc_flag & (NCF_DESTROYED | NCF_UNRESOLVED)))
                        {
                                if ((ncvp_debug & 4) &&
                                    (ncp->nc_flag &
                                     (NCF_DESTROYED | NCF_UNRESOLVED)))
                                {
                                    kprintf("ncp state change: %p %08x %d %s\n",
                                            ncp, ncp->nc_flag, ncp->nc_error,
                                            ncp->nc_name);
                                }
                                _cache_drop(ncp);
                                spin_lock_shared(&nchpp->spin);
                                break;
                        }

                        /*
                         * Return the ncp bundled into a nch on success.
                         * The ref should passively prevent the ncp from
                         * becoming unresolved without having to hold a lock.
                         * (XXX this may not be entirely true)
                         */
                        goto found;
                }
        }
        spin_unlock_shared(&nchpp->spin);
        nch.mount = NULL;
        nch.ncp = NULL;

        return nch;
found:
        /*
         * stats and namecache size management
         */
        if (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED)
                ++gd->gd_nchstats->ncs_miss;
        else if (ncp->nc_vp)
                ++gd->gd_nchstats->ncs_goodhits;
        else
                ++gd->gd_nchstats->ncs_neghits;
        nch.mount = mp;
        nch.ncp = ncp;
        _cache_mntref(nch.mount);

        return(nch);
}

/*
 * The namecache entry is marked as being used as a mount point. 
 * Locate the mount if it is visible to the caller.  The DragonFly
 * mount system allows arbitrary loops in the topology and disentangles
 * those loops by matching against (mp, ncp) rather than just (ncp).
 * This means any given ncp can dive any number of mounts, depending
 * on the relative mount (e.g. nullfs) the caller is at in the topology.
 *
 * We use a very simple frontend cache to reduce SMP conflicts,
 * which we have to do because the mountlist scan needs an exclusive
 * lock around its ripout info list.  Not to mention that there might
 * be a lot of mounts.
 *
 * Because all mounts can potentially be accessed by all cpus, break the cpu's
 * down a bit to allow some contention rather than making the cache
 * excessively huge.
 *
 * The hash table is split into per-cpu areas, is 4-way set-associative.
 */
struct findmount_info {
        struct mount *result;
        struct mount *nch_mount;
        struct namecache *nch_ncp;
};

static __inline
struct ncmount_cache *
ncmount_cache_lookup4(struct mount *mp, struct namecache *ncp)
{
        uint32_t hash;

        hash = iscsi_crc32(&mp, sizeof(mp));
        hash = iscsi_crc32_ext(&ncp, sizeof(ncp), hash);
        hash ^= hash >> 16;
        hash = hash & ((NCMOUNT_NUMCACHE - 1) & ~(NCMOUNT_SET - 1));

        return (&ncmount_cache[hash]);
}

static
struct ncmount_cache *
ncmount_cache_lookup(struct mount *mp, struct namecache *ncp)
{
        struct ncmount_cache *ncc;
        struct ncmount_cache *best;
        int delta;
        int best_delta;
        int i;

        ncc = ncmount_cache_lookup4(mp, ncp);

        /*
         * NOTE: When checking for a ticks overflow implement a slop of
         *       2 ticks just to be safe, because ticks is accessed
         *       non-atomically one CPU can increment it while another
         *       is still using the old value.
         */
        if (ncc->ncp == ncp && ncc->mp == mp)   /* 0 */
                return ncc;
        delta = (int)(ticks - ncc->ticks);      /* beware GCC opts */
        if (delta < -2)                         /* overflow reset */
                ncc->ticks = ticks;
        best = ncc;
        best_delta = delta;

        for (i = 1; i < NCMOUNT_SET; ++i) {     /* 1, 2, 3 */
                ++ncc;
                if (ncc->ncp == ncp && ncc->mp == mp)
                        return ncc;
                delta = (int)(ticks - ncc->ticks);
                if (delta < -2)
                        ncc->ticks = ticks;
                if (delta > best_delta) {
                        best_delta = delta;
                        best = ncc;
                }
        }
        return best;
}

/*
 * pcpu-optimized mount search.  Locate the recursive mountpoint, avoid
 * doing an expensive mountlist_scan*() if possible.
 *
 * (mp, ncp) -> mountonpt.k
 *
 * Returns a referenced mount pointer or NULL
 *
 * General SMP operation uses a per-cpu umount_spin to interlock unmount
 * operations (that is, where the mp_target can be freed out from under us).
 *
 * Lookups use the ncc->updating counter to validate the contents in order
 * to avoid having to obtain the per cache-element spin-lock.  In addition,
 * the ticks field is only updated when it changes.  However, if our per-cpu
 * lock fails due to an unmount-in-progress, we fall-back to the
 * cache-element's spin-lock.
 */
struct mount *
cache_findmount(struct nchandle *nch)
{
        struct findmount_info info;
        struct ncmount_cache *ncc;
        struct ncmount_cache ncc_copy;
        struct mount *target;
        struct pcpu_ncache *pcpu;
        struct spinlock *spinlk;
        int update;

        pcpu = pcpu_ncache;
        if (ncmount_cache_enable == 0 || pcpu == NULL) {
                ncc = NULL;
                goto skip;
        }
        pcpu += mycpu->gd_cpuid;

again:
        ncc = ncmount_cache_lookup(nch->mount, nch->ncp);
        if (ncc->ncp == nch->ncp && ncc->mp == nch->mount) {
found:
                /*
                 * This is a bit messy for now because we do not yet have
                 * safe disposal of mount structures.  We have to ref
                 * ncc->mp_target but the 'update' counter only tell us
                 * whether the cache has changed after the fact.
                 *
                 * For now get a per-cpu spinlock that will only contend
                 * against umount's.  This is the best path.  If it fails,
                 * instead of waiting on the umount we fall-back to a
                 * shared ncc->spin lock, which will generally only cost a
                 * cache ping-pong.
                 */
                update = ncc->updating;
                if (__predict_true(spin_trylock(&pcpu->umount_spin))) {
                        spinlk = &pcpu->umount_spin;
                } else {
                        spinlk = &ncc->spin;
                        spin_lock_shared(spinlk);
                }
                if (update & 1) {               /* update in progress */
                        spin_unlock_any(spinlk);
                        goto skip;
                }
                ncc_copy = *ncc;
                cpu_lfence();
                if (ncc->updating != update) {  /* content changed */
                        spin_unlock_any(spinlk);
                        goto again;
                }
                if (ncc_copy.ncp != nch->ncp || ncc_copy.mp != nch->mount) {
                        spin_unlock_any(spinlk);
                        goto again;
                }
                if (ncc_copy.isneg == 0) {
                        target = ncc_copy.mp_target;
                        if (target->mnt_ncmounton.mount == nch->mount &&
                            target->mnt_ncmounton.ncp == nch->ncp) {
                                /*
                                 * Cache hit (positive) (avoid dirtying
                                 * the cache line if possible)
                                 */
                                if (ncc->ticks != (int)ticks)
                                        ncc->ticks = (int)ticks;
                                _cache_mntref(target);
                        }
                } else {
                        /*
                         * Cache hit (negative) (avoid dirtying
                         * the cache line if possible)
                         */
                        if (ncc->ticks != (int)ticks)
                                ncc->ticks = (int)ticks;
                        target = NULL;
                }
                spin_unlock_any(spinlk);

                return target;
        }
skip:

        /*
         * Slow
         */
        info.result = NULL;
        info.nch_mount = nch->mount;
        info.nch_ncp = nch->ncp;
        mountlist_scan(cache_findmount_callback, &info,
                       MNTSCAN_FORWARD | MNTSCAN_NOBUSY | MNTSCAN_NOUNLOCK);

        /*
         * To reduce multi-re-entry on the cache, relookup in the cache.
         * This can still race, obviously, but that's ok.
         */
        ncc = ncmount_cache_lookup(nch->mount, nch->ncp);
        if (ncc->ncp == nch->ncp && ncc->mp == nch->mount) {
                if (info.result)
                        atomic_add_int(&info.result->mnt_refs, -1);
                goto found;
        }

        /*
         * Cache the result.
         */
        if ((info.result == NULL ||
            (info.result->mnt_kern_flag & MNTK_UNMOUNT) == 0)) {
                spin_lock(&ncc->spin);
                atomic_add_int_nonlocked(&ncc->updating, 1);
                cpu_sfence();
                KKASSERT(ncc->updating & 1);
                if (ncc->mp != nch->mount) {
                        if (ncc->mp)
                                atomic_add_int(&ncc->mp->mnt_refs, -1);
                        atomic_add_int(&nch->mount->mnt_refs, 1);
                        ncc->mp = nch->mount;
                }
                ncc->ncp = nch->ncp;    /* ptr compares only, not refd*/
                ncc->ticks = (int)ticks;

                if (info.result) {
                        ncc->isneg = 0;
                        if (ncc->mp_target != info.result) {
                                if (ncc->mp_target)
                                        atomic_add_int(&ncc->mp_target->mnt_refs, -1);
                                ncc->mp_target = info.result;
                                atomic_add_int(&info.result->mnt_refs, 1);
                        }
                } else {
                        ncc->isneg = 1;
                        if (ncc->mp_target) {
                                atomic_add_int(&ncc->mp_target->mnt_refs, -1);
                                ncc->mp_target = NULL;
                        }
                }
                cpu_sfence();
                atomic_add_int_nonlocked(&ncc->updating, 1);
                spin_unlock(&ncc->spin);
        }
        return(info.result);
}

static
int
cache_findmount_callback(struct mount *mp, void *data)
{
        struct findmount_info *info = data;

        /*
         * Check the mount's mounted-on point against the passed nch.
         */
        if (mp->mnt_ncmounton.mount == info->nch_mount &&
            mp->mnt_ncmounton.ncp == info->nch_ncp
        ) {
            info->result = mp;
            _cache_mntref(mp);
            return(-1);
        }
        return(0);
}

void
cache_dropmount(struct mount *mp)
{
        _cache_mntrel(mp);
}

/*
 * mp is being mounted, scrap entries matching mp->mnt_ncmounton (positive
 * or negative).
 *
 * A full scan is not required, but for now just do it anyway.
 */
void
cache_ismounting(struct mount *mp)
{
        struct ncmount_cache *ncc;
        struct mount *ncc_mp;
        int i;

        if (pcpu_ncache == NULL)
                return;

        for (i = 0; i < NCMOUNT_NUMCACHE; ++i) {
                ncc = &ncmount_cache[i];
                if (ncc->mp != mp->mnt_ncmounton.mount ||
                    ncc->ncp != mp->mnt_ncmounton.ncp) {
                        continue;
                }
                spin_lock(&ncc->spin);
                atomic_add_int_nonlocked(&ncc->updating, 1);
                cpu_sfence();
                KKASSERT(ncc->updating & 1);
                if (ncc->mp != mp->mnt_ncmounton.mount ||
                    ncc->ncp != mp->mnt_ncmounton.ncp) {
                        cpu_sfence();
                        ++ncc->updating;
                        spin_unlock(&ncc->spin);
                        continue;
                }
                ncc_mp = ncc->mp;
                ncc->ncp = NULL;
                ncc->mp = NULL;
                if (ncc_mp)
                        atomic_add_int(&ncc_mp->mnt_refs, -1);
                ncc_mp = ncc->mp_target;
                ncc->mp_target = NULL;
                if (ncc_mp)
                        atomic_add_int(&ncc_mp->mnt_refs, -1);
                ncc->ticks = (int)ticks - hz * 120;

                cpu_sfence();
                atomic_add_int_nonlocked(&ncc->updating, 1);
                spin_unlock(&ncc->spin);
        }

        /*
         * Pre-cache the mount point
         */
        ncc = ncmount_cache_lookup(mp->mnt_ncmounton.mount,
                                   mp->mnt_ncmounton.ncp);

        spin_lock(&ncc->spin);
        atomic_add_int_nonlocked(&ncc->updating, 1);
        cpu_sfence();
        KKASSERT(ncc->updating & 1);

        if (ncc->mp)
                atomic_add_int(&ncc->mp->mnt_refs, -1);
        atomic_add_int(&mp->mnt_ncmounton.mount->mnt_refs, 1);
        ncc->mp = mp->mnt_ncmounton.mount;
        ncc->ncp = mp->mnt_ncmounton.ncp;       /* ptr compares only */
        ncc->ticks = (int)ticks;

        ncc->isneg = 0;
        if (ncc->mp_target != mp) {
                if (ncc->mp_target)
                        atomic_add_int(&ncc->mp_target->mnt_refs, -1);
                ncc->mp_target = mp;
                atomic_add_int(&mp->mnt_refs, 1);
        }
        cpu_sfence();
        atomic_add_int_nonlocked(&ncc->updating, 1);
        spin_unlock(&ncc->spin);
}

/*
 * Scrap any ncmount_cache entries related to mp.  Not only do we need to
 * scrap entries matching mp->mnt_ncmounton, but we also need to scrap any
 * negative hits involving (mp, <any>).
 *
 * A full scan is required.
 */
void
cache_unmounting(struct mount *mp)
{
        struct ncmount_cache *ncc;
        struct pcpu_ncache *pcpu;
        struct mount *ncc_mp;
        int i;

        pcpu = pcpu_ncache;
        if (pcpu == NULL)
                return;

        for (i = 0; i < ncpus; ++i)
                spin_lock(&pcpu[i].umount_spin);

        for (i = 0; i < NCMOUNT_NUMCACHE; ++i) {
                ncc = &ncmount_cache[i];
                if (ncc->mp != mp && ncc->mp_target != mp)
                        continue;
                spin_lock(&ncc->spin);
                atomic_add_int_nonlocked(&ncc->updating, 1);
                cpu_sfence();

                if (ncc->mp != mp && ncc->mp_target != mp) {
                        atomic_add_int_nonlocked(&ncc->updating, 1);
                        cpu_sfence();
                        spin_unlock(&ncc->spin);
                        continue;
                }
                ncc_mp = ncc->mp;
                ncc->ncp = NULL;
                ncc->mp = NULL;
                if (ncc_mp)
                        atomic_add_int(&ncc_mp->mnt_refs, -1);
                ncc_mp = ncc->mp_target;
                ncc->mp_target = NULL;
                if (ncc_mp)
                        atomic_add_int(&ncc_mp->mnt_refs, -1);
                ncc->ticks = (int)ticks - hz * 120;

                cpu_sfence();
                atomic_add_int_nonlocked(&ncc->updating, 1);
                spin_unlock(&ncc->spin);
        }

        for (i = 0; i < ncpus; ++i)
                spin_unlock(&pcpu[i].umount_spin);
}

/*
 * Resolve an unresolved namecache entry, generally by looking it up.
 * The passed ncp must be locked and refd. 
 *
 * Theoretically since a vnode cannot be recycled while held, and since
 * the nc_parent chain holds its vnode as long as children exist, the
 * direct parent of the cache entry we are trying to resolve should
 * have a valid vnode.  If not then generate an error that we can 
 * determine is related to a resolver bug.
 *
 * However, if a vnode was in the middle of a recyclement when the NCP
 * got locked, ncp->nc_vp might point to a vnode that is about to become
 * invalid.  cache_resolve() handles this case by unresolving the entry
 * and then re-resolving it.
 *
 * Note that successful resolution does not necessarily return an error
 * code of 0.  If the ncp resolves to a negative cache hit then ENOENT
 * will be returned.
 */
int
cache_resolve(struct nchandle *nch, struct ucred *cred)
{
        struct namecache *par_tmp;
        struct namecache *par;
        struct namecache *ncp;
        struct nchandle nctmp;
        struct mount *mp;
        struct vnode *dvp;
        int error;

        ncp = nch->ncp;
        mp = nch->mount;
        KKASSERT(_cache_lockstatus(ncp) == LK_EXCLUSIVE);

restart:
        /*
         * If the ncp is already resolved we have nothing to do.  However,
         * we do want to guarentee that a usable vnode is returned when
         * a vnode is present, so make sure it hasn't been reclaimed.
         */
        if ((ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) == 0) {
                if (ncp->nc_vp && (ncp->nc_vp->v_flag & VRECLAIMED)) {
                        _cache_ncp_gen_enter(ncp);
                        _cache_setunresolved(ncp, 0);
                        if ((ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) == 0) {
                                _cache_ncp_gen_exit(ncp);
                                return (ncp->nc_error);
                        }
                } else if ((ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) == 0) {
                        return (ncp->nc_error);
                } else {
                        _cache_ncp_gen_enter(ncp);
                }
        } else {
                _cache_ncp_gen_enter(ncp);
        }
        /* in gen_enter state */

        /*
         * If the ncp was destroyed it will never resolve again.  This
         * can basically only happen when someone is chdir'd into an
         * empty directory which is then rmdir'd.  We want to catch this
         * here and not dive the VFS because the VFS might actually
         * have a way to re-resolve the disconnected ncp, which will
         * result in inconsistencies in the cdir/nch for proc->p_fd.
         */
        if (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_DESTROYED) {
                _cache_ncp_gen_exit(ncp);
                return(EINVAL);
        }

        /*
         * Mount points need special handling because the parent does not
         * belong to the same filesystem as the ncp.
         */
        if (ncp == mp->mnt_ncmountpt.ncp) {
                error = cache_resolve_mp(mp, 0);
                _cache_ncp_gen_exit(ncp);
                return error;
        }

        /*
         * We expect an unbroken chain of ncps to at least the mount point,
         * and even all the way to root (but this code doesn't have to go
         * past the mount point).
         */
        if (ncp->nc_parent == NULL) {
                kprintf("EXDEV case 1 %p %*.*s\n", ncp,
                        ncp->nc_nlen, ncp->nc_nlen, ncp->nc_name);
                ncp->nc_error = EXDEV;
                _cache_ncp_gen_exit(ncp);
                return(ncp->nc_error);
        }

        /*
         * The vp's of the parent directories in the chain are held via vhold()
         * due to the existance of the child, and should not disappear. 
         * However, there are cases where they can disappear:
         *
         *      - due to filesystem I/O errors.
         *      - due to NFS being stupid about tracking the namespace and
         *        destroys the namespace for entire directories quite often.
         *      - due to forced unmounts.
         *      - due to an rmdir (parent will be marked DESTROYED)
         *
         * When this occurs we have to track the chain backwards and resolve
         * it, looping until the resolver catches up to the current node.  We
         * could recurse here but we might run ourselves out of kernel stack
         * so we do it in a more painful manner.  This situation really should
         * not occur all that often, or if it does not have to go back too
         * many nodes to resolve the ncp.
         */
        while ((dvp = cache_dvpref(ncp)) == NULL) {
                /*
                 * This case can occur if a process is CD'd into a
                 * directory which is then rmdir'd.  If the parent is marked
                 * destroyed there is no point trying to resolve it.
                 */
                if (ncp->nc_parent->nc_flag & NCF_DESTROYED) {
                        if (ncvp_debug & 8) {
                                kprintf("nc_parent destroyed: %s/%s\n",
                                        ncp->nc_parent->nc_name, ncp->nc_name);
                        }
                        _cache_ncp_gen_exit(ncp);
                        return(ENOENT);
                }
                par = ncp->nc_parent;
                _cache_hold(par);
                _cache_lock(par);
                while ((par_tmp = par->nc_parent) != NULL &&
                       par_tmp->nc_vp == NULL) {
                        _cache_hold(par_tmp);
                        _cache_lock(par_tmp);
                        _cache_put(par);
                        par = par_tmp;
                }
                if (par->nc_parent == NULL) {
                        kprintf("EXDEV case 2 %*.*s\n",
                                par->nc_nlen, par->nc_nlen, par->nc_name);
                        _cache_put(par);
                        _cache_ncp_gen_exit(ncp);
                        return (EXDEV);
                }
                /*
                 * The parent is not set in stone, ref and lock it to prevent
                 * it from disappearing.  Also note that due to renames it
                 * is possible for our ncp to move and for par to no longer
                 * be one of its parents.  We resolve it anyway, the loop 
                 * will handle any moves.
                 */
                _cache_get(par);        /* additional hold/lock */
                _cache_put(par);        /* from earlier hold/lock */
                if (par == nch->mount->mnt_ncmountpt.ncp) {
                        cache_resolve_mp(nch->mount, 0);
                } else if ((dvp = cache_dvpref(par)) == NULL) {
                        kprintf("[diagnostic] cache_resolve: raced on %*.*s\n",
                                par->nc_nlen, par->nc_nlen, par->nc_name);
                        _cache_put(par);
                        continue;
                } else {
                        if (par->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) {
                                nctmp.mount = mp;
                                nctmp.ncp = par;
                                par->nc_error = VOP_NRESOLVE(&nctmp, dvp, cred);
                        }
                        vrele(dvp);
                }
                if ((error = par->nc_error) != 0) {
                        if (par->nc_error != EAGAIN) {
                                kprintf("EXDEV case 3 %*.*s error %d\n",
                                    par->nc_nlen, par->nc_nlen, par->nc_name,
                                    par->nc_error);
                                _cache_put(par);
                                _cache_ncp_gen_exit(ncp);
                                return(error);
                        }
                        kprintf("[diagnostic] cache_resolve: EAGAIN par %p %*.*s\n",
                                par, par->nc_nlen, par->nc_nlen, par->nc_name);
                }
                _cache_put(par);
                /* loop */
        }

        /*
         * Call VOP_NRESOLVE() to get the vp, then scan for any disconnected
         * ncp's and reattach them.  If this occurs the original ncp is marked
         * EAGAIN to force a relookup.
         *
         * NOTE: in order to call VOP_NRESOLVE(), the parent of the passed
         * ncp must already be resolved.
         */
        if (dvp) {
                nctmp.mount = mp;
                nctmp.ncp = ncp;
                ncp->nc_error = VOP_NRESOLVE(&nctmp, dvp, cred);
                vrele(dvp);
        } else {
                ncp->nc_error = EPERM;
        }

        if (ncp->nc_error == EAGAIN) {
                kprintf("[diagnostic] cache_resolve: EAGAIN ncp %p %*.*s\n",
                        ncp, ncp->nc_nlen, ncp->nc_nlen, ncp->nc_name);
                goto restart;
        }
        _cache_ncp_gen_exit(ncp);

        return(ncp->nc_error);
}

/*
 * Resolve the ncp associated with a mount point.  Such ncp's almost always
 * remain resolved and this routine is rarely called.  NFS MPs tends to force
 * re-resolution more often due to its mac-truck-smash-the-namecache
 * method of tracking namespace changes.
 *
 * The semantics for this call is that the passed ncp must be locked on
 * entry and will be locked on return.  However, if we actually have to
 * resolve the mount point we temporarily unlock the entry in order to
 * avoid race-to-root deadlocks due to e.g. dead NFS mounts.  Because of
 * the unlock we have to recheck the flags after we relock.
 */
static int
cache_resolve_mp(struct mount *mp, int adjgen)
{
        struct namecache *ncp = mp->mnt_ncmountpt.ncp;
        struct vnode *vp;
        int error;

        KKASSERT(mp != NULL);

        /*
         * If the ncp is already resolved we have nothing to do.  However,
         * we do want to guarentee that a usable vnode is returned when
         * a vnode is present, so make sure it hasn't been reclaimed.
         */
        if ((ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) == 0) {
                if (ncp->nc_vp && (ncp->nc_vp->v_flag & VRECLAIMED))
                        _cache_setunresolved(ncp, adjgen);
        }

        if (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) {
                /*
                 * ncp must be unlocked across the vfs_busy(), but
                 * once busied lock ordering is ncp(s), then vnodes,
                 * so we must relock the ncp before issuing the VFS_ROOT().
                 */
                _cache_unlock(ncp);
                while (vfs_busy(mp, 0))
                        ;
                _cache_lock(ncp);
                error = VFS_ROOT(mp, &vp);

                /*
                 * recheck the ncp state after relocking.
                 */
                if (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) {
                        ncp->nc_error = error;
                        if (error == 0) {
                                _cache_setvp(mp, ncp, vp, adjgen);
                                vput(vp);
                        } else {
                                kprintf("[diagnostic] cache_resolve_mp: failed"
                                        " to resolve mount %p err=%d ncp=%p\n",
                                        mp, error, ncp);
                                _cache_setvp(mp, ncp, NULL, adjgen);
                        }
                } else if (error == 0) {
                        vput(vp);
                }
                vfs_unbusy(mp);
        }
        return(ncp->nc_error);
}

/*
 * Resolve the parent vnode
 */
int
cache_resolve_dvp(struct nchandle *nch, struct ucred *cred, struct vnode **dvpp)
{
        struct namecache *par_tmp;
        struct namecache *par;
        struct namecache *ncp;
        struct nchandle nctmp;
        struct mount *mp;
        struct vnode *dvp;
        int error;

        *dvpp = NULL;
        ncp = nch->ncp;
        mp = nch->mount;
        KKASSERT(_cache_lockstatus(ncp) == LK_EXCLUSIVE);

        /*
         * Treat this as a mount point even if it has a parent (e.g.
         * null-mount).  Return a NULL dvp and no error.
         */
        if (ncp == mp->mnt_ncmountpt.ncp)
                return 0;

        /*
         * If the ncp was destroyed there is no parent directory, return
         * EINVAL.
         */
        if (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_DESTROYED)
                return(EINVAL);

        /*
         * No parent if at the root of a filesystem, no error.  Typically
         * not applicable to null-mounts.  This case should have been caught
         * in the above ncmountpt check.
         */
        if (ncp->nc_parent == NULL)
                return 0;

        /*
         * Resolve the parent dvp.
         *
         * The vp's of the parent directories in the chain are held via vhold()
         * due to the existance of the child, and should not disappear.
         * However, there are cases where they can disappear:
         *
         *      - due to filesystem I/O errors.
         *      - due to NFS being stupid about tracking the namespace and
         *        destroys the namespace for entire directories quite often.
         *      - due to forced unmounts.
         *      - due to an rmdir (parent will be marked DESTROYED)
         *
         * When this occurs we have to track the chain backwards and resolve
         * it, looping until the resolver catches up to the current node.  We
         * could recurse here but we might run ourselves out of kernel stack
         * so we do it in a more painful manner.  This situation really should
         * not occur all that often, or if it does not have to go back too
         * many nodes to resolve the ncp.
         */
        while ((dvp = cache_dvpref(ncp)) == NULL) {
                /*
                 * This case can occur if a process is CD'd into a
                 * directory which is then rmdir'd.  If the parent is marked
                 * destroyed there is no point trying to resolve it.
                 */
                if (ncp->nc_parent->nc_flag & NCF_DESTROYED)
                        return(ENOENT);
                par = ncp->nc_parent;
                _cache_hold(par);
                _cache_lock(par);
                while ((par_tmp = par->nc_parent) != NULL &&
                       par_tmp->nc_vp == NULL) {
                        _cache_hold(par_tmp);
                        _cache_lock(par_tmp);
                        _cache_put(par);
                        par = par_tmp;
                }
                if (par->nc_parent == NULL) {
                        kprintf("EXDEV case 2 %*.*s\n",
                                par->nc_nlen, par->nc_nlen, par->nc_name);
                        _cache_put(par);
                        return (EXDEV);
                }

                /*
                 * The parent is not set in stone, ref and lock it to prevent
                 * it from disappearing.  Also note that due to renames it
                 * is possible for our ncp to move and for par to no longer
                 * be one of its parents.  We resolve it anyway, the loop
                 * will handle any moves.
                 */
                _cache_get(par);        /* additional hold/lock */
                _cache_put(par);        /* from earlier hold/lock */
                if (par == nch->mount->mnt_ncmountpt.ncp) {
                        cache_resolve_mp(nch->mount, 1);
                } else if ((dvp = cache_dvpref(par)) == NULL) {
                        kprintf("[diagnostic] cache_resolve: raced on %*.*s\n",
                                par->nc_nlen, par->nc_nlen, par->nc_name);
                        _cache_put(par);
                        continue;
                } else {
                        if (par->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) {
                                nctmp.mount = mp;
                                nctmp.ncp = par;
                                par->nc_error = VOP_NRESOLVE(&nctmp, dvp, cred);
                        }
                        vrele(dvp);
                }
                if ((error = par->nc_error) != 0) {
                        if (par->nc_error != EAGAIN) {
                                kprintf("EXDEV case 3 %*.*s error %d\n",
                                    par->nc_nlen, par->nc_nlen, par->nc_name,
                                    par->nc_error);
                                _cache_put(par);
                                return(error);
                        }
                        kprintf("[diagnostic] cache_resolve: EAGAIN par %p %*.*s\n",
                                par, par->nc_nlen, par->nc_nlen, par->nc_name);
                }
                _cache_put(par);
                /* loop */
        }

        /*
         * We have a referenced dvp
         */
        *dvpp = dvp;
        return 0;
}

/*
 * Clean out negative cache entries when too many have accumulated.
 */
static void
_cache_cleanneg(long count)
{
        struct pcpu_ncache *pn;
        struct namecache *ncp;
        static uint32_t neg_rover;
        uint32_t n;
        long vnegs;

        n = neg_rover++;        /* SMP heuristical, race ok */
        cpu_ccfence();
        n = n % (uint32_t)ncpus;

        /*
         * Normalize vfscache_negs and count.  count is sometimes based
         * on vfscache_negs.  vfscache_negs is heuristical and can sometimes
         * have crazy values.
         */
        vnegs = vfscache_negs;
        cpu_ccfence();
        if (vnegs <= MINNEG)
                vnegs = MINNEG;
        if (count < 1)
                count = 1;

        pn = &pcpu_ncache[n];
        spin_lock(&pn->neg_spin);
        count = pn->neg_count * count / vnegs + 1;
        spin_unlock(&pn->neg_spin);

        /*
         * Attempt to clean out the specified number of negative cache
         * entries.
         */
        while (count > 0) {
                spin_lock(&pn->neg_spin);
                ncp = TAILQ_FIRST(&pn->neg_list);
                if (ncp == NULL) {
                        spin_unlock(&pn->neg_spin);
                        break;
                }
                TAILQ_REMOVE(&pn->neg_list, ncp, nc_vnode);
                TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&pn->neg_list, ncp, nc_vnode);
                _cache_hold(ncp);
                spin_unlock(&pn->neg_spin);

                /*
                 * This can race, so we must re-check that the ncp
                 * is on the ncneg.list after successfully locking it.
                 *
                 * Don't scrap actively referenced ncps.  There should be
                 * 3 refs.  The natural ref, one from being on the neg list,
                 * and one from us.
                 *
                 * Recheck fields after successfully locking to ensure
                 * that it is in-fact still on the negative list with no
                 * extra refs.
                 *
                 * WARNING! On the ncneglist scan any race against other
                 *          destructors (zaps or cache_inval_vp_quick() calls)
                 *          will have already unresolved the ncp and cause
                 *          us to drop instead of zap.  This fine, if
                 *          our drop winds up being the last one it will
                 *          kfree() the ncp.
                 */
                if (_cache_lock_special(ncp) == 0) {
                        if (ncp->nc_vp == NULL &&
                            ncp->nc_refs == 3 &&
                            (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED) == 0)
                        {
                                ++pcpu_ncache[mycpu->gd_cpuid].clean_neg_count;
                                cache_zap(ncp);
                        } else {
                                _cache_unlock(ncp);
                                _cache_drop(ncp);
                        }
                } else {
                        _cache_drop(ncp);
                }
                --count;
        }
}

/*
 * Clean out unresolved cache entries when too many have accumulated.
 * Resolved cache entries are cleaned out via the vnode reclamation
 * mechanism and by _cache_cleanneg().
 */
static void
_cache_cleanpos(long ucount, long xcount)
{
        static volatile int rover;
        struct nchash_head *nchpp;
        struct namecache *ncp;
        long count;
        int rover_copy;

        /*
         * Don't burn too much cpu looking for stuff
         */
        count = (ucount > xcount) ? ucount : xcount;
        count = count * 4;

        /*
         * Attempt to clean out the specified number of cache entries.
         */
        while (count > 0 && (ucount > 0 || xcount > 0)) {
                rover_copy = ++rover;   /* MPSAFEENOUGH */
                cpu_ccfence();
                nchpp = NCHHASH(rover_copy);

                if (TAILQ_FIRST(&nchpp->list) == NULL) {
                        --count;
                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 * Get the next ncp
                 */
                spin_lock(&nchpp->spin);
                ncp = TAILQ_FIRST(&nchpp->list);

                /*
                 * Skip placeholder ncp's.  Do not shift their
                 * position in the list.
                 */
                while (ncp && (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_DUMMY))
                        ncp = TAILQ_NEXT(ncp, nc_hash);

                if (ncp) {
                        /*
                         * Move to end of list
                         */
                        TAILQ_REMOVE(&nchpp->list, ncp, nc_hash);
                        TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&nchpp->list, ncp, nc_hash);

                        if (ncp->nc_refs != ncpbaserefs(ncp)) {
                                /*
                                 * Do not destroy internal nodes that have
                                 * children or nodes which have thread
                                 * references.
                                 */
                                ncp = NULL;
                        } else if (ucount > 0 &&
                                   (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_UNRESOLVED))
                        {
                                /*
                                 * Destroy unresolved nodes if asked.
                                 */
                                --ucount;
                                --xcount;
                                _cache_hold(ncp);
                        } else if (xcount > 0) {
                                /*
                                 * Destroy any other node if asked.
                                 */
                                --xcount;
                                _cache_hold(ncp);
                        } else {
                                /*
                                 * Otherwise don't
                                 */
                                ncp = NULL;
                        }
                }
                spin_unlock(&nchpp->spin);

                /*
                 * Try to scap the ncp if we can do so non-blocking.
                 * We must re-check nc_refs after locking, and it will
                 * have one additional ref from above.
                 */
                if (ncp) {
                        if (_cache_lock_special(ncp) == 0) {
                                if (ncp->nc_refs == 1 + ncpbaserefs(ncp)) {
                                        ++pcpu_ncache[mycpu->gd_cpuid].
                                                clean_pos_count;
                                        cache_zap(ncp);
                                } else {
                                        _cache_unlock(ncp);
                                        _cache_drop(ncp);
                                }
                        } else {
                                _cache_drop(ncp);
                        }
                }
                --count;
        }
}

/*
 * This is a kitchen sink function to clean out ncps which we
 * tried to zap from cache_drop() but failed because we were
 * unable to acquire the parent lock.
 *
 * Such entries can also be removed via cache_inval_vp(), such
 * as when unmounting.
 */
static void
_cache_cleandefered(void)
{
        struct nchash_head *nchpp;
        struct namecache *ncp;
        struct namecache dummy;
        int i;

        /*
         * Create a list iterator.  DUMMY indicates that this is a list
         * iterator, DESTROYED prevents matches by lookup functions.
         */
        numdefered = 0;
        pcpu_ncache[mycpu->gd_cpuid].numdefered = 0;
        bzero(&dummy, sizeof(dummy));
        dummy.nc_flag = NCF_DESTROYED | NCF_DUMMY;
        dummy.nc_refs = 1;

        for (i = 0; i <= nchash; ++i) {
                nchpp = &nchashtbl[i];

                spin_lock(&nchpp->spin);
                TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&nchpp->list, &dummy, nc_hash);
                ncp = &dummy;
                while ((ncp = TAILQ_NEXT(ncp, nc_hash)) != NULL) {
                        if ((ncp->nc_flag & NCF_DEFEREDZAP) == 0)
                                continue;
                        TAILQ_REMOVE(&nchpp->list, &dummy, nc_hash);
                        TAILQ_INSERT_AFTER(&nchpp->list, ncp, &dummy, nc_hash);
                        _cache_hold(ncp);
                        spin_unlock(&nchpp->spin);
                        if (_cache_lock_nonblock(ncp) == 0) {
                                ncp->nc_flag &= ~NCF_DEFEREDZAP;
                                _cache_unlock(ncp);
                        }
                        _cache_drop(ncp);
                        spin_lock(&nchpp->spin);
                        ncp = &dummy;
                }
                TAILQ_REMOVE(&nchpp->list, &dummy, nc_hash);
                spin_unlock(&nchpp->spin);
        }
}

/*
 * Name cache initialization, from vfsinit() when we are booting
 */
void
nchinit(void)
{
        struct pcpu_ncache *pn;
        globaldata_t gd;
        int i;

        /*
         * Per-cpu accounting and negative hit list
         */
        pcpu_ncache = kmalloc(sizeof(*pcpu_ncache) * ncpus,
                              M_VFSCACHEAUX, M_WAITOK|M_ZERO);
        for (i = 0; i < ncpus; ++i) {
                pn = &pcpu_ncache[i];
                TAILQ_INIT(&pn->neg_list);
                spin_init(&pn->neg_spin, "ncneg");
                spin_init(&pn->umount_spin, "ncumm");
        }

        /*
         * Initialise per-cpu namecache effectiveness statistics.
         */
        for (i = 0; i < ncpus; ++i) {
                gd = globaldata_find(i);
                gd->gd_nchstats = &nchstats[i];
        }

        /*
         * Create a generous namecache hash table
         */
        nchashtbl = hashinit_ext(vfs_inodehashsize(),
                                 sizeof(struct nchash_head),
                                 M_VFSCACHEAUX, &nchash);
        for (i = 0; i <= (int)nchash; ++i) {
                TAILQ_INIT(&nchashtbl[i].list);
                spin_init(&nchashtbl[i].spin, "nchinit_hash");
        }
        for (i = 0; i < NCMOUNT_NUMCACHE; ++i)
                spin_init(&ncmount_cache[i].spin, "nchinit_cache");
        nclockwarn = 5 * hz;
}

/*
 * Called from start_init() to bootstrap the root filesystem.  Returns
 * a referenced, unlocked namecache record to serve as a root or the
 * root of the system.
 *
 * Adjust our namecache counts
 */
void
cache_allocroot(struct nchandle *nch, struct mount *mp, struct vnode *vp)
{
        struct pcpu_ncache *pn = &pcpu_ncache[mycpu->gd_cpuid];

        atomic_add_long(&pn->vfscache_leafs, 1);
        atomic_add_long(&pn->vfscache_unres, 1);

        nch->ncp = cache_alloc(0);
        nch->mount = mp;
        _cache_mntref(mp);
        if (vp)
                _cache_setvp(nch->mount, nch->ncp, vp, 1);
}

/*
 * vfs_cache_setroot()
 *
 *      Create an association between the root of our namecache and
 *      the root vnode.  This routine may be called several times during
 *      booting.
 *
 *      If the caller intends to save the returned namecache pointer somewhere
 *      it must cache_hold() it.
 */
void
vfs_cache_setroot(struct vnode *nvp, struct nchandle *nch)
{
        struct vnode *ovp;
        struct nchandle onch;

        ovp = rootvnode;
        onch = rootnch;
        rootvnode = nvp;
        if (nch)
                rootnch = *nch;
        else
                cache_zero(&rootnch);
        if (ovp)
                vrele(ovp);
        if (onch.ncp)
                cache_drop(&onch);
}

/*
 * XXX OLD API COMPAT FUNCTION.  This really messes up the new namecache
 * topology and is being removed as quickly as possible.  The new VOP_N*()
 * API calls are required to make specific adjustments using the supplied
 * ncp pointers rather then just bogusly purging random vnodes.
 *
 * Invalidate all namecache entries to a particular vnode as well as 
 * any direct children of that vnode in the namecache.  This is a 
 * 'catch all' purge used by filesystems that do not know any better.
 *
 * Note that the linkage between the vnode and its namecache entries will
 * be removed, but the namecache entries themselves might stay put due to
 * active references from elsewhere in the system or due to the existance of
 * the children.   The namecache topology is left intact even if we do not
 * know what the vnode association is.  Such entries will be marked
 * NCF_UNRESOLVED.
 */
void
cache_purge(struct vnode *vp)
{
        cache_inval_vp(vp, CINV_DESTROY | CINV_CHILDREN);
}

__read_mostly static int disablecwd;
SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, disablecwd, CTLFLAG_RW, &disablecwd, 0,
    "Disable getcwd");

/*
 * MPALMOSTSAFE
 */
int
sys___getcwd(struct sysmsg *sysmsg, const struct __getcwd_args *uap)
{
        u_int buflen;
        int error;
        char *buf;
        char *bp;

        if (disablecwd)
                return (ENODEV);

        buflen = uap->buflen;
        if (buflen == 0)
                return (EINVAL);
        if (buflen > MAXPATHLEN)
                buflen = MAXPATHLEN;

        buf = kmalloc(buflen, M_TEMP, M_WAITOK);
        bp = kern_getcwd(buf, buflen, &error);
        if (error == 0)
                error = copyout(bp, uap->buf, strlen(bp) + 1);
        kfree(buf, M_TEMP);
        return (error);
}

char *
kern_getcwd(char *buf, size_t buflen, int *error)
{
        struct proc *p = curproc;
        char *bp;
        int i, slash_prefixed;
        struct filedesc *fdp;
        struct nchandle nch;
        struct namecache *ncp;

        bp = buf;
        bp += buflen - 1;
        *bp = '\0';
        fdp = p->p_fd;
        slash_prefixed = 0;

        nch = fdp->fd_ncdir;
        ncp = nch.ncp;
        if (ncp)
                _cache_hold(ncp);

        while (ncp && (ncp != fdp->fd_nrdir.ncp ||
               nch.mount != fdp->fd_nrdir.mount)
        ) {
                if (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_DESTROYED) {
                        _cache_drop(ncp);
                        ncp = NULL;
                        break;
                }
                /*
                 * While traversing upwards if we encounter the root
                 * of the current mount we have to skip to the mount point
                 * in the underlying filesystem.
                 */
                if (ncp == nch.mount->mnt_ncmountpt.ncp) {
                        nch = nch.mount->mnt_ncmounton;
                        _cache_drop(ncp);
                        ncp = nch.ncp;
                        if (ncp)
                                _cache_hold(ncp);
                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 * Prepend the path segment
                 */
                for (i = ncp->nc_nlen - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                        if (bp == buf) {
                                *error = ERANGE;
                                bp = NULL;
                                goto done;
                        }
                        *--bp = ncp->nc_name[i];
                }
                if (bp == buf) {
                        *error = ERANGE;
                        bp = NULL;
                        goto done;
                }
                *--bp = '/';
                slash_prefixed = 1;

                /*
                 * Go up a directory.  This isn't a mount point so we don't
                 * have to check again.
                 */
                while ((nch.ncp = ncp->nc_parent) != NULL) {
                        if (ncp_shared_lock_disable)
                                _cache_lock(ncp);
                        else
                                _cache_lock_shared(ncp);
                        if (nch.ncp != ncp->nc_parent) {
                                _cache_unlock(ncp);
                                continue;
                        }
                        _cache_hold(nch.ncp);
                        _cache_unlock(ncp);
                        break;
                }
                _cache_drop(ncp);
                ncp = nch.ncp;
        }
        if (ncp == NULL) {
                *error = ENOENT;
                bp = NULL;
                goto done;
        }
        if (!slash_prefixed) {
                if (bp == buf) {
                        *error = ERANGE;
                        bp = NULL;
                        goto done;
                }
                *--bp = '/';
        }
        *error = 0;
done:
        if (ncp)
                _cache_drop(ncp);
        return (bp);
}

/*
 * Thus begins the fullpath magic.
 *
 * The passed nchp is referenced but not locked.
 */
__read_mostly static int disablefullpath;
SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, disablefullpath, CTLFLAG_RW,
    &disablefullpath, 0,
    "Disable fullpath lookups");

int
cache_fullpath(struct proc *p, struct nchandle *nchp, struct nchandle *nchbase,
               char **retbuf, char **freebuf, int guess)
{
        struct nchandle fd_nrdir;
        struct nchandle nch;
        struct namecache *ncp;
        struct mount *mp, *new_mp;
        char *bp, *buf;
        int slash_prefixed;
        int error = 0;
        int i;

        *retbuf = NULL; 
        *freebuf = NULL;

        buf = kmalloc(MAXPATHLEN, M_TEMP, M_WAITOK);
        bp = buf + MAXPATHLEN - 1;
        *bp = '\0';
        if (nchbase)
                fd_nrdir = *nchbase;
        else if (p != NULL)
                fd_nrdir = p->p_fd->fd_nrdir;
        else
                fd_nrdir = rootnch;
        slash_prefixed = 0;
        nch = *nchp;
        ncp = nch.ncp;
        if (ncp)
                _cache_hold(ncp);
        mp = nch.mount;

        while (ncp && (ncp != fd_nrdir.ncp || mp != fd_nrdir.mount)) {
                new_mp = NULL;

                /*
                 * If we are asked to guess the upwards path, we do so whenever
                 * we encounter an ncp marked as a mountpoint. We try to find
                 * the actual mountpoint by finding the mountpoint with this
                 * ncp.
                 */
                if (guess && (ncp->nc_flag & NCF_ISMOUNTPT)) {
                        new_mp = mount_get_by_nc(ncp);
                }
                /*
                 * While traversing upwards if we encounter the root
                 * of the current mount we have to skip to the mount point.
                 */
                if (ncp == mp->mnt_ncmountpt.ncp) {
                        new_mp = mp;
                }
                if (new_mp) {
                        nch = new_mp->mnt_ncmounton;
                        _cache_drop(ncp);
                        ncp = nch.ncp;
                        if (ncp)
                                _cache_hold(ncp);
                        mp = nch.mount;
                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 * Prepend the path segment
                 */
                for (i = ncp->nc_nlen - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                        if (bp == buf) {
                                kfree(buf, M_TEMP);
                                error = ENOMEM;
                                goto done;
                        }
                        *--bp = ncp->nc_name[i];
                }
                if (bp == buf) {
                        kfree(buf, M_TEMP);
                        error = ENOMEM;
                        goto done;
                }
                *--bp = '/';
                slash_prefixed = 1;

                /*
                 * Go up a directory.  This isn't a mount point so we don't
                 * have to check again.
                 *
                 * We can only safely access nc_parent with ncp held locked.
                 */
                while ((nch.ncp = ncp->nc_parent) != NULL) {
                        _cache_lock_shared(ncp);
                        if (nch.ncp != ncp->nc_parent) {
                                _cache_unlock(ncp);
                                continue;
                        }
                        _cache_hold(nch.ncp);
                        _cache_unlock(ncp);
                        break;
                }
                _cache_drop(ncp);
                ncp = nch.ncp;
        }
        if (ncp == NULL) {
                kfree(buf, M_TEMP);
                error = ENOENT;
                goto done;
        }

        if (!slash_prefixed) {
                if (bp == buf) {
                        kfree(buf, M_TEMP);
                        error = ENOMEM;
                        goto done;
                }
                *--bp = '/';
        }
        *retbuf = bp; 
        *freebuf = buf;
        error = 0;
done:
        if (ncp)
                _cache_drop(ncp);
        return(error);
}

int
vn_fullpath(struct proc *p, struct vnode *vn, char **retbuf,
            char **freebuf, int guess)
{
        struct namecache *ncp;
        struct nchandle nch;
        int error;

        *freebuf = NULL;
        if (disablefullpath)
                return (ENODEV);

        if (p == NULL)
                return (EINVAL);

        /* vn is NULL, client wants us to use p->p_textvp */
        if (vn == NULL) {
                if ((vn = p->p_textvp) == NULL)
                        return (EINVAL);
        }
        spin_lock_shared(&vn->v_spin);
        TAILQ_FOREACH(ncp, &vn->v_namecache, nc_vnode) {
                if (ncp->nc_nlen)
                        break;
        }
        if (ncp == NULL) {
                spin_unlock_shared(&vn->v_spin);
                return (EINVAL);
        }
        _cache_hold(ncp);
        spin_unlock_shared(&vn->v_spin);

        nch.ncp = ncp;
        nch.mount = vn->v_mount;
        error = cache_fullpath(p, &nch, NULL, retbuf, freebuf, guess);
        _cache_drop(ncp);
        return (error);
}

void
vfscache_rollup_cpu(struct globaldata *gd)
{
        struct pcpu_ncache *pn;
        long count;

        if (pcpu_ncache == NULL)
                return;
        pn = &pcpu_ncache[gd->gd_cpuid];

        /*
         * namecache statistics
         */
        if (pn->vfscache_count) {
                count = atomic_swap_long(&pn->vfscache_count, 0);
                atomic_add_long(&vfscache_count, count);
        }
        if (pn->vfscache_leafs) {
                count = atomic_swap_long(&pn->vfscache_leafs, 0);
                atomic_add_long(&vfscache_leafs, count);
        }
        if (pn->vfscache_unres) {
                count = atomic_swap_long(&pn->vfscache_unres, 0);
                atomic_add_long(&vfscache_unres, count);
        }
        if (pn->vfscache_negs) {
                count = atomic_swap_long(&pn->vfscache_negs, 0);
                atomic_add_long(&vfscache_negs, count);
        }

        /*
         * hysteresis based cleanings
         */
        if (pn->inv_kid_quick_count) {
                count = atomic_swap_long(&pn->inv_kid_quick_count, 0);
                atomic_add_long(&inv_kid_quick_count, count);
        }
        if (pn->inv_ncp_quick_count) {
                count = atomic_swap_long(&pn->inv_ncp_quick_count, 0);
                atomic_add_long(&inv_ncp_quick_count, count);
        }
        if (pn->clean_pos_count) {
                count = atomic_swap_long(&pn->clean_pos_count, 0);
                atomic_add_long(&clean_pos_count, count);
        }
        if (pn->clean_neg_count) {
                count = atomic_swap_long(&pn->clean_neg_count, 0);
                atomic_add_long(&clean_neg_count, count);
        }

        if (pn->numdefered) {
                count = atomic_swap_long(&pn->numdefered, 0);
                atomic_add_long(&numdefered, count);
        }
}