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32 .\" @(#)ip.4 8.2 (Berkeley) 11/30/93
33 .\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man4/ip.4,v 1.13.2.9 2002/05/02 02:40:26 silby Exp $
34 .\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man4/ip.4,v 1.7 2007/12/15 10:23:58 swildner Exp $
47 .Fn socket AF_INET SOCK_RAW proto
50 is the transport layer protocol used
51 by the Internet protocol family.
52 Options may be set at the
55 when using higher-level protocols that are based on
61 It may also be accessed
64 when developing new protocols, or
65 special-purpose applications.
74 may be used to provide
76 options to be transmitted in the
78 header of each outgoing packet
79 or to examine the header options on incoming packets.
81 options may be used with any socket type in the Internet family.
84 options to be sent is that specified by the
86 protocol specification (RFC 791), with one exception:
87 the list of addresses for Source Route options must include the first-hop
88 gateway at the beginning of the list of gateways.
89 The first-hop gateway address will be extracted from the option list
90 and the size adjusted accordingly before use.
91 To disable previously specified options,
92 use a zero-length buffer:
94 setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_OPTIONS, NULL, 0);
100 may be used to set the type-of-service and time-to-live
104 .Dv SOCK_STREAM , SOCK_DGRAM ,
110 int tos = IPTOS_LOWDELAY; /* see <netinet/ip.h> */
111 setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TOS, &tos, sizeof(tos));
113 int ttl = 60; /* max = 255 */
114 setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL, &ttl, sizeof(ttl));
118 may be used to set the minimum acceptable TTL a packet must have when
119 received on a socket.
120 All packets with a lower TTL are silently dropped.
121 Works on already connected/connecting and listening sockets for RAW/UDP/TCP.
122 It allows to implement security mechanisms described in RFC 3682 (GTSM).
126 option is enabled on a
131 call will return the destination
136 The msg_control field in the msghdr structure points to a buffer
137 that contains a cmsghdr structure followed by the
140 The cmsghdr fields have the following values:
142 cmsg_len = sizeof(struct in_addr)
143 cmsg_level = IPPROTO_IP
144 cmsg_type = IP_RECVDSTADDR
149 option is enabled on a
156 (time to live) field for a
159 The msg_control field in the msghdr structure points to a buffer
160 that contains a cmsghdr structure followed by the
162 The cmsghdr fields have the following values:
164 cmsg_len = sizeof(u_char)
165 cmsg_level = IPPROTO_IP
166 cmsg_type = IP_RECVTTL
170 may be used to set the port range used for selecting a local port number
171 on a socket with an unspecified (zero) port number.
174 .Bl -tag -width IP_PORTRANGE_DEFAULT
175 .It Dv IP_PORTRANGE_DEFAULT
176 use the default range of values, normally
179 .Dv IPPORT_USERRESERVED .
180 This is adjustable through the sysctl setting:
181 .Va net.inet.ip.portrange.first
183 .Va net.inet.ip.portrange.last .
184 .It Dv IP_PORTRANGE_HIGH
185 use a high range of values, normally
186 .Dv IPPORT_HIFIRSTAUTO
188 .Dv IPPORT_HILASTAUTO .
189 This is adjustable through the sysctl setting:
190 .Va net.inet.ip.portrange.hifirst
192 .Va net.inet.ip.portrange.hilast .
193 .It Dv IP_PORTRANGE_LOW
194 use a low range of ports, which are normally restricted to
195 privileged processes on
197 systems. The range is normally from
198 .Dv IPPORT_RESERVED - 1
200 .Li IPPORT_RESERVEDSTART
202 This is adjustable through the sysctl setting:
203 .Va net.inet.ip.portrange.lowfirst
205 .Va net.inet.ip.portrange.lowlast .
207 .Ss "Multicast Options"
209 multicasting is supported only on
215 and only on networks where the interface
216 driver supports multicasting.
220 option changes the time-to-live (TTL)
221 for outgoing multicast datagrams
222 in order to control the scope of the multicasts:
224 u_char ttl; /* range: 0 to 255, default = 1 */
225 setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_TTL, &ttl, sizeof(ttl));
228 Datagrams with a TTL of 1 are not forwarded beyond the local network.
229 Multicast datagrams with a TTL of 0 will not be transmitted on any network,
230 but may be delivered locally if the sending host belongs to the destination
231 group and if multicast loopback has not been disabled on the sending socket
232 (see below). Multicast datagrams with TTL greater than 1 may be forwarded
233 to other networks if a multicast router is attached to the local network.
235 For hosts with multiple interfaces, each multicast transmission is
236 sent from the primary network interface.
239 option overrides the default for
240 subsequent transmissions from a given socket:
243 setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_IF, &addr, sizeof(addr));
246 where "addr" is the local
248 address of the desired interface or
250 to specify the default interface.
251 An interface's local IP address and multicast capability can
257 Normal applications should not need to use this option.
259 If a multicast datagram is sent to a group to which the sending host itself
260 belongs (on the outgoing interface), a copy of the datagram is, by default,
261 looped back by the IP layer for local delivery.
263 .Dv IP_MULTICAST_LOOP
264 option gives the sender explicit control
265 over whether or not subsequent datagrams are looped back:
267 u_char loop; /* 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) */
268 setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_LOOP, &loop, sizeof(loop));
272 improves performance for applications that may have no more than one
273 instance on a single host (such as a router daemon), by eliminating
274 the overhead of receiving their own transmissions. It should generally not
275 be used by applications for which there may be more than one instance on a
276 single host (such as a conferencing program) or for which the sender does
277 not belong to the destination group (such as a time querying program).
279 A multicast datagram sent with an initial TTL greater than 1 may be delivered
280 to the sending host on a different interface from that on which it was sent,
281 if the host belongs to the destination group on that other interface. The
282 loopback control option has no effect on such delivery.
284 A host must become a member of a multicast group before it can receive
285 datagrams sent to the group. To join a multicast group, use the
286 .Dv IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP
290 setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, &mreq, sizeof(mreq));
295 is the following structure:
298 struct in_addr imr_multiaddr; /* IP multicast address of group */
299 struct in_addr imr_interface; /* local IP address of interface */
307 to choose the default multicast interface,
310 address of a particular multicast-capable interface if
311 the host is multihomed.
312 Membership is associated with a single interface;
313 programs running on multihomed hosts may need to
314 join the same group on more than one interface.
316 .Dv IP_MAX_MEMBERSHIPS
317 (currently 20) memberships may be added on a
320 To drop a membership, use:
323 setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP, &mreq, sizeof(mreq));
328 contains the same values as used to add the membership.
329 Memberships are dropped when the socket is closed or the process exits.
330 .\"-----------------------
334 sockets are connectionless,
335 and are normally used with the
341 call may also be used to fix the destination for future
342 packets (in which case the
350 system calls may be used).
354 is 0, the default protocol
357 packets, and only incoming packets destined for that protocol
361 is non-zero, that protocol number will be used on outgoing packets
362 and to filter incoming packets.
364 Outgoing packets automatically have an
367 them (based on the destination address and the protocol
368 number the socket is created with),
372 Incoming packets are received with
374 header and options intact.
377 indicates the complete IP header is included with the data
378 and may be used only with the
382 #include <netinet/in_systm.h>
383 #include <netinet/ip.h>
385 int hincl = 1; /* 1 = on, 0 = off */
386 setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_HDRINCL, &hincl, sizeof(hincl));
391 releases, the program must set all
392 the fields of the IP header, including the following:
394 ip->ip_v = IPVERSION;
395 ip->ip_hl = hlen >> 2;
396 ip->ip_id = 0; /* 0 means kernel set appropriate value */
400 If the header source address is set to
402 the kernel will choose an appropriate address.
404 A socket operation may fail with one of the following errors returned:
407 when trying to establish a connection on a socket which
408 already has one, or when trying to send a datagram with the destination
409 address specified and the socket is already connected;
411 when trying to send a datagram, but
412 no destination address is specified, and the socket hasn't been
415 when the system runs out of memory for
416 an internal data structure;
417 .It Bq Er EADDRNOTAVAIL
418 when an attempt is made to create a
419 socket with a network address for which no network interface
422 when an attempt is made to create
423 a raw IP socket by a non-privileged process.
426 The following errors specific to
428 may occur when setting or getting
431 .Bl -tag -width EADDRNOTAVAILxx
433 An unknown socket option name was given.
435 The IP option field was improperly formed;
436 an option field was shorter than the minimum value
437 or longer than the option buffer provided.