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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
33 .\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $
34 .\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.26 2008/09/06 14:24:44 swildner Exp $
41 .Nd layout of filesystems
43 A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy.
44 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/"
46 root directory of the filesystem
48 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
50 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
52 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
54 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
57 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
60 loadable kernel modules;
65 block and character device files
67 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact
69 file descriptor files;
74 system configuration files and scripts
76 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
78 bluetooth configuration files
80 default system configuration files;
91 isdn4bsd configuration files;
95 local timezone information;
99 Sendmail control files
101 mtree configuration files;
105 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
108 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
113 ppp configuration files;
117 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
121 OpenSSH configuration files;
125 OpenSSL configuration files
127 Files relevant to system upgrades
129 uucp configuration files;
134 HOME directories of non-root users
136 empty directory commonly used by
137 system administrators as a temporary mount point
144 root's HOME directory
146 system programs and administration utilities
147 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
149 the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to
152 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
154 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
156 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
158 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
160 useful and semi-frivolous programs
162 standard C include files
164 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact
166 C include files for Internet service protocols
170 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
172 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact
174 The SCSI device on top of CAM
178 C include files for programming various
182 Include Files for various emulation layers
185 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact
191 ISC utility library libisc include files
194 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact
200 C include files for libmilter,
201 the sendmail mail filter API
203 machine-specific C include files
207 misc network C include files
215 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
219 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
223 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
225 kernel key-management service
235 C include files for NFS (Network File System)
237 Objective C include files
239 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
241 Packet Capture (libpcap) headers;
247 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
249 get a line from a user, with editing;
253 remote procedure calls;
257 definition of RPC service structures; see
263 system C include files (kernel data structures)
265 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
267 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact
287 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact
289 a.out archive libraries
291 shared libraries for compatibility
293 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact
295 a.out backward compatibility libraries
300 misc. utility data files
302 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa stallion/" -compact
304 files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.);
308 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa fonts/" -compact
314 various prebuilt lint libraries;
318 Character set conversion tables
320 holds the download firmware images
324 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
326 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils217/" -compact
329 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact
337 utilities and filters for LP print system;
347 restricted shell for sendmail;
357 local executables, libraries, etc.
360 the general layout sketched out by
367 directory (directly under
372 .Pa share/doc/<app>/ ) ,
378 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
382 default destination directory for the
387 the general layout sketched out by
394 directory (directly under
399 .Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) ,
407 collection (optional).
409 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
411 architecture-independent files
413 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact
415 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
423 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact
425 words from Webster's 2nd International
435 various examples for users and programmers
437 ASCII text files used by various games
439 device description file for device name
441 internationalization databases; see
444 GNU Info hypertext system
448 libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files
456 macros for use with the me macro package;
460 misc system-wide ASCII text files
462 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact
464 terminal characteristics database;
474 national language support files;
479 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact
485 sendmail configuration files;
489 example . (dot) files for new accounts
494 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
502 console keyboard maps;
512 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
517 text processing macros;
523 localization support and utilities for
526 timezone configuration information;
533 third-party, and/or local source files
535 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa nrelease/" -compact
537 source code for files in
540 source code for contributed software
542 source code for contributed cryptography software
544 source code for files in
547 source code for files in
550 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
552 source code for files in
555 source code for files in
558 source code for files in
561 files required to produce a
565 source code for files in
568 build directory for files in
576 tools used for maintenance and testing of
579 source code for files in
582 source code for files in
587 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
589 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
591 system accounting files
593 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact
595 execution accounting file;
601 timed command scheduling files;
605 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact
607 directory containing job files
609 directory containing output spool files
615 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
624 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact
632 misc. automatically generated system-specific database files
634 empty directory used by
636 for privilege separation
638 misc. game status and score files
640 misc. system log files
642 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact
652 system messages database;
656 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
661 filesystem quota information files
663 system information files describing various info about
664 system since it was booted
666 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact
670 group for command connection sockets; see
673 database of current users;
686 misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
688 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact
690 undelivered submission mail queue;
694 undelivered mail queue;
700 the anonymous ftp root directory
702 undelivered mail queue;
706 line printer spooling directories
712 public uucp temporary directory
716 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
718 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact
720 the directory where recovery files are stored
728 This manual page documents the default
730 filesystem layout, but
731 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
732 administrator's discretion.
733 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
748 manual page appeared in